Chemical Bonding

Board Level assignment

1. Which of the following has maximum bond angle? H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4

2.Write resonance structure of SO

3.Indicate the number of σ and π bonds in the molecule CH2=C=CH2.

4. Why does BH3 behave as Lewis acid?

5. Write the Lewis dot structure of BeF2 and SiCl4.

6. Explain the formation of a chemical bond.

7. Why is solid NaCl non-conductor of electricity?

8. Why is NaCl harder than sodium metal?

9. How many σ and π-bonds are present in CH2=CH—CH=CH2?

10. Sodium chloride solution gives a precipitate of AgCl with AgNO3 whereas CCl4 does not, why?

11. The H—S—H bond angle in H2S 92.2° whereas the H—O—H bond angle H2O is 104.5°, why?

12. Why the water liquid whereas H2S is gas at room temperature?

13. Although very useful in a large number of cases, the octet rule has many exceptions. Give two examples to
supports this statement.

14. Why does He2 not exist?

15. Arrange the given bonds in increasing order of polarity: P—H, H—O, N—H, H—F

16. Out of NaCl and MgO, which has higher value of lattice energy?

17. Write electrons dot structure of CO and AlCl.

18. Which of the following molecules is super octet (Having more than 8 electrons)?CO2, CIF3, SO2,IF5

19. CO2 and SO2 both are triatomic molecules but there is a big difference in their dipole moment, why?

20. Why are dipole moment of CO2, BF3, CCl4, PF5, SF6 are zero?

21. The molecule SO2 has dipole moment. Is the molecule linear or bent? Give reason.

22. Why is ο-nitrophenol steam volatile whereas p-nitrophenol is not?

23. Define: (i) bond length, (ii) bond enthalpy.

24. Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why?

25. Write resonating structure of O3.

26. Compare the H—N—H bond angle in the following molecules and ions: NH3, NH4+, NH2-
27. Out of H—H and Cl—Cl bonds, which is expected to have higher bond enthalpy and why?

28. Out of O2 and N2 molecule, which has greater bond dissociation enthalpy and why?

29. What is hybrid state of central atom in the following? NO3-, BF4-, PF5, IF5 and CO2.

30. What is hybrid state of each carbon in Acetone,But-1-yne

31. What can you say about the shape of SO2 and NF3 molecule from the information that both have net dipole
moment?
32. Out of H2O and H2S which is more polar?

33. Which of the following structure contributes least towards resonance hybrid?
- + + 2- +
̈ −
N = N = O : N=N –O: N – N = O+ :
I II III

35. There resonating structure I, II, III have energies E1, E2 and E3 and structure III being most stable. If
energy of actual structure is E, then what is the resonance energy?

36. Give the structure of an anion which is isostructural with BF3.

37. The two O—O bond distances in ozone molecule are aqual. Justify.

38. What is the total number of electrons in NO-3?

39. How many types of bonds are present in NH4Cl?

40. Which of the following has higher dipole moment: 1-butene of 1-butune, why?

41. Write Lewis symbol for the following atoms and ions: S and S2-; Al and Al3+; H and H-

42. Give reasons for the following:

H2+ and H2- ions have same bond order but H2+ ions are more stable than H-2.

43. What is the state of hybridization of carbon in CO32- ion?

44. How would the bond length vary in dicarbon species C2, C2-, C22-

45. In the following ionization processes, how will the bond orders in N2 and O2 be influenced?

(i)N2 → N2+ +ē (ii)O2 → O2 + ē

46. Which of the species have similar shape and why? NO2-, NO2+, CO2, O3

47. What is the type of hybrid orbitals associated with B atom in BH-4.

48. Write a neutral molecule which is isoelectronic with CIO-.

49. What type of hybridization explains the trigonal bipyramidal shape of SF4?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [2 MARKS]

1.Give correct reason for the following:

(i)BF3 has a zero dipole moment although the B—F bonds are polar.

(ii)All carbon to oxygen bonds in CO32- are equivalent.

2. Give two differences between σ and π-bonds.

3. Compare the relative stability of the following species on the basic of molecular orbital theory and indicate
their magnetic properties: O2+, O2-[NCT 2011]

4. Account for the following:

(i) BF3 molecule has a zero dipole moment although B—F bonds are polar.

(iii) The structure of NH3 molecule is pyramidal.

5. Write molecular orbital configuration of O2. Predict its magnetic behaviour and calculate its bond order.
[MSE (Chandigarh) 2009]

6.(i) Describe the hybridizations in case of PCl5.

(ii) Deduce the shape of SF4 molecule on the basis of VSEPR theory.

7. Compare the relative stability of following species and indicate their magnetic properties O2, O2+, O-2
(superoxide), O22-(Peroxide). [MSE (Chandigarh) 2008]

8. Bond angle in NH3 is more than in H2O. Justify.

10. (i) Explain the structure of CO32-ion in terms of resonance.

(ii) Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why?

11. Draw molecular orbital energy level diagram for N2+. Calculate its bond and explain its magnetic
characteristics.

12. (i) How many sigma and pi bonds. CH2 = CH—CH2—C ≡ CH

(ii) Which type of hybrid orbitals are used by the second carbon atom in the following molecule.

CH ≡ C—CH2—CH = CH2

13. You are given the electronic configuration of A, B, C, D and E:

A—1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2, B—1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1, C—1s2 2s2 2s1, D—1s2 2s2 2p5, E—1s2 2s2 2s6

Write the empirical formula for the substance containing:

(i)A and D, (ii) B and D, (iii) Only D, (iv) Only E

14. Give shape of (i) NH4+, (ii) CO32-, (iii) BeF-3, (iv) SO42-.

15. Why is Becl2 linear whereas SnCl2 angular molecule?

16. Consider each of the following in solid state:

(i)Methane, (ii) Cesium chloride, (iii) Germanium, (iv) Lithium, (v) Argon, (vi) Ice. State
Which would be an example of (α) high melting, network solid, (b) a non-conducting solid which becomes a
good conductor in the molten state, (c) a solid with high electrical and thermal conductivity, (d) a low melting
solid held together by van der Waal’s forces, (e) a solid in which hydrogen exists.

17. Which end of ICI will be positive and which will be negative and why? Is it covalent Or lonic?

18. ICI is more or less reactive than Cl2? Why?

19. Why are NH3, glucose, and alcohol soluble in water, although they are covalent compounds?

20. On the basis of VSEPR theory, predict the shapes of the following molecules and ions:

(i) PH3(ii) NH3(iii) NH2- (iv) H3O+

21. Compare the dipole moment of the compounds in each of the following sets:

(i) CHCl3, CCl4(ii) CF4, SF4 (iii) BF3, BCI3(iv) CO2, SO2

22. Which of the following has highest lattice energy and why? CsF, CsCI, CsBr, CsI

23. Why is dipole moment of HF (1.98 D) higher than that of HCI (1.03 D)?

24. Calculate the number of sigma and π-electrons in 0.1 mole of vinyl cyanide (CH2 = Ch—C = N).

25. Give electrons dot structure for carbon suboxide, C2O2. Write its structural formula.

26. AIF3 is a high melting solid whereas SiF4 is a gas. Explain.

27. Arrange the following in decreasing order of ionic characters NaF, NaBr, NaCl, NaI

28. Explain the shapes of the following : (i) BeCl2 (ii) PH4+ (iii) PF5 (iv) SF6

29. N2 molecule has a greater bond dissociation energy than N2+ ion whereas O2 molecule has a lower bond
dissociation energy than O2+ ion. Explain in terms of M.O theory.

30. Explain the following observations:

(i) CO2 and SO2 are not isostructural (ii) BF3 and NF3 are not isostructural.

(iii) BH-4 and NH+4 are isostructural. (iv) N2 has higher bond order than NO.

(v) In NO+ and N2, the bond order is same.

31. How do you express the bond strength in terms of bond order?

32. Define octet rule. Write its significance and limitations.

33. Write the favourable factors for the formation of ionic bond

34. Explain why PCl5 is trigonal bipyramidal whereas IF5 is square pyramidal.

35. Define hybridization. Explain the structure of C2H2 with orbital diagram.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [3 MARKS]

1. (i)Write the molecule orbital configuration of O2+. Calculate its bond order and predict its magnetic behaviour.

(ii) What is the state of hybridization of nitrogen in NH4+ ion?

(ii) Draw the shape of PH3 and SF6 according to VSEPR theory.

(iii) Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in CH3—CHO?

3. (i) Write the resonating structures for SO3 and NO2.

(ii) Although geometries of NH3 and H2O molecules are distorted tetrahedral, bond angle in water is less than that
of ammonia. Discuss. [MSE (Chandigarh) 2008]

4. (i) Explain, why Be2 molecule does not exist by using molecule orbital theory.

(ii) Describe the state of hybridiziation in PCl5. Why are the axial bonds longer as compared to equatorial bonds?
5. (i) Write the resonance structures for CO2. (ii) Draw Lewis structure of H2SO4.

(iii) Why KHF2 exist but KHCl2 does not?

6. (i) Deduce the structures of (a) BrF5 (b) PF5 on the basis of VSEPR theory.

(ii) Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why? [NCT 2007]

7. Arrange the following according to bond length and bond dissociation energy giving reasons:

(i) H—F, H—Cl, H—Br, H—I (ii) C—C, C = C, C ≡C (iii) C—H bond length in CH4, C2H4 and C2H2

8. Which of the compounds in pair of compounds has higher dipole moment?

(i) BCl3 and BF3 (ii) SO2 and SO3 (iii) H2O and H2S

9. What is the hybrid state of (i) B in BF3, (ii) Al in AlCl3, (iii) Be in BeCl2, (iv) C in CO2 and C2H4, (v) S in SO2 and
SO3?

10. Predict the dipole moment of:

(i) A molecule AX4 with square planar geometry. (ii) A molecule AX5 with trigonal bipyramidal geometry.

(iii) A molecule AX6 with octahedral geometry. (iv)A molecule AX3 with pyramidal shape.

11. Draw the molecular structure of (i) XeF2, (ii) XeOF2 and (iii) XeF4.

12. Consider the following structure: 2-Oxo-3-hydroxy-pent-1-yne

(i)How many σ and π-bonds are present in his compounds?

(ii) Arrange carbon no.2,3,5 in decreasing order of s-character.

(iii) Which atoms have same hybrid state?

13. (i) Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero dipole moment, although the Be—H bonds are polar.

(ii) Write the molecular orbital configurations of the following species: (a) O2- (b) C2. Calculate their bond order.

14. Write the molecular orbital electronic configurations of the following species: (i) N2 (ii) N2+ (iii) N2-((iv) N22-

(a) Calculate their bond orders.

(b) Predict their magnetic behaviour.

16. How can one non-polar molecule induce a dipole in a nearby non-polar molecule?

17. What is meant by hydrogen bond? What is bond energy of hydrogen bond? Why is HF, H 2O are liquids whereas
HCl, HBr, HI and H2S are gases?

18. Discuss the shape of the following molecules using the VSEPR model:

BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S, PH3 [NCERT]

19. Although geometries of NH3 and H2O molecules are distorted tetrahedral, bond angle in water is less than of
ammonia. Discuss. [NCERT]

20. Explain the important aspects of resonance with reference of the CO32- ion.

22. Use Lewis symbols to show electron transfer between the following atoms to from cations and anions : (i) K and S
(ii) Ca and O (iii) Al and N.

23. Although both CO2 and H2O are triatomic molecules, the shape of H2O molecule is bent while that of CO2 is
linear. Explain this on the basis of dipole moment.

24. Write the significance/applications of dipole moment.

25. Define electronegativity. How does it differ from electron gain enthalpy?

26. Explain with the help of suitable example, polar covalent bond.

27. Arrange the bonds in order of increasing ionic character in the molecules; LiF, K 2O, N2, SO2 and CIF3.
29. Apart from tetrahedral geometry, another possible geometry for CH4 is square planar with four H atoms at the
comers of the square and the C atom at its centre. Explain why CH4 is not square planar.

30. What is meant by hybridization of atomic orbitals? Describe the shape of sp, sp 2, sp3 hybrid orbitals.
31. Describe the change in hybridization (if any) of the Al atom in the following reaction. AlCl3 + Cl- → AlCl4-

32. Is there any change in the hybridization of B and N atoms as a result of the following reaction?
BF3 + NH3 → F3B→NH3

33. Draw diagrams showing the formation of a double bond and a triple bond between carbon atoms in C2H4 and C2H2
molecules

34. What is the total number of sigma and pi bonds in the following molecules?

(i) C2H2(ii) C2H4

35. Considering x-axis as the internuclear axis which out of the following will not from a sigma bond and why? (a)
1s and 1s (b) 1s and 2px (c) 2py and 2py (d) 1s and 2s [NCERT]

36. Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following molecule? [NCERT]

(i) CH3—CH3;(ii) CH3—CH=CH2; (iii) CH3—CH2—OH; (iv) CH3—CHO; (v) CH3COOH

37. What do you understand by bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons? IIIustrate by giving one example of each type.

39. Write the important conditions required for the linear combination of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals.

40. Write the significance of a plus and a minus sign shown in representing the orbitals.
41. Describe the hybridization in case of PCI5. Why are the axial bonds longer as compared to equatorial bonds?

42. Define hydrogen bond. Is it weaker or stronger that the van der Waals’ forces? [NCERT]