VSEPR and Hybridization Concepts

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solve q no 4 to 9

Let's solve questions 4 to 9 step by step.

Q.4

a. Methane is non-polar but chloromethane is polar. Explain.

Methane (CH₄) is a symmetric molecule with identical C-H bonds. Since the dipole moments of the
bonds cancel each other out, the molecule is non-polar.
In chloromethane (CH₃Cl), the C-Cl bond is polar due to the higher electronegativity of chlorine.
This creates a net dipole moment, making the molecule polar.

b. Define dipole moment.

Dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative charges in a molecule. It is the
product of the charge magnitude and the distance between the charges.
c. Write its unit.
The unit of dipole moment is Debye (D).

d. Predict the geometry and polarity of BeF₂, if μ = 0.

Geometry: Linear (Bond angle = 180°).

Polarity: Non-polar because the dipole moments of the two Be-F bonds cancel out.

Q.5

a. Predict the shape, geometry, and bond angle in H₂O molecule on the basis of VSEPR.

Shape: Bent (Angular).

Geometry: Tetrahedral (due to 2 lone pairs and 2 bonding pairs).
Bond Angle: 104.5°.

b. Compare the bond angle of H₂O with H₂S. Explain with reason.

Bond angle in H₂O: 104.5°.

Bond angle in H₂S: 92° (approx).
Reason: Oxygen in H₂O is more electronegative than sulfur in H₂S. The lone pairs on oxygen repel
bonding pairs more strongly, resulting in a larger bond angle in H₂O compared to H₂S.

Q.6

a. Both NH₃ and BF₃ are tetra-atomic molecules, but they have different geometry. Explain.

NH₃: Pyramidal geometry due to the presence of one lone pair and three bonding pairs (sp³
hybridization).
BF₃: Trigonal planar geometry due to the absence of lone pairs and three bonding pairs (sp²
hybridization).

b. Is the molecule of SO₂ linear or bent?

Bent (Angular) due to lone pairs on the sulfur atom.

Q.7

a. Differentiate between p and s bonds.

p bond: Sideways overlap of atomic orbitals, present in double and triple bonds.
s bond: End-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals, present in all single bonds.
Strength: s bond > p bond.

b. Among p and s bond, which is stronger and why?

s bond is stronger because of the direct overlap of orbitals, leading to a greater electron density
between the nuclei.

c. Explain the formation of oxygen molecule on the basis of VBT.

In O₂, each oxygen atom contributes two half-filled p orbitals, forming one σ bond and one π bond
(double bond) between the atoms.

Q.8

According to VBT, covalent bond is formed by overlapping of half-filled orbitals of combining

atoms.
a. Differentiate between p and s bond.
(Same as Q7a, already answered).
b. Among p and s bond, which is stronger and why?
(Same as Q7b, already answered).
c. Explain the formation of oxygen molecule on the basis of VBT.
(Same as Q7c, already answered).

Q.9

Identify the mode of hybridization in underlined atom in the following molecules:

1. BeH₂: sp (Linear).
2. BF₃: sp² (Trigonal planar).
3. NH₃: sp³ (Pyramidal).
4. CO₂: sp (Linear).
5. C₂H₂: sp (Linear).
6. CCl₄: sp³ (Tetrahedral).
7. CHCl₃: sp³ (Tetrahedral).
8. NO₃⁻: sp² (Trigonal planar).
9. SO₄²⁻: sp³ (Tetrahedral).

Let me know if you need further clarifications!

solve q no 7

Here’s the detailed solution to Q.7:

a. Differentiate between p and s bonds:

Aspect s Bond p Bond

Formed by end-to-end (head-on) overlap of
Formation Formed by sideways overlap of orbitals.
orbitals.
Orbital overlap Maximum overlap due to direct alignment. Lesser overlap due to sideways alignment.
Strength Stronger because of greater overlap. Weaker compared to s bonds.
Electron
Concentrated along the bond axis. Concentrated above and below the bond axis.
density
Found in double and triple bonds (along with
Occurrence Found in single bonds.
one s bond).

b. Among p and s bonds, which is stronger and why?

s bonds are stronger than p bonds because:

1. Greater overlap: s bonds result from head-on overlap, which is more effective than the
sideways overlap in p bonds.
2. Electron density: In s bonds, the electron density is concentrated along the bond axis,
leading to a stronger electrostatic attraction between the nuclei and shared electrons.

c. Explain the formation of an oxygen molecule on the basis of VBT.

The oxygen molecule (O₂) forms a double bond as described by the Valence Bond Theory (VBT):
1. Electron configuration of oxygen: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴.
2. Each oxygen atom has two unpaired electrons in the 2p orbitals.
3. During bonding, one σ bond forms from the head-on overlap of 2p orbitals, and one π bond
forms from the sideways overlap of the other 2p orbitals.
4. The result is a double bond (one σ + one π), with shared electrons holding the two oxygen
atoms together.

Let me know if you'd like further clarification!

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solve q no 4,5,6

Let’s solve Q.4, Q.5, and Q.6 from the provided image step by step.

Q.4

NH₃ and NF₃ are two covalent molecules having similar geometry.
a. Identify the mode of hybridization of central atom.

NH₃: sp³ hybridization.

NF₃: sp³ hybridization.

b. Draw molecular orbital picture of each molecule.

1. NH₃:
Central atom (N) undergoes sp³ hybridization, forming three sigma (σ) bonds with hydrogen
atoms and leaving one lone pair.
Geometry: Pyramidal.
MO Diagram (NH₃):

arduino

H H
\ /
N (lone pair above)
|
H

2. NF₃:
Central atom (N) undergoes sp³ hybridization, forming three sigma (σ) bonds with fluorine
atoms and leaving one lone pair.
Geometry: Pyramidal.
MO Diagram (NF₃):

F F
\ /
N (lone pair above)
|
F

c. Arrange the shape of individual species on the basis of increasing bond angle.

NF₃ < NH₃.

NH₃ has a larger bond angle (107°) compared to NF₃ (~102°) due to the higher
electronegativity of fluorine, which pulls bonding electrons closer, reducing repulsion and
bond angle.

Q.5

a. Calculate the lone pair of electrons in N atom of NH₃ and NF₃.

Both NH₃ and NF₃ have 1 lone pair on the central N atom.

b. Compare the shape of polyatomic molecules on the basis of hybridization.

1. NH₃:
Hybridization: sp³.
Shape: Trigonal pyramidal due to one lone pair.
2. NF₃:
Hybridization: sp³.
Shape: Trigonal pyramidal due to one lone pair.

Q.6

a. Bond angle of NH₃ is higher than that of NF₃. Why?

NH₃ has a bond angle of 107°, while NF₃ has a smaller bond angle (~102°).
Reason: The electronegativity of fluorine in NF₃ pulls bonding electrons closer to itself, reducing
electron pair repulsion in the central nitrogen atom and decreasing the bond angle.

b. Arrange the following species in the order of increasing bond angle:

NH₃, NH₂⁻, NH₄⁺.

NH₂⁻ < NH₃ < NH₄⁺.

Explanation:
NH₂⁻: Two lone pairs on nitrogen lead to maximum repulsion, decreasing bond angle (~104°).
NH₃: One lone pair results in a bond angle of ~107°.
NH₄⁺: No lone pairs, resulting in a perfect tetrahedral angle of 109.5°.

Let me know if you'd like further clarifications!

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