MCT 308

Electromechanical Machines

Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Afe Babablola University, Ado-Ekiti
[email protected]
Transformers

• What is a Transformer?

• Uses of Transformers

• Principle of Operation
• Types of Transformers
• Operating Considerations and Limitations
Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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Transformers

Figure 2.1: A simple single phase system

Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

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Principle of Operation….

• The purpose of a transformer is to change an electric

system quantity (e.g. voltage or current) from one
level to another.

• A transformer is made up of two or more conductors

wound around a single magnetic core, usually iron.
The wound conductors, usually copper, are called
windings. (See Figure 2.2)
Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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Principle of Operation
• The primary winding is electrically connected to the power source.
• The secondary winding is electrically connected to the energy output or load side.
• There is no electrical connection between the primary and secondary windings.

• Figure 2.2: A typical transformer Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

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Principle of Operation

• Depending upon the number of turns of the primary (N1) and

secondary (N2),
• An alternating emf (E2) is induced in the secondary.
• This induced emf (E2) in the secondary causes a secondary current I2.
• Consequently, terminal voltage V2 will appear across the load.

• If V2 > V1, it is called a ……………...

• If V2 < V1, it is called a ……………...

Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

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Principle of Operation

• When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary, an

alternating flux Φ is set up in the core.
• This alternating flux links both windings and induces emfs E1 and E2
in them according to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
• The emf E1 is termed as primary emf and emf E2 is termed as
Secondary emf.
𝑑∅
• 𝐸1 = −𝑁1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑∅
• 𝐸2 = −𝑁2
𝑑𝑡
𝐸2 𝑁2
• = Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
𝐸1 𝑁1 7
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ENERGY
Tertiary Winding

• Sometimes a third winding, the tertiary winding, is present.

• A tertiary winding provides power to an auxiliary circuit or a

reactor.

• The core and the windings are mounted in a steel tank filled with
mineral oil or some other liquid suitable for insulating and
cooling.

• Insulated bushings, usually mounted at the top of the tank,

connect the windings to other power system equipment.
Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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Operation of Transformers
• Passing an alternating current • The amount of induced
through a coil causes an alternating voltage depends upon
four factors:
magnetic flux in the magnetic core. – core composition and
shape
• The magnetic flux circulates in the – number of turns in
primary coil or
magnetic core, passing through winding
another coil (the secondary winding), – number of turns in the
inducing an alternating voltage in this secondary coil or
winding
coil. – primary voltage
Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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Operation of Transformers
• In a transformer there are two or more coils linked together
by a common core conducting the magnetic flux.

• Flux from one coil (the primary winding) passes through the
other coil (the secondary winding), inducing a voltage in the
secondary winding.

• Mutual induction links the two windings. (Figure 2.2)

Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

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Turns Ratio

• Inductance is the electrical circuit property that opposes the

change of current.
• The following statements describe the relationship between
flux and inductance:
– Increasing the current flow increases the magnitude of the flux.
– Increasing the turns in the conductor increases the concentration
of flux.
– Increasing the flux concentration increases induction.
– Inductance causes the current to lag the voltage.
– The current may lag the voltage in a transformer by a maximum of
90○. 11
Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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ENERGY
Turns Ratio

• The total voltage in each winding is proportional to the

number of turns in that winding:

𝑉1 𝑁1
• =
𝑉2 𝑁2

Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

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Step-Up Transformer

𝑁1 𝑉1 𝐼2
= =
𝑁2 𝑉2 𝐼1 Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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13 ENERGY
Step-Down Transformer

𝑁1 𝑉1 𝐼2
= =
𝑁2 𝑉2 𝐼1 Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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Transfer of Power

• There is one additional relationship we must consider – the

relationship between P1 and P2.
• In an ideal transformer, the power into the transformer is
equal to the power out of the transformer.
• In other words, there are no losses.

• Therefore, the following relationship exists: P1 = P2

• Using the relationships, we can determine the changes across
a transformer.
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Example 2.1 (Determining Output Voltage)

• A transformer has 300 turns on its primary winding and 600

turns on its secondary winding. The input voltage is 120
volts. What is the output voltage?

• The given quantities are:

• V1 = 120 volts
• N1 = 300 turns
• N2 = 600 turns

Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

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Example 2.2 (Determining Output Current)

• From Example 2.1. If I1 = 800 amps, determine the

secondary current.

Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

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Example 2.3 (Determining Power)

• Recall that power remains the same across the transformer.

So, let's check to make sure the power into the transformer
is the same as the power coming out of the transformer.

• (For purposes of this example, assume a resistive load;

therefore, cos θ = 1)

• P1 = V1 x I1 x cos θ
• P1 = 120 V x 800 A x 1
• P1 = 96,000 Watts Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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Example 2.4 (Determining Power)

• P2 should be the same

• P2 = V2 x I2 x cos θ
• P2 = 240 V x 400 A x 1
• P2 = 96,000 Watts
• P2 = 96 kW

• These calculations show that the power on the primary side

of the transformer equals the power on the secondary side
of the transformer.
Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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Step-Up/Step-Down Transformer

• In the example, the transformer changed the primary-side

voltage from 120 V to a secondary voltage of 240 V to
decrease the current on the secondary side.

• This is an example of a step-up transformer; the voltage was

stepped up from 120 V to 240 V.

• Conversely, a transformer in which the energy transfer is

from a high-voltage circuit to a low-voltage circuit is a step-
down transformer. Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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Step-Up/Step-Down Transformer

• We can see from the example that whatever happens to the

voltage through the transformer, the opposite happens to
the current.
– If the voltage is stepped down, current is stepped up by the same
ratio.
– Likewise, when voltage is stepped up, current is stepped down by
the same ratio.

Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

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Things to note

• The transformer action is based on the laws of

electromagnetic induction.
• There is no electrical connection between the primary and
secondary.
• There is no change in frequency i.e., output power has the
same frequency as the input power.

Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

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Example 2.5

• Question:
– Can DC Supply be used for transformers?

• Answer:
– Yes/No

• Why?
– …………….

Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi

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Construction

• We usually design a power transformer so that it approaches

the characteristics of an ideal transformer.
• To achieve this, the following design features are
incorporated:
– The core is made of silicon steel
– Instead of placing primary on one limb and secondary on the
other, it is a usual practice to wind one-half of each winding on
one limb.
– The winding resistances are minimized to reduce Copper loss and
resulting rise in temperature.
Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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Types of Transformer

• Core-Type
• Shell-Type

Figure 2.3a: Core-Type Figure 2.3b: Shell-Type

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Comparison of Core and Shell Type Transformer
Table 2.1: Differences between types of transformers

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Transformer Cooling

• When transformer supplies a load, two types of losses

occur inside the transformer.
– iron losses occur in the core
– copper losses occur in the windings.

• Power loss due to these losses appears in the form of heat.

• This heat increases the temperature of the transformer.
• To keep the temperature rise of the transformer within
limits, a suitable coolant and cooling method is necessary
Engr. Dr. Aderonke Akinwumi
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Transformer Cooling

• Cooling methods depends on:

– cooling medium used,
– type of circulation employed.

• The various coolant used such as Air, Gas, Mineral oil, and
Water
• An example of circulation system is shown in Figure 2.4
called Oil Forced Water Forced cooling system
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Transformer Cooling

Figure 2.4: Oil Forced Water Forced cooling system

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