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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2024

2024 年泛珠三角及中华名校物理奥林匹克邀请赛
Sponsored by Institute for Advanced Study, HKUST. 香港科技大学高等研究院赞助
Simplified Chinese Part-1 (Total 4 Problems, 40 Points) 简体版卷-1（共4题，40分）(9:30 am – 12:00 pm, 18th Feb 2024)
Please fill in your final answers to all problems on the answer sheet.
请在答题纸上填上各题的最后答案。
At the end of the competition, please submit the answer sheet only. Question papers and working sheets will not be collected.
比赛结束时，请只交回答题纸，题目纸和草稿纸将不会收回。

1. [10 points] We consider an inhomogeneous cylinder whose have are mode of two materials of
different densities. The cylinder has radius 𝑟 and length 𝐿 and its cross section is shown in Fig. 1a. The
bottom half made of a material whose density is 1 kg/m3 while the upper half is mode of a material
whose density is 𝑐 kg/m3, where 𝑐 is a parameter 0 < 𝑐 < 1. In the problem, we can use the fact that
!"
for a half-cylinder of radius 𝑟, the center of mass (CM) is located at a distance of from the axis of
#$
the half-cylinder, as shown in Fig. 1b.
1. [10 分] 我们考虑一个不均匀的圆柱体，其由两种密度不同的材料构成。圆柱体的半径为 𝑟，
长度为𝐿，其横截面如图 1a 所示。下半部分由密度为1 kg/m# 的材料制成，而上半部分由密度
为𝑐 kg/m# 的材料制成，其中𝑐是一个参数，0 < 𝑐 < 1。在问题中，我们可以利用这样一个事
!"
实，对于一个半径为 𝑟 的半圆柱体，其质心 (CM)位于半圆柱体轴线距离为 #$ 的位置，如图
1b 所示。

(ai) [2] Compute the total mass 𝑀 of the entire inhomogeneous cylinder, and the distance 𝑑 between
the geometrical center and the center of mass of the entire cylinder. Express the answer is terms of
𝑟, 𝐿, 𝑐.
(aii) [2] Compute the moment of inertia 𝐼 of the entire inhomogeneous cylinder with respect to its geometrical axis. Express the
answers in terms of 𝑟, 𝐿, 𝑐.

(b) [2] The geometrical axis of the cylinder is fixed in a horizontal position, but the cylinder is free to rotate without any friction
around the axis. If the cylinder oscillates around its stable equilibrium position with small amplitude, calculate the period of
oscillation of the cylinder. Express the answer in terms of 𝑀, 𝐼, 𝑟, 𝑑 and the gravitational acceleration 𝑔.

Now we assume that the cylinder is completely free to move on a horizontal table under the gravity. We assume that the coefficient of
static friction between the cylinder and the table is infinite, such that the cylinder cannot slide. Suppose that at time 𝑡 = 0, the
cylinder is in its equilibrium position with an initial angular velocity 𝜔% .
(ci) [2] If 𝜔% is sufficiently small, the cylinder will undergo a period motion around its stable equilibrium. What is the period of
oscillation if the amplitude of the oscillation is small? Express the answer in terms of 𝑀, 𝐼, 𝑟, 𝑑, g.
(cii) [2] What is the minimum value of 𝜔% that allows the cylinder to roll forever in the same direction. Express the answer in terms of
𝑀, 𝐼, 𝑟, 𝑑.

(ai) [2] 计算整个不均匀圆柱体的总质量 𝑀 和几何中心与质心之间的距离 𝑑。用𝑟，𝐿，𝑐 表示答案。

(aii) [2] 计算整个不均匀圆柱体相对于其几何轴的转动惯量 𝐼。用 𝑟，𝐿，𝑐 表示答案。

(b) [2] 圆柱体的几何轴固定在水平位置，但圆柱体围绕几何轴作自由旋转，没有任何摩擦。如果圆柱体在其稳定平衡位置

周围振荡，并且振幅很小，计算圆柱体的振荡周期。用𝑀，𝐼，𝑟，𝑑 和重力加速度 𝑔 表示答案。

现在我们假设圆柱体在重力下完全自由地在水平枱面上移动。我们假设圆柱体和枱面之间的静摩擦系数是无限大的，因此
圆柱体无法滑动。假设在时刻 𝑡 = 0 时，圆柱体处于其平衡位置，并具有初始角速度 𝜔% 。
(ci) [2] 如果 𝜔% 足够小，圆柱体将围绕其稳定平衡进行周期运动。如果振幅很小，振荡周期是多少？用 𝑀，𝐼，𝑟，𝑑，𝑔表
示答案。
(cii) [2] 让圆柱体永远向同一方向滚动的最小 𝜔% 值是多少？用𝑀，𝐼，𝑟，𝑑 表示答案。

2. [10 points] A closed container is divided into three compartments, A, B, and C, by two partitions, 𝐷& and 𝐷' , as shown in Figure 3.
Each compartment is filled with the same monoatomic ideal gas with pressure 𝑃, volume 𝑉, and absolute temperature 𝑇 as shown in
the figure. The mass of partition 𝐷& is 𝑚, which can slide freely without friction, while partition 𝐷' is fixed and has a small valve on
it. Now, the valve on partition 𝐷' is opened, allowing the gases in compartments B and C to mix and the entire system to reach
equilibrium while maintaining a constant temperature 𝑇% .
(a) [3] What are the pressures and volumes of the gases in compartments A, B, and C after the entire system reaches equilibrium?
(b) [3] How much total heat is absorbed by the gases in compartments B and C during the process of the entire system reaching
equilibrium?
(c) [4] Calculate the change in entropy Δ𝑆 of the entire system during the process of reaching equilibrium.
1
1
2. [10 分] 一封闭的容器以𝐷& 和 𝐷' 两隔板分隔成 A、B、和 C 三室，三室中各充以相同的
单原子理想气体，其压强
𝑃、体积 𝑉、和绝对温度 𝑇 分别如图三所示。图中 𝐷& 隔板的质量为 𝑚，可以无摩擦地自由
滑动；𝐷' 隔板固定，其上设有一小活门。现打开 𝐷' 隔板上的小活门，使 B 和 C 二室中的
气体得以混合，并且让整个系统在维持等温 𝑇% 的情况下达到平衡状态。
(a) [3] 整个系统在达到平衡状态后，A、B、和 C 三室中的气体压强和体积各为何？
(b) [3] 在整个系统达到平衡状态的过程中，B 和 C 两室中的气体合计吸热多少？
(c) [4] 在整个系统达到平衡状态的过程中，计算整个系统的熵的变化量 Δ𝑆。

3. [10 points] Trapped Ball

A ball (modelled as a point charge of magnitude 𝑞 > 0) of mass 𝑚 is trapped in a spherical cavity of radius 𝑅 carved from an infinite
grounded conductor. The charge is at a distance 𝑧 from the center. In the problem, the gravity can be ignored.

(a) [2] Sketch the electric field lines inside the spherical cavity.
(b) [4] Find the electric force 𝐹(𝑧) acting on the ball in terms of 𝑞, 𝑧 and 𝑅.
(c) [4] If the ball is released at the center with a very small speed, find the speed of the ball 𝑣 when
it is at a distance 𝑅/2 from the center of the conductor. Express the answer in terms of 𝑞, 𝑚, 𝑅.

3. [10 分] 困在球内的小球
一颗质量为 𝑚 的小球（假设为一个大小为 𝑞 > 0 的点电荷）被困在一个由无限大的接地导
体挖空而成的半径为 𝑅 的球形空腔中。该电荷距离中心的距离为𝑧。在这个问题中，可以忽
略重力。

(a) [2] 描绘球形空腔内的电场线。

(b) [4] 求作用于小球的电力 𝐹(𝑧)，用 𝑞，𝑧和 𝑅 表示答案。
(c) [4] 如果小球在中心以极小的速度释放，求当小球距导体中心距离为𝑅/2 时的速度𝑣。用 𝑞，𝑚，𝑅 表示答案。

4. [10 points] In this question, all answers cannot be expressed in terms of any trigonometrical functions.
An ice hemisphere with radius R and refractive index 𝑛 lies on a warm flat table and melts slowly. The rate of heat transfer from
the table to the ice is proportional to the area of contact between them. It is known that the ice hemisphere completely melts in
time 𝑇% . Throughout the process, a laser beam incident on the ice from above. The beam is vertically incident at a distance of 𝑅/2
from the axis of symmetry (see figure).
Assume that the temperature of the ice and the surrounding atmosphere are 0°C and !
#=0
remains constant during the melting process. The laser beam does not transfer energy to 2
the ice. The melting water immediately flows off the table, and the ice does not move
Laser
along the table. 激光
(a) [4] What is the position of the point on the table, 𝑥% = 𝑥(𝑡 = 0), where the beam hit at
time 𝑡 = 0? Express the answer in terms of 𝑛 and 𝑅.
(b) [3] What is the height of the ice 𝑧(𝑡) as a function of time 𝑡? Express the answer in !
!
terms of 𝑅 and 𝑇% . '!
(c) [3] What is the position of the point on the table, 𝑥(𝑡), where the beam hit for 𝑡 ≥ 0?
Express the answer in terms of 𝑛, 𝑅, 𝑇% and 𝑡.
! !
#=0 #>0
2
4. [10 分] 在这个问题中，所有答案都不能用任何三角函数来表达。 2
一个半径 𝑅 和折射率 𝑛 的冰半球位于一个温暖的平面桌子上，并缓慢融化。桌子和冰
Laser
之间的传热速率与它们的接触面积成正比。已知冰半球在时间 激光 𝑇% 内完全融化。在整个
Laser
过程中，激光束从上方照射到冰上。光束从垂直于对称轴距离为 𝑅/2 的位置入射（见 激光
图）。 !
假设冰和周围大气的温度都是0°𝐶，并且在融化过程中保持不变。激光束不会向冰传递 ! '(#) *(#)
'!
能量。溶化了的水立即流到桌子外，冰不会沿桌子移动。
(a) [4] 当𝑡 = 0 时，光束击中桌子上的点 𝑥% = 𝑥(𝑡 = 0) 的位置在哪里？用 𝑛 和 𝑅 表示
答案。
(b) [3] 冰的高度 𝑧(𝑡) 作为时间 𝑡 的函数是多少？用 𝑅 和 𝑇% 表示答案。
(c) [3] 对于 𝑡 ≥ 0，光束击中桌子上的点 𝑥(𝑡) 的位置在哪里？用𝑛，𝑅，𝑇% 和 𝑡 表示答案。

~ End of Part 1 卷-1 完 ~