Department of Mechanical, Energy & Industrial Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

TEST 1 MARKING SCHEME
2019/2020 Session
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Course code: MECE 221

Course Title: Strength of Materials
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1
Question 1
Given a 12kg/m pipe shown in Figure Q1 which is fixed to a wall at A. Required to
determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at B. CMP1

This problem requires that the resultant internal loadings (shear force (V), normal force
(N), bending moment (M) and torque (T)) acting at cross section B be determined via
the principle of static equilibrium. CMP1

The free body diagram for the pipe is developed as shown below: CMP1

M8

Since this is a 3-D pipe system, the equations of static equilibrium applied to determine
all forces and moments in the x, y and z plane as follows CMP1

Summation of forces in x-direction is zero (∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0) CMP1

→ (VB)x + 300=0 (VB)x = -300N
M2
Summation of forces in y-direction is zero (∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0) CMP1
→ (NB)y + 400 + 500(3/5) = 0 (NB)y = -800N
M2

2
Summation of forces in z-direction is zero (∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0) CMP1
→ (VB)z – 2[12(2)(9.81)] – 500(3/5) = 0 (VB)z = 770.88N or 771N
M2

Summation of moments in x-direction is zero (∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0) CMP1

→ (MB)x – 12(2)(9.81)(1) – 12(2)(9.81)(2) – 500(3/5)(2) – 400(2) =0
(MB)x = 2106.32 Nm = 2.11 kNm
M2

Summation of moments in y-direction is zero (∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0) CMP1

→ (TB)x + 300(2) = 0 (TB)x = -600N
M2

Summation of moments in z-direction is zero (∑ 𝑀𝑧 = 0) CMP1

→ (MB)z – 300(2) = 0 (MB)x = 600N
M2

The negative signs indicate that (VB)x, (NB)y and (TB)y act in the sense opposite to that
shown in the FBD. CMP1

3
Question 2
(a) The dimensions for undeformed and deformed tensile test specimen of an aluminium
alloy as well as the elastic portion of its stress-strain diagram is given in Figure Q2.
Required to determine Poisson’s ratio for the alloy upon the application of 50 kN.
CMP2
The average normal stress is determined upon the application of 50 kN load on a
specimen with original diameter of 12.7 mm CMP2
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑁) 50(103 )
Stress (σ) = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) = 𝜋 = 395(106 )𝑃𝑎= 394.71 MPa
0.01272
4

M2.5

Since the alloy obeys Hooke’s law upon deformation, Young’s modulus (E) of the alloy is
determined using Figure Q2. CMP1.5
6)
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜎) 490(10
𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 (𝐸) = = = 70.0(109 )𝑃𝑎 = 70.0 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝜖) 0.007
M2.5

The longitudinal strain (𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 ) resulting from the stress (𝜎) due to 50 kN load is calculated
as follows: CMP1.5
6
𝜎 395(10 )
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = = = 0.0056386 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚
𝐸 70.0(109 )
M2.5

The lateral strain (𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡 ) resulting from the application of 50 kN is determined from
CMP1.5
𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝛿𝑑) 12.67494 − 12.7 −0.02506
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡 = = = = −0.0019732
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑑) 12.7 12.7
M2

The Poisson’s ratio (𝑣) is calculated by relating lateral strain (𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡 ) and longitudinal
strain (𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 ) CMP1.5
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡 − (−0.0019732)
𝑣=− = = +0.350
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 0.0056386
M2

4
(b) The dimensions for undeformed tensile test specimen and Poisson’s ratio of an
aluminium alloy as well as the elastic portion of its stress-strain diagram is given in Figure
Q2. Required to determine new diameter and length for the alloy upon the application of
60 kN load. CMP1

The average normal stress is determined upon the application of 60 kN load on a

specimen with original diameter of 12.7 mm CMP1
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑁) 60(103 )
Stress (σ) = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) = 𝜋 = 473(106 )𝑃𝑎= 473.65 MPa M2
0.01272
4

The modulus of elasticity of the aluminium alloy is 70 GPa (already determined from the
elastic portion of the stress-strain diagram: M1

The longitudinal strain (𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 ) resulting from the stress (𝜎) due to 60 kN load is calculated
as follows: CMP1

𝜎 473.65(106 )
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 𝐸 = = 0.0067664 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 M2
70.0(109 )

The increment in original length (𝐿0 = 50.8 mm) upon the application of load 60 kN is:
CMP1
𝛿𝐿 = 𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝐿0 =0.0067664(50.8)=0.34373𝑚𝑚 M2

Deformed or new length upon the application of 60 kN load is: CMP1

𝐿 = 𝐿0 + 𝛿𝐿 = 50.8 + 0.34373 = 51.1437𝑚𝑚 M1.5

The resultant lateral strain upon the application of 60 kN can determined via Poisson’s
ratio relationship: CMP1
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡
𝑣=−
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
Hence, the lateral strain is determined CMP1
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = −0.35 (0.0067664) = −0.0023682𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 M1.5

5
The lateral strain (𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡 ) resulting from the application of 60 kN is determined from
𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝛿𝑑)
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑑)
CMP1
The change in diameter is calculated as CMP1
𝛿𝑑 = 𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑑 = −0.0023682(12.7) = −0.030077𝑚𝑚 M1.5

The deformed or new diameter upon the application of 60 kN load is CMP1

𝑑 = 𝑑0 + 𝛿𝑑 = 12.7 + (−0.030077) = 12.66992𝑚𝑚
= 12.67 mm M1.5

6
Question 3
(a) Given a structural member (Figure Q3) made of a material having a modulus of
elasticity E with rigid supports at A and C. Required to determine the reactions at supports
A and C. CMP1

Since the member is statistically indeterminate, the equations of static

equilibrium and compatibility conditions for axially loaded members are applied to
solve the problem. CMP3

The free body diagram (FBD) for the static equation of equilibrium is developed and
applied to the problem to determine the reaction forces at point A and B
CMP1

M3

Summation of forces in the x-direction is zero ( )

CMP1

M1

→ FA = P - FC (i) M1

The free body diagrams showing the elongation/deformation/displacement of the

structural member upon the application of load P and redundant force FC are shown as
follows: CMP1

7
M3
The compatibility condition via the method of superposition is applied as follows, hence,
the resultant elongation/deformation/displacement of the structural member is zero
CMP1
+
→ 𝛿 = 𝛿𝑃 - 𝛿𝐹𝐶 = 0 M1

Solve for 𝐹𝐶 CMP1

𝑃 (2𝑎) 𝜋 𝜋
0 =[ 𝜋 ] - [(𝐹𝐶 (𝑎)/(( 4 ) (0.75𝑑 )2 𝐸) + ([(𝐹𝐶 (2𝑎)/((4 ) (𝑑 )2 𝐸))] M3
( )𝑑2 𝐸
4

0 = (8Pa/𝜋𝑑2 𝐸) – [(64𝐹𝐶 a/9𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸) + (8𝐹𝐶 a/𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸)]

0 = 8Pa/𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸 – (136𝐹𝐶 a/9𝜋𝑑2 𝐸)

M4 for this procedure correctly shown
Note: If no procedure or work-out is shown,
(136𝐹𝐶 a/9𝜋𝑑2 𝐸) = 8Pa/𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸
award zero mark even if correct answer is
stated
𝐹𝐶 = (8Pa/𝜋𝑑2 𝐸) x (9𝜋𝑑2 𝐸/136𝑎)

𝐹𝐶 = 72P/136 or 9P/17 (ii) M1

Substitute (ii) into (i) to determine FA CMP1

FA = P - FC = P - 9P/17 = 8P/17. M1

8
(b) Given a structural member with its rigid supports at A and C replaced with a flexible
support system characterised with a stiffness K. Required to establish that

and
CMP1

The introduction of the flexible support system characterised with a stiffness K indicates
that the rigid support system is replaced with a spring force system that can deform
or extend by F/K = 𝛿 CMP1

The structural member is statistically indeterminate. Hence, the equations of static

equilibrium and compatibility conditions for axially loaded members are applied to
solve the problem. CMP3

The free body diagram (FBD) for the static equation of equilibrium is developed and
applied to the problem to determine the reaction forces at point A and B
CMP1

M3

Summation of forces in the x-direction is zero ( )

CMP1

M1

→ FA = P - FC (iii) M1

9
With the flexible support system, the free body diagrams showing the
elongation/deformation/displacement of the structural member upon the application of
load P and redundant force FC are shown as follows:
CMP1

M3
+
𝐹𝐶⁄
→ 𝛿𝐶 = 𝛿𝑃 - 𝛿𝐹𝐶 = 𝐾 M2

Solve for 𝐹𝐶 CMP1

𝐹𝐶⁄ 𝑃 (2𝑎) 𝜋 𝜋 𝐹𝐶⁄

𝐾 =[ 𝜋
( )𝑑2 𝐸
+ 𝑃/𝐾] - [((𝐹𝐶 (𝑎)/(( 4 ) (0.75𝑑 )2 𝐸) + ((𝐹𝐶 (2𝑎)/((4 ) (𝑑 )2 𝐸)) + 𝐾]
4

M6

10
𝐹𝐶⁄ 𝐹𝐶
𝐾 = [(8Pa/𝜋𝑑 𝐸) + P/K] – [(64𝐹𝐶 a/9𝜋𝑑 𝐸) + (8𝐹𝐶 a/𝜋𝑑 𝐸) + ⁄𝐾 ]
2 2 2

𝐹𝐶⁄ 𝐹𝐶
𝐾 = 8Pa/𝜋𝑑 𝐸 + P/K – 136𝐹𝐶 a/9𝜋𝑑 𝐸 - ⁄𝐾
2 2

𝐹
2 𝐶⁄𝐾 = 8Pa/𝜋𝑑2 𝐸 + P/K – 136𝐹𝐶 a/9𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸 M6 for this procedure
correctly shown
𝐹 Note: If no procedure or
2 𝐶⁄𝐾 = [(8PaK + 𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸P ) / ( 𝜋𝑑2 𝐸K)] – [136𝐹𝐶 a/9𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸]
work-out is shown, award 1
mark if correct answer is only
𝐹
2 𝐶⁄𝐾 + 136𝐹𝐶 a/9𝜋𝑑2 𝐸 = = [(8PaK + 𝜋𝑑2 𝐸P ) / ( 𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸K)] stated

(18𝜋𝑑2 𝐸𝐹𝐶 ) + (36𝐹𝐶 aK) (8𝑃𝑎𝐾 ) + (𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸𝑃)

⁄ 2
(9𝜋𝑑 𝐸𝐾) = ⁄ 2
(𝜋𝑑 𝐸𝐾)

(9𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸𝐾 )(8𝑃𝑎𝐾 + 𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸)𝑃

𝐹𝐶 = ⁄(𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸𝐾)(18𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸 + 136𝑎𝐾)

2
𝐹𝐶 = 9(8𝑃𝑎𝐾 + 𝜋𝑑 𝐸)𝑃⁄(18𝜋𝑑2 𝐸 + 136𝑎𝐾) (iv) M1

Substitute (iv) into (iii) to determine 𝐹𝐴 CMP1

M2 for this procedure
FA = P - FC (iii) correctly shown
Note: If no procedure or work-
2
FA = P – [9(8𝑃𝑎𝐾 + 𝜋𝑑 𝐸)⁄(18𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸 + 136𝑎𝐾)]P out is shown, award 0.5 mark if
correct answer is only stated
(18𝜋𝑑2 𝐸 + 136𝑎𝐾 − 72𝑎𝐾 − 9𝜋𝑑 2 𝐸 )
FA = [ ⁄(18𝜋𝑑2 𝐸 + 136𝑎𝐾)]P

(9𝜋𝑑2 𝐸 + 64𝑎𝐾 )
FA = [ ⁄(18𝜋𝑑2 𝐸 + 136𝑎𝐾)]P M1

11
Question 4
(a) The notice on the elevator that it should carry no more than 6000 N load was placed
for the following reasons:

➢ Intended measurements of the elevator may not be exact due to errors

in fabrication or assembly of its component parts
➢ Unknown vibrations, impact or accidental loadings can occur in the
elevator that may not be accounted for in its design
➢ Atmospheric corrosion, decay, or weathering tend to cause materials of
the elevator to degrade during service
➢ Materials such as wood, concrete or fiber-reinforced composites used in
constructing the elevator can show high variability in mechanical
properties

Award 2.5 marks for each correct point relevant to the elevator up to a
maximum of 7.5 marks.

(b) The principle being practised in (a) is allowable stress design (ASD) or factor of
safety (FS) M2.5

12