UNIT-V CHEMICAL BONDING (BY: DR.

KUMAR SIR )

No. Questions
1 Which of the following has maximum bond angle: H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4
Ans CO2 will have the maximum bond angle since it has a linear shape its bond angle is 180o.
2 Using molecular orbital theory, compare the bond energy and magnetic character of O2 + and O2 – species.
Ans

Higher bond order of O2+ shows that it is more stable than O2– . Both the species have unpaired electrons.
So both are paramagnetic in nature.
3 Structures of molecules of two compounds are given below :

(a) Which of the two compounds will have intermolecular hydrogen bonding and which compound is
expected to show intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
(b) The melting point of a compound depends on, among other things, the extent of hydrogen bonding.
On this basis explain which of the above two compounds will show higher melting point.
(c) Solubility of compounds in water depends on power to form hydrogen bonds with water. Which of
the above compounds will form hydrogen bond with water easily and be more soluble in it.
Ans a) Compound (I) will form intramolecular hydrogen bond because NO2 and OH group are close
together in comparison to that in compound (II).
b) Compound (II) will have higher melting point because it forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Thus, more and more molecules are joined together through hydrogen bond formation.
c) Due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding compound (I) will not be able to form hydrogen bonds
with water thus will be less soluble in it while compound (II) can form hydrogen bond with water
more easily and will be soluble in water
4 Why does type of overlap given in the following figure not result in bond formation?

Ans Same charges repel and there is zero overlapping hence, no bond formation occurs.
5 Why is the carbonate ion more stable than H2CO3?
Ans Due to resonance

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6 The H-S-H bond angle in H2S is 92.2o whereas the H-O-H bond angle in H2O is 104.5o. Why?
Ans because of electronegativity of sulphur (S) is less than oxygen (O) so bond angle of H2S is less than H2O
7 Why axial bond length is longer than equatorial bond in PCl5?
Ans The bond length of the axial bond is longer than the equatorial bond because
the axial bond experiences more repulsion than the equatorial bond.
This makes the axial bond relatively weaker than the equatorial bond.
Hence, the axial bonds are longer than the equatorial bonds.

8 The energy of σ2pz molecular orbital is greater than π2px and π2py molecular orbitals in nitrogen
molecule. Write the complete sequence of energy levels in the increasing order of energy in the molecule.
Compare the relative stability and the magnetic behaviour of the following species :
N2, N2+, N2– , N22+

Ans

9 Although very useful in many cases, the octet rule has many exceptions. Give two examples to support
this statement.
Ans there are three general exceptions to the octet rule:
(i) Molecules, such as NO, with an odd number of electrons;
(ii) Molecules in which one or more atoms possess more than eight electrons, such as SF6; and.
(iii) Molecules such as BCl3, in which one or more atoms possess less than eight electrons
10 CO2 and SO2 both are triatomic molecules but there is a big difference in their dipole moment, why?
Ans Sulphur has d-orbitals while C does not have any d -orbitals and hence CO2 forms multiple bonds and has
a linear structure
11 Give an anion which is isostructural with BF3. ( Ans: BeF3─)
12 Give correct reason for the following:
(i) BF3 has a zero-dipole moment although the B-F bonds are polar.
(ii) All carbon to oxygen bonds in CO32- are equivalent.
Ans Boron trifluoride is has zero dipole moment although it has three polar B—F bonds. This is because BF3
has sp2 hybridisation and regular trigonal planal geometry. And hence the individual dipole moments of
polar bonds get cancelled and overall dipole moment is zero
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13 Bond angle in NH3 is more than H2O, Justify.
Ans
Since the repulsions on the bond pairs in H2O molecule
are greater due to presence of more number of lone pair
than that in NH3, that’s why the bond angle in water is less
than that of ammonia.

14 Explain why PCℓ5 is trigonal bipyramidal whereas IF5 is square pyramidal.

Ans
PCl5 has a shape of trigonal bipyramidal whereas IF5 has
a shape of square pyramidal, it is due to- Presence of
unshared electron pairs on I which is oriented so as to
3inimize repulsion while in PCl5 has no non-bonding
pair.

15 Give reasons for the following:

(i) Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non-directional.
(ii) Ethyne molecule is linear.
Ans Covalent bonds are formed by overlapping of atomic orbitals, therefore, they are directional whereas
ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons. That is why they are non-directional.
(ii) Ethyne molecule is linear (Cylindrical shape) due to sp hybridization with bond angle 180.
16. Explain the following observations:
(i) CO2 and SO2 are not isostructural. (ii) BF3 and NF3 are not isostructural.
(iii) BH4- and NH4+ are isostructural. (iv) N2 has higher bond order than NO.
17. Both CO2 and N2O are linear but dipole moment of CO2 in zero but for N2O it is non−zero, why?
Ans The answer lies in the structure of these molecules. CO2 is a symmetrical molecule while N2O is
unsymmetrical. Thus for N2O, dipoles do not cancel each other, leaving the molecule with a resultant
dipole, while the bond moment of CO2 cancel each other, so CO2 has no net dipole moment.
N  N→O ; O = C = O
18. Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero-dipole moment although the Be – H bonds are polar.

Dipole moments of each H–Be bond are equal and are in opposite
directions. Therefore, they nullify each other.

19.. Distinguish between pi and sigma bond.

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20. Draw the resonating structures of NO3─ , CO32-
Ans

21. Which of the following molecules have expanded octet configuration? CO2, ClF3, SO2, IF5
CIF3 and IF5 molecules show super octet.
22. Why NF3 is pyramidal while BF3 is triangular planar.
Ans
In BF3 there are three bond pairs which are shared in between
two atoms resulting in the triangular planar structure while in
case of NF3 there is sharing of three bond pairs plus one lone
pair. Because of the lone pair sharing the structure get distorted
and resulting structure is pyramidal
23. a. Why the two O-O bond distances in ozone molecule are equal?
b. Why the two S-O bond length in SO2 molecule are same?
Ans Same answer for both : Due to resonance
24. Using the concept of hybridization explain the shapes of
BeF2, BF3, CH4 and NH3 (2 marks each)
25. Arrange the following sets of molecules in the decreasing order of bond angle: NH3, NH4+, NH2
Ans
On increases the number of lone pairs of electrons,
bond angle decreases. Therefore, the order of bond
angle is
NH4+ > NH3 > NH2−

26. Out of MgO and NaCl which is having more lattice enthalpy and why?
Ans MgO has higher lattice energy because each ion carries two-unit charge whereas in NaCl each ion carries
one-unit charge
27. Predict the hybrid state of carbon atom in the following species.
(i) CO2, (ii) CH2=C=CH2, (iii) H-CHO
28. In spite of the higher electronegativity of fluorine,NH3 has higher dipole moment than NF3.Why?
Dipole moment of NH3 > NF3
This is because, in case of NH3 the orbital dipole due to lone
pair is in the same direction as the resultant dipole moment of the
N – H bonds, whereas in NF3 the orbital dipole is in the direction
opposite to the resultant dipole moment of the three N–F bonds.
The orbital dipole because of lone pair decreases the effect of the
resultant N – F bond moments, which results in the low dipole
moment of NF3.

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29. In the following processes, how are the bond orders in N2 and O2 be influenced?
(i) N2 →N2+ + e - (ii) O2→ O2+ + e-

30. He2 molecule is not formed. Justify on the basis of Molecular Orbital Theory.

31. Write the formal charges of the oxygen atoms in NO2 , H2SO4 and HNO3

Ans

32. Explain why NH3 is pyramidal whereas CH4 is tetrahedral although both nitrogen and carbon in NH3 and
CH4 are sp3 hybridised?
Ans

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33. Assign reasons for the following:
(i) B2 is paramagnetic while C2 is diamagnetic.
(ii) H2 and F2 are non polar whereas HF is polar
Ans Since, B2 has two unpaired electrons, therefore, B2 is paramagnetic C2 has no unpaired electron,
therefore, C2 is diamagnetic.
34. Predict the shapes of the following molecules using VSEPR Theory:
(i) BeCl2 (ii) SiCl4 (iii) PCl5 (iv) H2S
Ans BeCl2 : sp ; SiCl4 : sp3 ; PCl5 : Trigonal bipyramidal H2S : Bent or V-shaped
35. Explain hybridization in ethyne molecule .Draw its orbital diagram and mention the bond angle.

Ans

Sp hybrised - Linear or Cylindrical shape

36. Is there any change in the hybridization of B & N atoms as a result of following reaction:
BF3 + NH3 → NH3. BF3
Ans
BF3 + NH3 → NH3. BF3
Sp2 sp3 sp3 sp3

37. Is there any change in the hybridization of Al atoms as a result of following reaction:
AlCl3 + Cl─ → AlCl4─
Ans AlCl3 + Cl─ → AlCl4─
sp2 sp3
AlCl3 is a sp2 hybridised compound. Where as in AlCl4– , the empty 3pz orbital also gets involved and
the hybridization changes from sp2 to sp3 . As a result, the shape gets changed from trigonal planer to
tetrahedral.
38. Answer the following compounds:
1)Why the boiling point of ammonia is higher than PH3 ?
2)Why water is liquid and H2S is gaseous in state?
5)Glucose , fructose and sucrose are covalent in nature but they are soluble in water?
Ans All carry same answer – H- bonding
39. Why acetic acid form dimer ?
Ans Due to its extensive hydrogen bonding.
40. Why p-nitrophenol possess high boiling point than o-nitrophenol?
Ans p-Nitrophenol is having intermolecular hydrogen bonding whereas in o-Nitrophenol intramolecular
hydrogen bonding is there.
41. Out of given structure which is more stable and why?

(a) (b)
Ans: In (a) the lp is present at axial position so there are three lp—bp repulsions at 90°. In(b) the lp is in
an equatorial position, and there are two lp—bp repulsions. Hence, arrangement (b) is more stable. The
shape shown in (b) is described as a distorted tetrahedron, a folded square or a see-saw.
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42. Out of given structure which is more stable and why?

(a) (b) (c)

Ans: In (a) the lp are at equatorial position so there are less lp-bp repulsions as compared to other
structures (b) and (c) in which the lp are at axial positions. So structure (a) is most stable. (T-shaped).
43. Theoretically the shape of SO2 should have been triangular planar but actually it is found to be bent.
Why?

Ans: Theoretically the shape should have been triangular planar but actually it is found to be bent or v-
shaped. The reason being the lone pair - bond pair repulsion is much more as compared to the bond pair-
bond pair repulsion. So the angle is reduced to 119.5° from 120°
44 Arrange the given bonds in increasing order of polarity: P-H, H-O, N-H, H-F.
Ans P – H < N – H < H – O < H – F
Assertion and Reason:
45 Assertion (A) : Though the central atom of both NH3 and H2O molecules are sp3 hybridised, yet H–N–H
bond angle is greater than that of H–O–H.
Reason (R) : This is because nitrogen atom has one lone pair and oxygen atom has two lone pairs.
(i) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) A and R both are false.
46 Assertion (A): Among the two O–H bonds in H2O molecule, the energy required to break the first O–H
bond and the other O–H bond is the same.
Reason (R) : This is because the electronic environment around oxygen is the same even after breakage
of one O–H bond.
(i) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A. \
(ii) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) A and R both are false.