ELNG 212: ELECTRICAL MACHINES

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
TRANSFORMERS

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
TRANSFORMER
• A transformer is a static piece of equipment used either for raising or
lowering the voltage of an a.c. supply with a corresponding decrease or
increase in current
• It essentially consists of two windings, the primary and secondary,
wound on a common laminated magnetic core
• The winding connected to the a.c. source is called primary winding (or
primary) and the one connected to load is called secondary winding (or
secondary).

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
TRANSFORMER
• The alternating voltage V1 whose magnitude is to be changed is
applied to the primary
• Depending upon the number of turns of the primary (N1) and
secondary (N2), an alternating e.m.f. E2 is induced in the secondary
• This induced e.m.f. E2 in the secondary causes a secondary current I2.
• A terminal voltage V2 will appear across the load. If V2 > V1, it is called a
step up-transformer.
• On the other hand, if V2 < V1, it is called a step-down transformer.

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
TRANSFORMER – WORKING PRINCIPLE
• It operates on the Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

• When an alternating voltage V1, applied to coil 1, an alternating

current, I1 flows in the coil and this current produces an
alternating flux Ø in the iron core

• A portion of the total flux links the second coil

• The alternating flux induces an emf E2 in the second coil

• If a load should be connected to the coil, this emf would drive a

current I2 through it

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
POLARITY AND TERMINAL MARKINGS OF A TRANSFORMER
• Voltage E1 is induced in coil 1 and voltage E2 in coil 2. These voltages
are in phase
• Suppose at any given instant when the primary terminal 1 is positive
with respect to primary terminal 2, the secondary terminal 3 is also
positive with respect to secondary terminal 4
• Then terminals 1 and 3 are said to have the same polarity

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
TRANSFORMER
• The transformer action is based on the laws of electromagnetic
induction
• There is no electrical connection between the primary and
secondary.
• The a.c. power is transferred from primary to secondary through
magnetic flux.
• There is no change in frequency i.e., output power has the same
frequency as the input power
• The losses that occur in a transformer are:
(a) core losses—eddy current and hysteresis losses
(b) copper losses—in the resistance of the windings
KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
IDEAL TRANSFORMER

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
IDEAL TRATNSFORMER
• An ideal transformer is one that has
(i) no winding resistance
(ii) no leakage flux i.e., the same flux links both the windings
(iii) no iron losses (i.e., eddy current and hysteresis losses) in
the core
• Although ideal transformer cannot be physically realized, yet its
study provides a very powerful tool in the analysis of a practical
transformer. In fact, practical transformers have properties that
approach very close to an ideal

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EMF EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER
• Sinusoidal flux produced by the primary can be
represented by

• Instantaneous e.m.f. induced in the primary is

• The maximum value of e.m.f. induced in the primary is

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EMF EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
VOLTAGE RATIO
• From the EMF equations of the primary and secondary sides we can
make the following deductions

• The ratio a = N1/N2 is called the turns ratio

• A step-up transformer has a < 1 and a step-down transformer has a > 1.

• In an ideal transformer, the applied voltage V1 and the induced voltage

E1 must be identical.

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
CURRENT RATIO
• On no load I1 = 0. If a load is connected across the secondary
terminals (i.e. switch S is closed) current I2 flows through the
load

• For an ideal transformer, the flux in the core is fixed and there
are no losses, therefore the mmf on both sides are equal the
the following relation can be obtained

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF AN IDEAL
TRANSFORMER

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EXERCISES
• The number of turns on the primary and secondary
windings of a single phase transformer are 350 and 35
respectively. If the primary is connected to a 2.2kV, 50Hz
supply, determine the secondary voltage on no – load.

• A 3,300/230 – V 50Hz, single phase transformer has 660

turns on the primary. Determine
• the number of turns on the secondary
• the maximum value of flux in the core
• the approximate value of primary and secondary full load
currents

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EXERCISES
• A 100 – kVA, 3300/400 – V, 50Hz, 1 phase transformer
has 110 turns on the secondary. Calculate the
approximate values of the primary and secondary full –
load currents, the maximum value of flux in the core
and the number of primary turns.

• A double – wound, 1 – phase transformer is required to

step down from 1900V to 240V, 50Hz. It is to have
1.5V per turn. Calculate the required number of turns
on the primary and secondary windings

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
IMPEDANCE RATIO

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
IMPEDANCE RATIO

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
SOLUTION

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
PRACTICAL SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

• The windings of a practical transformer have both resistance and

leakage inductance

• The core is also imperfect: it has a core loss and finite permeability

• The core loss has two components: hysteresis loss and eddy current
loss

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
PHASOR DIAGRAM ON NO LOAD

• To furnish the power loss in the core (core loss), a small

current must be drawn from the source

• This current Ip must be in phase with induced voltage E1

• Also to create the mutual flux Φm, a magnetizing current Im

in phase with Φm and lagging 90° behind E1 must be drawn
to produce the required mmf.

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
PHASOR DIAGRAM ON NO LOAD

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
PHASOR DIAGRAM ON NO LOAD
We note that

(i) the no-load current Io taken by the primary is the phasor sum of core
loss current, Ip and magnetizing current, Im

(ii) the difference between the value of the applied voltage V1 and that
of the induced emf E1 is only about 0.05% when the transformer is on no
load so the two can be considered to be equal

(iii) Ip is very small compared with Im. Therefore the no-load power factor
is very low.

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
PHASOR DIAGRAM ON NO LOAD
where
no load current is:
𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑝2 + 𝐼𝑚
2

magnetizing current:
𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ø𝑜
core loss current
𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ø𝑜
Power factor
𝐼𝑝
cosØ𝑜 =
𝐼𝑜
Core losses, Ploss = 𝑉1 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ø𝑜
KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EXAMPLE
A transformer takes a current of 0.8A when its primary is
connected to a 240 volt, 50 Hz supply, the secondary being
on open circuit. If the power absorbed is 72 watts,
determine
i. the iron loss current
ii. the power factor on no – load
iii. The magnetizing current
KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EXAMPLE
A 2400 V/400 V single – phase transformer takes a no – load current
of 0.5A and the core loss is 400 W. Determine the values of the
magnetizing and core loss components of the no – load current. Draw
the no – load phasor diagram for the transformer

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
MUTUAL AND LEAKAGE FLUXES IN A TRANSFORMER

• The actual flux linking a coil can be considered to

have two components:

• the mutual flux Φm linking both coils

• the leakage flux Φl

• The reluctance of the paths of the leakage flux is

almost entirely due to the long air paths and is
therefore practically constant

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
MUTUAL AND LEAKAGE FLUXES IN A TRANSFORMER

Similarly the primary induced voltage is composed of

E1l = 4.44fN1Φl1,max
E1 = 4.44fN1Φmax

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER

• The practical transformer is assumed to be an ideal transformer

• The imperfections are then allowed by means of additional circuits or

impedances

• The impedances are inserted between the supply and the primary
windings and between the secondary winding and the load

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
• R1 and R2 are resistances of the primary and secondary windings

• X1 and X2 are the leakage reactances

• The reactance Xm is such that it takes a reactive current Im (i.e. the

magnetizing current) of the actual transformer.

• The core loss is accounted for by the resistor Rm which takes the
component Ip of the primary current.

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REFERRED TO THE PRIMARY SIDE

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REFERRED TO THE SECONDARY SIDE

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
• The exact equivalent circuit of the transformer is too exact for most
practical applications
• Consequently, we can simplify it to make calculations easier

Fig. 14.a
KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

Fig. 14.b

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

Fig. 14.c

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
Example
A transformer is rated 10 kVA, 2400 / 240 V, 60 Hz. The parameters for
the approximate equivalent circuit of Fig. 14.a are Rm = 80 kΩ, Xm = 35
kΩ, Re1 = 8.4 Ω and Xe1 = 13.7 Ω. Determine the voltage to be applied
to the primary to obtain the rated current in the secondary when the
secondary terminal voltage is 240 V. What is the input power factor?
The load power factor is 0.8 lagging.

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
Solution:

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE
Example
A 1-ph transformer operates from a 230-V supply. It has an
equivalent resistance of 0.1Ω and an equivalent leakage reactance
of 0.5 Ω referred to the primary. The secondary is connected to a
coil having a resistance of 200 Ω and a reactance of 100 Ω.
Calculate the secondary terminal voltage. The secondary winding
has four times as many turns as the primary

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRITY IMPACT Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering By: Joshua Dantuo, Bsc. EEE, MEng. EE