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IDEAL TRANSFORMER
THEORY AND OPERATION
Learning Objectives
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After this presentation you will be able to:

 Explain how an ideal transformer operates

 Find the voltages and currents on both sides of an ideal
transformer using the turns ration
 Reflect impedances through a transformer
 Identify and compute the no-load currents that flow in a
non-ideal transformer
 Draw the no-load circuit model of a non-ideal transformer.
Ideal Transformer Action
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 d   d 
Lentz's Law e1   N1  m  e2  N 2  m 
 dt   dt 

Induced voltage
has opposite
polarity from
source

Principle: Stationary coils, time varying flux due to ac current flow. Flux
produced by one coil must link to other coil to induce voltage
Ideal Transformer Action
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Secondary
For sinusoidal sources Primary

Ep  4.44  N p  f  max

Es  4.44  N s  f   max

Dividing the above equations gives:

Ep 4.44  N p  f   max Ep N p Voltage relationship
 
Es 4.44  N s  f   max 
Es Ns for Ideal transformer

Where: E’p = voltage induced in the primary (V) Voltage ratio equals
the turns ratio
E’s = voltage induced in the secondary (V)
Np = turns in the primary coil
Ns = turns in the secondary coil
Assumptions for Ideal Transformer
Operation
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1) All flux produced in the primary coil links to the secondary coil
2) no core losses due to hysteresis or eddy currents
3) no power losses
4) permeability is infinite (no saturation no magnetizing f)
5) windings have zero resistance
6) no current required to magnetize the iron core

For ideal transformer

Ep N p Vp
a   Where: a = turns ratio
Es N s Vs Vp = nameplate rated primary voltage (higher V)
Vs = nameplate rated secondary voltage (lower V)
E’p = induced primary voltage
E’s = induced secondary voltage
Ideal Transformer Equations
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Voltage Ratio
Ep N p The turns ratio is a
a 
E s N s scalar. Introduces
E p  a  Es no phase shift

Apparent Power balance

E p  I p  E s  Is No power losses in
Sp  Ss idea transformer

Current Ratio
Current ratio is the
Ip 1 1 inverse of the voltage
 I p     Is ratio
Is a a
Ideal Transformer Equations-Impedance Transforms
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Impedances Reflected Through Ideal Transformers

Load impedance as
seen from primary
side of transformer Zin Zload
By Ohm’s Law
Ep Es
Zin  Zload 
Ip Is
Ep
Es  Is  a  I p
Write Es and Is in terms of primary values a Load impedance is
increased when
 Ep  viewed from
 
E s  a   E p  1   E p  1  primary side
      
Is a  I p  a  a  I p   I p  a 2 
   1
Zload  Zin   2   Zload  a 2  Zin
a 
Ideal Transformer Equations-Impedance Transforms
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Derive equation when impedances are connected to the primary side and
viewed from the secondary side.
E Write primary values in terms of
Zin  s
Is secondary and substitute in the
Zload equation.
Is
Zin E p  a  Es Ip 
Zload a
Ep a  Es a E 
Z load    a  E s    a 2   s 
Ep Ip Is  Is   Is 
Zload  a
Ip
Generally : Moving impedance from 2 Z load
Z load  Zin  a   Zin
secondary to primary multiply by a2. Moving a2
from primary to secondary, divide by a2.

2
Zp
Z p  Zs  a  Zs
a2
Ideal Transformer Calculations
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Example 8-1: A 25 kVA, 7200 - 240/120 center-tap single phase transformer

operates at rated voltage. It supplies a single phase load that has an equivalent
impedance of 7.2 +36.9o ohms. Assume Ideal operation and find:
a.) turns ratio
b.) secondary current
c.) primary current
d.) load Z as seen from primary side
e.) PT, ST, QT, and Fp

120 V
7200 V
240 V
120 V
Example 8-1 Solution (1)
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a) For ideal transformers

Ans

b) Secondary current Use Ohm’s law to find Is

Ans
Example 8-1 Solution (2)
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c) Find the primary current

Ans

d) Find the input impedance as seen from the primary side

Ans
Example 8-1 Solution (3)
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e) Find the power and the power factor of the load

Using secondary side quantities Using primary side quantities

Ans
Ans

Power equal on both sides of ideal transformer

Example 8-1 Solution (4)
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Now find the power factor and the active and reactive powers

Ans Ans

Ans
Ideal Transformer Calculations
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Example 8-2: 300 kVA 2400-120, 60 Hz single phase

transformer operates at 2300 volts on the primary side. It supplies
115 kVA to a load that has a power factor of 0.723 lagging.
Assume idea operation and find:

a.) secondary voltage at operating voltage

b.) secondary current
c.) impedance of the load as seen on the secondary side
d.) impedance of the load as seen on the primary side
Example 8-2 Solution (1)
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a) Find secondary voltage at operating voltage

Use rated values to find turns ratio

Ans

b) Find secondary current at operating voltage

Power is equal on both

Ans
sides of ideal transformers
Example 8-2 Solution (2)
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c) Find load impedance seen on secondary side

Next find impedance angle

Angle between V and I.

Change sign for
impedance angle

Ans
Example 8-2 Solution (3)
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d) Find load impedance seen on primary side of transformer

Reflecting impedance from secondary to primary-multiply by a2.

Ans
Non-Ideal Operation-No-load
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Practical transformers draw current with no load connected to secondary

winding. Current caused by two non-ideal conditions: power losses and core
magnetization
Hysteresis losses - power losses due to repeated
Active power losses change in magnetic polarity. It takes more mmf
(NI) to demagnetize core in one direction than
the other.

Eddy currents - ac currents induced in iron core

due to changing magnetic field

Active power loss Control hysteresis losses - use alloy steels

Control designed for magnetic circuits
Control eddy current losses - laminate core,
insulate laminates
REAL TRANSFORMER LOSSES
ip(t) is(t)
Lp Ls
Rp Rs

Vp(t) Rc jXm Np Ns Vs(t) Eddy c

curr
heat
the
 Copper losses (I^2 R)
Copper (I2R) losses. Hysteresis losses. prop
Leakage Flux losses
Copper losses are the Hysteresis losses are the


 Core losses resistive heating losses associated with the tran

 Eddy currents in the primary and rearrangement of the
ary
nd
 Hysteresis losses secondary windings of magnetic domains in the
the transformer. They core during each half-
are proportional to the cycle. They are a
square of the current in complex, nonlinear
the windings. function of the voltage
applied to the
No-Load Circuit Model
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Io

VT
Rfe XM

VT = the primary voltage I0 = exciting current

Ife = core-loss component IM = magnetizing component

Rfe = resistance that represents the core losses

Xm = inductive reactance that represents the core magnetizing L
No-Load Circuit Model
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Model equation using phasors

VT VT
I fe  IM  I o  I fe  I M
R fe jX M

I o  I fe  j  I M Add current magnitudes at 90 degrees

No-load apparent power SM  VT  I o

V
2
V
2 VT
Model parameter formulas Pfe  T  R fe  T XM 
R fe Pfe IM
Core loss resistance Magnetizing reactance
No-Load Transformer Example
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Example 8-3: Computing the values of magnetizing reactance

and core loss resistance. A 50 kVA 7200-240 V, 60 Hz single
phase transformer is operating with no load. With the primary
connected to a 7200 V system, it draws 248 W and has a power
factor of 0.187 lagging. Find:

a) the exciting current and its components

b) the magnitudes of magnetizing reactance, XM and core loss
R
c) Repeat parts a and b if the transformer is energized from the
secondary (low voltage) side.
Example 8-3 Solution (1)
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a) Find current Io

SM = magnetizing apparent power

Ans
Example 8-3 Solution (2)
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Ans

Ans

b) Find the value of core loss resistance and magnetizing reactance

Ans
Example 8-3 Solution (3)
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c) Find same parameters on secondary side

Power constant through transformer

Ans
Example 8-3 Solution (4)
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Compute Rfe and XM

An
s
Example 8-3 Solution (5)
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Ans

Compare using turns ratio transfer

209,032 on primary 39,801 on primary

Dot Convention of Transformer
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Construction of 3 Phase Transformer
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Three phase transformers can be of core type or shell type (just like 
single phase transformers).

The constructional details of core type as well as shell type three phase
transformers are as follows.

The construction of a core type three

phase transformer is as shown in the
figure. The core consists of three legs or
limbs. As usual, the core is made up of
thin laminated sheets to reduce 
eddy current losses. Each limb has
primary and secondary windings in
cylindrical shape (former wound)
arranged concentrically. The
construction is well illustrated in the
figure.
Construction of 3 Phase Transformer
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Shell Type Construction

In a shell type three phase transformer,
three phases are more independent
than they are in core type. Each phase
has its individual magnetic circuit. The
construction of shell type three phase
transformer is illustrated in the figure at
right. The construction is similar to that
of three single phase shell type
transformers kept on the top of each
other.
The basic working principle of a three phase transformer is similar to
the working principle of a single phase transformer. Power from primary
is transferred to the secondary by the phenomenon of mutual induction.
The main drawback in a three phase transformer is that, even if fault
occurs in one phase, the whole transformer is removed from service for
repairs.
Construction of 3 Phase Transformer
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•Star-to-Star

•Delta-to-Delta

•Star-to-Delta

•Delta-to-Star
Construction of 3 Phase Transformer
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•Star-to-Star

•Delta-to-Delta

•Star-to-Delta

•Delta-to-Star