Question 1. Explain the formation of a chemical bond.

Answer: According to Kossel and Lewis, atoms combine together in order to

complete their respective octets so as to acquire the stable inert gas configuration.
This can occur in two ways; by transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to
other or by sharing of electrons between two or more atoms.

Question 2.Write Lewis dot symbols for atoms of the following elements: Mg,
Na, B, O, N, Br.
Answer:

Question 3. Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms and ions: S and S2– ;
Al and Al3+; H and H–
Answer:

Question 4. Draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules and ions:
H2S, SiCl4 , BeF2, C032-, HCOOH
Answer:
Question 5. Define Octet rule. Write its significance and limitations.
Answer: Octet rule: Atoms of elements combine with each other in order to
complete their respective octets so as to acquire the stable gas configuration.
Significance: It helps to explain why different atoms combine with each other to
form ionic compounds or covalent compounds.
Limitations of Octet rule:

 According to Octet rule, atoms take part in chemical combination to achieve the
configuration of nearest noble gas elements. However, some of noble gas
elements like Xenon have formed compounds with fluorine and oxygen. For
example: XeF2, XeF4 etc.
Therefore, validity of the octet rule has been challenged.
 This theory does not account for shape of molecules.

Question 6. Write the favourable factors for the formation of ionic bond.
Answer:

1. Low ionization enthalpy of metal atoms

2. High electron gain enthalpy of non-metal atoms
3. High lattice enthalpy of compound formed.

Question 7. Discuss the shape of the following molecules using the VSEPR
model:
BeCl2, BCl3 , SiCl4, AsF5, H2S, PH3
Answer:

Question 8. Although geometries of NH3 and H20 molecules are distorted

tetrahedral, bond angle in water is less than that of ammonia. Discuss.
Answer:

Because of two lone pairs of electrons on O-atom, repulsion on bond pairs is greater
in H20 in comparison to NH3 . Thus, the bond angle is less in H20 molecules.

Question 9. How do you express the bond strength in terms of bond order?
Answer: Bond strength is directly proportional to the bond order. Greater the bond
order, more is the bond strength.

Question 10. Define the bond-length.

Answer: Bond-length: It is the equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two
bonded atoms in a molecule. Bond-lengths are measured by spectroscopic methods.
Question 11. Explain the important aspects of resonance with reference to
the C032-ion.
Answer:

Resonance in C032-, I, II and III represent the three canonical forms.

 In these structures, the position of nuclei are same.

 All three forms have almost equal energy.
 Same number of paired and impaired electrons, they differ only in their
position.

Question 12. H3PO3 can be represented by structures 1 and 2 shown below.

Can these two structures be taken as the canonical forms of the resonance
hybrid representing H3PO3? If not, give reasons for the same.

Answer: No, these cannot be taken as canonical forms because the positions of
atoms have been changed.

Question 13. Write the resonance structures for SO3,NO2 and NO3
Answer:
Question 14. Use Lewis symbols to show electron transfer between the
following atoms to form cations and anions (a) K and S (b) Ca and O (c) Al and
N.
Answer:

Question 15. Although both CO2 and H2O are triatomic molecules, the shape of
H2O molecule is bent while that of CO2 is linear. Explain this on the basis of
dipole moment.
Answer: In CO2, there are two C=O bonds. Each C=O bond is a polar bond.
The net dipole moment of CO2 molecule is zero. This is possible only if CO2 is a
linear molecule. (O=C=O). The bond dipoles of two C=O bonds cancel the moment
of each other.
Whereas, H2O molecule has a net dipole moment (1.84 D). H2O molecule has a bent
structure because here the O—H bonds are oriented at an angle of 104.5° and do
not cancel the bond moments of each other.

Question 16. Write the significance/applications of dipole moment.

Answer:

 In predicting the nature of the molecules: Molecules with specific dipole

moments are polar in nature and those of zero dipole moments are non-polar
in nature.
 In the determination of shapes of molecules.
 In calculating the percentage ionic character.

Question 17. Define electronegativity. How does it differ from electron gain
enthalpy?
Answer: Electronegativity: Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract
shared pair of electrons. It is the property of bonded atom.
Whereas, electron gain enthalpy is the tendency of an atom to attract outside
electron. It is the property of an isolated atom.

Question 18. Explain with the help of suitable example polar covalent bond.
Answer: When two atoms with different electronegativity are linked to each other by
covalent bond, the shared electron pair will not in the centre because of the
difference in electronegativity. For example, in hydrogen flouride molecule, flouride
has greater electronegativity than hydrogen. Thus, the shared electron pair is
displaced more towards’flourine atom, the later will acquire a partial negative charge
(∂–). At the same time hydrogen atom will have a partial positive charge (∂+). Such a
covalent bond is known as polar covalent bond or simply polar bond.
It is represented as

Question 19. Arrange the bonds in order of increasing ionic character in the
molecules: LiF, K2O, N2, SO2 and ClF3.
Answer: N2 < SO2 < ClF3 < K2O < LiF

Question 20. The skeletal structure of CH3COOH as shown below is correct,

but some of the bonds are shown incorrectly. Write the correct Lewis structure
for acetic acid.

Answer:

Question 21. Apart from tetrahedral geometry, another possible geometry for
CH4 is square planar with the four H atoms at the comers of the square and the
C atom at its centre. Explain why CH4 is not square planar?
Answer: According to VSEPR theory, if CH4were square planar, the bond angle
would be 90°. For tetrahedral structure, the bond angle is 109°28′. Therefore, in
square planar structure, repulsion between bond pairs would be more and thus the
stability will be less.

Question 22. Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero dipole moment although
the Be—H bonds are polar.
Answer: BeH2is a linear molecular (H—Be—H), the bond angle = 180°.
Be—H bonds are polar due to difference in their electronegativity but the bond
polarities cancel each other. Thus, molecule has resultant dipole moment of zero.

Question 23. Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why?
Answer: In NH3 and NF3, the difference in electronegativity is nearly same but the
dipole moment of NH3 = (1.46D) For Example, NH3 = (0.24D)
In NH3, the dipole moments of the three N—H bonds are in the same direction as
the lone pair of electron. But in NF3, the dipole moments of the three N—F bonds are
in the direction opposite to that of the lone pair. Therefore, the resultant dipole
moment in NH3 is more than in NF3.

Question 24. What is meant by hybridisation of atomic orbitals? Describe the

shapes of sp, sp2, sp3 hybrid orbitals.
Answer: Hybridisation: It is defined as the process of intermixing of atomic
oribitals of slightly different energies to give rise to new hybridized orbitals having
equivalent energy and identical shapes.
Shapes of Orbitals:
sp hybridisation: When one s-and one p-orbital, intermix then it is called sp-
hybridisation. For example, in BeF2, Be atom undergoes sp-hybridisation. It has
linear shape. Bond angle is 180°.
sp2 hybridisation: One s-and two p-orbitals get hybridised to form three equivalent
hybrid orbitals. The three hybrid orbitals directed towards three corners of an
equilateral triangle. It is, therefore, known as trigonal hybridisation.
sp3 hybridisation: One s-and three p-orbitals get hybridised to form four equivalent
hybrid orbitals. These orbitals are directed towards the four corners of a regular
tetrahedron.

Question 25. Describe the change in hybridisation (if any) of the Al atom in the
following reaction. AlCl3 + Cl– ——> AlCl4- .
Answer: Electronic configuration of 13Al = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3px13py1
(excited state)
Hence, hybridisation will be SP2
In AlCl–4, the empty 3pz orbital is also involved. So, the hybridisation is sp3 and the
shape is tetrahedral.

Question 26. Is there any change in the hybridisation ofB and N atoms as a
result of the following reaction ? BF3 + NH3 ——-> F3 B.NH3
Answer: In BF3, B atom is sp2 hybridised. In NH3, N is sp3 hybridised.
After the reaction, hybridisation of B changes from sp2 to sp3.

Question 27. Draw diagrams showing the formation of a double bond and a
triple bond between carbon atoms in C2 H4 and C2 H2 molecules.
Answer:

Question 28. What is the total number of sigma and pi bonds in the following
molecules?
(a) C2 H2 (b) C2 H4
Answer: (a) H—C = C—H
Sigma bond = 3 Π bonds = 2

Question 29. Considering X-axis as the intemuclear axis which out of the
following will not form a sigma bond and why? (a) Is and Is (b) Is
and 2px (c) 2py and 2py (d) Is and 2s
Answer: (c) It will not form a s-bond because taking x-axis as the intemuclear axis,
there will be lateral overlap between the two 2py orbitals forming a Π -bond.

Question 30. Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following
molecules?
(a) CH3-CH3 (b) CH3-CH = CH2 (c) CH3-CH2-OH (d) CH3-CHO (e) CH3COOH.
Answer:

Question 31. What do you understand by bond pairs and lone pairs of
electrons? Illustrate by giving one example of each type.
Answer: The electron pair involved in sharing between two atoms during covalent
bonding is called shared pair or bond pair. At the same time, the electron pair which
is not involved in sharing is called lone pair of electrons.
Question 32. Distinguish between a sigma bond and a pi bond.
Answer:

Question 33. Explain the formation of H2 molecule on the basis of valence

bond theory.
Answer: Let us consider the combination between atoms of hydrogen HA and HB and
eA and eB be their respective electrons.
As they tend to come closer, two different forces operate between the nucleus and
the electron of the other and vice versa. The nuclei of the atoms as well as their
electrons repel each other. Energy is needed to overcome the force of repulsion.
Although the number of new attractive and repulsive forces is the same, but the
magnitude of the attractive forces is more. Thus, when two hydrogen atoms
approach each other, the overall potential energy of the system decreases. Thus, a
stable molecule of hydrogen is formed.

Question 34. Write the important conditions required for the linear
combination of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals.
Answer:

 The combining atomic orbitals should have comparable energies.

For example, Is orbital of one atom can combine with Is atomic orbital of
another atom, 2s can combine with 2s.
 The combining atomic orbitals must have proper orientations. So that they are
able to overlap to a considerable extent.
 The extent of overlapping should be large.

Question 35. Use molecular orbital theory to explain why the Be2 molecule
does not exist.
Answer:
Question 36. Compare the relative stability of the following species and
indicate their magnetic properties: O2, O2, O2– (Superoxide),O22- (peroxide)
Answer: O2— Bond order = 2, paramagnetic
O2+— Bond order = 2.5, paramagnetic
O2–— Bond order = 1.5, paramagnetic
O22- — Bond order = 1, diamagnetic
Order of relative stability is
O2+ > O2 > O2– > O22-
(2.5) (2.0) (1.5) (1.0)

Question 37. Write the significance of plus and minus sign in representing the
orbitals,
Answer: Plus and minus sign is used to indentify the nature of electrons wave. Plus
(+ve) sign denotes crest, while (-ve) sign denotes trough.

Question 38. Describe the hybridisation in case of PCl5. Why are the axial
bonds longer as compared to equatorial bonds?
Answer: The ground state E.C. and the excited state E.C. of phosphorus are
represented as:

The one s, three-p and one d-orbitals hybridise to yield five sets of SP3 d hybrid
orbitals which are directed towards the five corners of a trigonal bipyramidal as in
Fig.
Because axial bond pairs suffer more repulsive interaction from the equatorial bond
pairs, therefore axial bonds have been found to be slightly longer and hence slightly
weaker than equatorial bonds.

Question 39. Define hydrogen bonds. Is it weaker or stronger than the van der
Waals forces?
Answer: When hydrogen is attached with highly electronegative element in a
covalent bonding the electrons of the covalent bond are shifted towards the more
electronegative atom. Thus, a partially positively charged hydrogen atom forms a
bond with the other more electronegative atom. This bond is known as a hydrogen
bond. Hydrogen bond is stronger than the van der Waals forces.

Question 40. What is meant by the term bond order? Calculate the bond order
of N2, O2, O2+,O2–
Answer: Bond order is defined as the half of the difference between the number of
electrons present in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals.