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Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of theodolites, including their principal elements, types, applications, and measurement procedures. It discusses how theodolites are used to measure horizontal and vertical angles for surveying work. It describes the key components of a theodolite and the standard procedure for setting up and leveling the instrument. The document outlines how to measure both horizontal and vertical angles, including methods to account for imperfect leveling, and provides examples of angle calculations. It concludes with references for further reading on surveying topics.

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Abdulrauf Rafiq
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21 views

Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of theodolites, including their principal elements, types, applications, and measurement procedures. It discusses how theodolites are used to measure horizontal and vertical angles for surveying work. It describes the key components of a theodolite and the standard procedure for setting up and leveling the instrument. The document outlines how to measure both horizontal and vertical angles, including methods to account for imperfect leveling, and provides examples of angle calculations. It concludes with references for further reading on surveying topics.

Uploaded by

Abdulrauf Rafiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Survey II

Lecture 1
Out lines 2

 Theodolite.
 Introduction
 Types of Theodolite
 Application of Theodolite
 References.
3
THEODOLITE.
• Theodolites are the most commonly used surveying instruments4 for
angle measurements.

• Today, total station accomplishes all the task much more efficiently than
theodolite.
• In addition, it can observe distance accurately and quickly, Furthermore,
it can make computations with the angle and distance measurements and
display the result in real time. It is used for all types of surveys including
topographic, hydrographic, cadastral, and construction surveys.

• Primary function is the accurate measurement of layout of horizontal and


vertical angles, and extending straight lines.
• Theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles for exact
survey work.
THEODOLITE
5
Principal Elements of Angel-Measuring
Instrument
Important Definition

Changing face
 Revolving the telescope by 180° in vertical plane about horizontal axis
 Again revolving the telescope in horizontal plane about vertical axis.
Setting Up Procedure

• Setting up tripod
• Centering Theodolite
• Leveling Theodolite
• Taking Measures
Setting Up Procedure

• Setting up tripod
• Centering Theodolite
• Leveling Theodolite
• Taking Measures
Setting Up Procedure

• Setting up tripod
• Centering Theodolite
• Leveling Theodolite
• Taking Measures
Setting Up Procedure

• Setting up tripod
• Centering Theodolite
• Leveling Theodolite
• Taking Measures
• Horizontal Angle
• Vertical Angle
Types of Angles. 16
Horizontal angle is the angle between two intersected vertical
planes, measured in horizontal plane. They are used to determine
bearings and directions in control surveys.
Types of Angles. 17
Vertical angle is the angle measured on vertical plane from zenith point to required point.
They are used when determining the heights of points by trigonometrical methods, and
can be used to calculate slope corrections for horizontal distances.
Measuring Horizontal Angle
• Direct telescope at Station A
• Set horizontal circle to read 0o 00' 00“
• Rotate CLOCKWISE
Measurement of horizontal angle
 Measurement of Angle ABC
 The instrument is set over B.
 The lower clamp is kept fixed and upper clamp is
loosened.
 Turn the telescope clockwise set vernier A to 0° and
vernier B to approximately 180°.
 Upper clamp is tightened and using the upper tangent
screw the vernier A and B are exactly set to 0° and 180°.
 Upper clamp is tightly fixed, lower one is loosened and
telescope is directed towards A and bisect the ranging
rod at A.
 Tightened the lower clamp and turn the lower tangent
screw to perfectly bisect ranging rod at A.
 Loose the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise
to bisect the ranging rod at C tightened the upper
clamp and do the fine adjustment with upper tangent
screw.
 The reading on vernier A and B are noted. Vernier A
gives the angle directly and vernier B gives the reading
by subtracting the initial reading (180°) from final reading
Measuring Horizontal Angle

In case imperfect level of the instrument is potential:


• Measure angle on the direct (original) position (D)
• Rotate 180o in the vertical plane
• Measure angle from the reverse position
• Calculate angle in both directions as:
• Direct position = (Measured Angle 1) – 0
• Reverse Position = (Measured Angle 2) – 180
• Take the average between two angles
Example

Direct Position  112o 50' 18" - 0o 00' 00"  112o 50' 18"
Reverse Position  292 50' 30" - 180 00' 06"  112 50' 24"
o o o

112o 50'18"  112o 50' 24"


Angle   112o 50' 21"
2
Measuring Vertical Angles

Two kinds of problems:


• Horizontal distance to Theodolite CAN be measured
• Horizontal distance to Theodolite CAN’T be measured
Measuring Vertical Angles

Horizontal distance to Theodolite CAN be measured

 1 1 
H  Dtan α - tan β   D - 
 tan z1 tan z 2 
Vertical angle measurement-1
Vertical angle measurement-2
Measuring Vertical Angles
Horizontal distance to Theodolite CAN’T be measured
Measuring Vertical Angles

Horizontal distance to Theodolite CAN’T be


measured
A' C' B' C' A' B'
 
sin b sin a sin c

A' B'
A' C'  sin b
sin c
A' B'
B' C'  sin a
sin c

Then horizontal distance is known, continue as


simple as previous problem
References 28
Ghilani, C. D. and P. R. WOLF (2014). Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics . New
Jersey, PEARSON.

Uren, J. and B. Price (2010). Surveying for Engineers. UK, PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.

Barry F. Kavanagh – 7th – ed. SURVEYING with Construction


Applications. PEARSON.

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