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TR111_ANGLE_MEASUREMENTS[2]

The practical report details the process of measuring horizontal angles using a theodolite by a group of students at the University of Dar es Salaam. It outlines the objectives, tasks, equipment used, methods employed, sources of error, and precautions taken during the measurements. The report concludes that proper setup and stabilization of the theodolite are crucial for obtaining accurate angular measurements.

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3 views

TR111_ANGLE_MEASUREMENTS[2]

The practical report details the process of measuring horizontal angles using a theodolite by a group of students at the University of Dar es Salaam. It outlines the objectives, tasks, equipment used, methods employed, sources of error, and precautions taken during the measurements. The report concludes that proper setup and stabilization of the theodolite are crucial for obtaining accurate angular measurements.

Uploaded by

Lawrence John
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
TR111: ENGINEERING SURVEYING I
PRACTICAL REPORT
GROUP 3
HORIZONTAL ANGLE MEASUREMENTS I
PARTICIPANTS
S/ NAMES SEX REG:NO SIGNATURE
N
1 KAHENA,ELISHA JULIUS M 2023-04-03721
2 MAKAU,ELTON MOSI M 2023-04-06231
3 SHIRIMA,EMANOELI M 2023-04-12783
VALERY
4 MUSANGA,EMMANUEL M 2023-04-07883
RAJAB
5 MUJWAHUZI,ERASTO M 2023-04-09145
ALLOYS
6 NGEGA,ERIC N M 2023-04-10483
7 MUSHI,ERICK S M 2023-04-09260
8 KYARUZI,ERICK M 2023-04-05198
EUSTADIUS
9 DOTTO,ERICKSON LAMECK M 2023-04-01733
10 TANDARI,JOHNSON EDSON M 2023-04-
11 SULLE,ESTER PAULO F 2023-04-13140
12 MWAMI,RAPHAEL LIVIN M 2023-04-05025
13 TANDARI JOHSON EDSON M 2023-04-13259
14 NORASCUS NOVATH M 2023-04-00872
BIJANA

Field Practical Date: 13/12/2023 Submission date:20/12/2023

1.0 Introduction
Angular measurements refer to the observed horizontal and vertical angle readings on the
ground. During the survey of an area, in order to create accurate maps and plans two important
measurements are required:
 Distance measurements
 Horizontal angles
Accurate angle measurements (horizontal or vertical) are carried out using an instrument known
as a theodolite, and it could either be an optical or electronic one. Prior to carrying out
horizontal angle measurements the theodolite has to be mounted on a tripod, centered and
levelled on the respective point.

1.1 Objectives
To enable students to centre and level a theodolite, read directions to points of interest, reduce
angles from observed directions and test the reliability of angles observed.

1.2 Task
 To select a suitable site for carrying out horizontal angular measurements.
 Establish four temporary points P, X, Y, Z using wooden pegs or iron pins on the ground.
 Determine interior and exterior angle at one point.
 Assess the quality and accuracy of the angles measured.
1.3 Equipment
 Theodolite
 Tripod Stand
 Ranging poles (3)
 Ranging pole stands (3)
 Iron pin
 Hammer
 Field Book Frame
1.4 Methods used
 Points P ,X, Y and Z were established on the area close to the football pitch in the main
campus. X ,Y ,Z were each approximately 40m away from P.
 The theodolite was setup, centred and levelled at point P.
 Ranging poles were setup at points X, Y and Z with the help of ranging pole stands to
ensure their verticality.
 Point X was chosen as a reference object and with the theodolite on face left, point X was
sighted through the telescope and the initial horizontal circle reading was set to 15
degrees.
 The theodolite’s telescope was rotated clockwise to sight points Y and Z respectively
while on face left. At each point the horizontal circle readings were recorded.
 The theodolite’s telescope while at Z was then made to face right and the reading
observed was recorded. The instrument was then turned anticlockwise to sight points Y
and X respectively. The horizontal circle readings at each points were taken and
recorded.
 With the theodolite at point X, the telescope was rotated vertically to face left and the
procedures above were repeated with the initial horizontal circle reading being 30
degrees.
 With the theodolite still at point P, the reference object was changed to point Z. The point
was sighted by the telescope and the initial horizontal circle reading was set to 15
degrees.
 The telescope was rotated clockwise to sight point X. The horizontal circle reading was
then recorded.
 While still at point X the telescope was made to face right and the horizontal circle
reading was recorded again.
 The telescope was made to face left and rotated in an anticlockwise direction to sight
point Z. The initial horizontal circle reading was set to 30 degrees and the procedures
above were repeated again to obtain the face left and face right readings for the exterior
angle from point Z to X.
1.5 Sources of error
 Non verticality of ranging poles.
 Inaccuracy of levelling the theodolite at point P.
 Tripod stand not being firmly placed on the ground.
 Parallax error in reading the theodolite(optical theodolite)

1.6 Precautions
 Sight the points X, Y and Z at the lowest possible part of the ranging poles since they are
vertically accurate points for recording the horizontal angles.
 Stability of the tripod should be checked before field work commences.
 Firm ground should be chosen for more accurate angle measurements to be carried out.

1.7 Results and Data Analysis


Considering table below
TARGE FACE FACE MEAN DIR. FINAL REMARK
T LEFT RIGH REDUCED DIRECTIO S
T MEAN N
◦ ꞌ ꞌꞌ ꞌ ꞌꞌ ◦ ꞌ ꞌꞌ ꞌ ꞌꞌ ◦ ꞌ ꞌꞌ
At P
X 15 0 1 00 13 15 0 1
0 0 0 2
Y 62 4 2 42 17 62 4 1 47 4 0 47 42 07 XPY
2 1 2 9 2 5
Z 13 3 1 30 31 13 3 2 72 4 0 72 48 03 XPZ
5 0 7 5 0 4 8 5

X 30 0 1 00 24 30 0 1
0 2 0 8
Y 77 4 3 42 19 77 4 2 47 4 0
2 5 2 7 2 9
Z 15 3 3 30 22 15 3 2 72 4 0
0 0 4 0 0 8 8 1
At P
Z 15 0 1 00 31 15 0 2 23 2 5 239 29 57 ZPX
0 0 0 1 9 9 9
X 25 3 1 30 22 25 3 2
4 0 8 4 0 0

Z 30 0 0 00 11 30 0 0 23 2 5
0 5 0 8 9 9 5
X 26 3 0 30 01 26 3 0
9 0 5 9 0 3

Misclosure=True Value – Observed Value


Misclosure=360- (θ1+ θ2+ θ3)○
Misclosure= 3600 00’00’’-(47○42ꞌ07ꞌꞌ +72○48ꞌ03ꞌꞌ +239○29ꞌ57ꞌꞌ)
Misclosure= 00○00 ꞌ07ꞌꞌ

1.8 Conclusion and Recommendations


Angular measurement procedures enhance familiarity on the proper usage of theodolites
and other instruments in determining horizontal and vertical angles.
In order to eliminate errors in angular measurements it is essential to ensure that the theodolite is
established at a point on a firm ground and that the tripod stand on which the theodolite is
mounted is steady. This will prevent any change in the established point and also ensure that the
theodolite remains levelled while observing readings thus ensuring precise and accurate angles
are obtained.

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