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Math 166 CO1 Lesson 1.6 Sum and Difference Identities

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6 views

Math 166 CO1 Lesson 1.6 Sum and Difference Identities

math 165

Uploaded by

crssy4m5bc
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MATH 166

College Trigonometry
with Solid Mensuration
Trigonometry 11e by R. Larson
Course Outcome 1
Fundamentals of
Trigonometry
CO1 – Lesson 1.6
Sun and Difference Identities
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. recall and state the sum and difference identities for sine, cosine, and
tangent functions.
2. apply the sum and difference identities to find the exact values of
trigonometric functions for angles that are sums or differences of special
angles (e.g., 15°, 75°, 105°).
3. simplify and prove more complex trigonometric identities using the sum and
difference identities in conjunction with other fundamental identities.
Introduction
Consider an angle 𝛼 whose terminal side contains the point
𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏), and an angle 𝛽 whose terminal side contains the
point 𝑄(𝑐, 𝑑). The figure on the right the angle 𝛼 − 𝛽.
Now, reposition (rotate) the angle 𝛼 − 𝛽 in standard position
such that its terminal side contains the point 𝐴(𝑒, 𝑓).
Without loss of generality, we assume that
𝑟 = 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝑃 = 1
Then, using the definition of the trigonometric function of
any angle,
𝑎 𝑏
cos 𝛼 = = 𝑎 , sin 𝛼 = = 𝑏 ,
𝑟 𝑟
𝑐 𝑑
cos 𝛽 = = 𝑐, sin 𝛽 = = 𝑑
𝑟 𝑟
Introduction
Similarly, from the coordinates of 𝐴 𝑒, 𝑓 ,
𝑒 𝑓
cos (𝛼 − 𝛽) = = 𝑒 , sin (𝛼 − 𝛽) = = 𝑓
𝑟 𝑟
We then re-write the coordinates as
P(cos 𝛼, sin 𝛼) , 𝑄(cos 𝛽, sin 𝛽) , 𝐴(cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 , sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
Note that 𝐴𝐵 = |𝑃𝑄|.
Using distance formula,
𝐴𝐵 = (1 − cos(𝛼 − 𝛽))!+(0 − sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 !

= 1 − 2 cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 + cos ! 𝛼 − 𝛽 + sin!(𝛼 − 𝛽)


= 1 − 2 cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 + 1
= 2 − 2 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)
Introduction
Similarly,
𝑃𝑄 = (cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼)!+(sin 𝛽 − sin 𝛼)!
= cos ! 𝛽 − 2 cos 𝛽 cos 𝛼 + cos ! 𝛼 + sin! 𝛽 − 2 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛼 + sin! 𝛼
= cos ! 𝛽 + sin! 𝛽 − 2 cos 𝛽 cos 𝛼 + cos ! 𝛼 + sin! 𝛼 − 2 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛼
= 1 − 2 cos 𝛽 cos 𝛼 + 1 − 2 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛼 = 2 − 2 cos 𝛽 cos 𝛼 − 2 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛼
With 𝐴𝐵 = |𝑃𝑄|, it follows that
2 − 2 cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 2 − 2 cos 𝛽 cos 𝛼 − 2 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛼
−2 cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 = −2(cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽)
Therefore,
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 − 𝜷 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷

This is the identity (formula) for the cosine of the difference of 2 angles.
Sum and Difference Identities
We can use the same argument to obtain the following identities:
Examples
! !
Verify the co-function identities: sin − 𝛼 = cos 𝛼, cos − 𝛼 = sin 𝛼
" "

! ! !
1. sin
"
− 𝛼 = sin cos 𝛼 − cos sin 𝛼 = 1 cos 𝛼 − 0 sin 𝛼 = cos 𝛼
" "

! ! !
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠
"
− 𝛼 = cos cos 𝛼 + sin sin 𝛼 = 0 cos 𝛼 + 1 sin 𝛼 = sin 𝛼
" "
Examples
Find the exact value of the following:
! !
1. cos + 2. sin(135% − 30% )
# $
Examples
Find the six trigonometric functions of the following angles:
1. 15% 2. −105%
Examples
Find the six trigonometric functions of the following angles:
&'! &'! (! )! !
1. [Hint: use = − ] 2. −
&" &" # * &"
Examples
Find the exact value of the following:

1. sin 100% cos 40% − cos 100% sin 40%

!" "
+,- .+,-
# #
2. !" "
&/+,- +,-
# #
Examples
+,- 0 / +,- 2 34-(0/2)
Verify the identity: =
+,- 0 .+,- 2 34-(0.2)
Examples
Verify the identity tan α = cot β − cos(α + β) sec α csc β.
Resources

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