EXAMPLES ON DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

1. A simply supported beam 7.00 m span is laterally supported at the third points and carries un factored
uniform loads of 18.5 kN/m and 9.4 kN/m permanent load. In addition the beam carries at mid span un
factored concentrated load of 50 kN permanent load and 50 kN imposed load. Find a universal beam of
grade Fe 430.

Solution:
Geometry, materials and loads.

Factored loads:

Imposed loads: q = 1.6 x 18.50 = 29.60 kN/m

Q = 1.6 x 50.00 = 80.00 kN.

Permanent loads: g = 1.3 x 9.40 = 12.20 kN/m

G = 1.3 x 50.00 = 65.00 kN.

Fe 430; fy = 275 N/mm2 (assume t ≤ 40 mm)

Step 1. Maximum bending moment and shear force.

max M 
 29.6  12.2 x7 2   80  65 x7
 509.8 kN  m
8 4
max V 
 29.6  12.2 x7   80  65  218.8 kN
2 2

Step 2. Required plastic modulus.

M 509.8 x10 2 (kN  cm)
W pl    2039 cm3 . Tray 533 x 210 x 92 UB.
f y  M1 2
27.5 ( kN / cm ) 1.1

Step 3. Selection of the profile.

The relevant section properties are:

h = 533.1 mm w = 0.92 kN/m It = 76.2 cm4

d = 476.5 mm A = 118 cm2 Iw = 1.6 x 106 cm6
tf = 15.6 mm Iy = 55400 cm4
w = 10.2 mm Iz = 2390 cm4
b = 209.3 mm Wel,y = 2080 cm3
Wpl,y = 2370 cm3

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209.3 2  6.70  11x0.92 OK
Class of section.  
235
 0.92 .
15.6 The section is Class 2 at
275 476.5  46.7  83x0.92 OK
10.2
least.

Step 4. Resistant moment. (for class 2 section).

W pl f y 2370 x 275 x103

M pl , Rd    592.5 kN  m
 Mo 1.1
Check of self-weight of the beam. (w = 0.92 kN/m)
Factored weight: 1.3 x 0.92 = 1.2 kN/m
Additional moment: (1.2 x 72)/8 = 7.35 kN-m.
Total moment: 509.8 + 7.35 = 517 kN-m < 592.5 kN-m OK.

Step 5: Check for shear.

Maximum shear force, VSd = 218.8 + (1.2 x 7)/2 = 223 kN.

Shear resistance of section.

d 476.5
  46.7  69 x0.92  63.5 OK . Shear buckling resistance must not be verified.
tw 10.2

V pl , Rd 

AV f y 3   1.04x533.1x10.2 275 3  x10 3
 816.4 kN  233 kN OK .
 Mo 1.1
VSd 233
and   0.27  0.5 Therefore, no reduction of design resistance moment is required.
V pl , Rd 816.4

Step 6: Check for deflection.

5wL4
For uniformly distributed load:  
384 EI y
PL3
For concentrated load:   5 14 14 2
and EI y  2.1x10 x55400 x10  1.1634 x10 N  mm .
48 EI y
5 x9.4 x 70004 50 x103 x70003
Dead load deflection:  LL    5.59 mm.
385x1.1634 x1014 48 x1.1634x1014
5 x18.5 x70004 50 x103 x70003
Imposed load deflection:  IL    8.04 mm .
384 x1.1634 x1014 48 x1.1634 x1014

L 7000
Allowable deflection for imposed load     20 mm.  8.04 mm OK .
350 350
Total deflection  max  5.59  8.04  13.63 mm .
L 7000
Allowable total deflection     28 mm  13.63 mm OK .
250 250

Step 7: Check for lateral – torsional buckling.

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 LT  wWol , y f y c
M b, Rd  .  209.3  6.70  10 x0.92  9.2 .
 M1 tf 15.6
The section is Class 1 and  w  1 .
Determination of Mcr.
Lateral support to the beam is provided at the ends at the third points. Therefore the effective buckling length is
L = span/3 = 7000/3 = 2333 mm.
The critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling is:
 2 EI z I w L2GIt
M cr  C1 2  . C1 = 1.132 for the worse condition; G = 80 Gpa
L I z  2 EI z
G 80000
and  2  0.039
 E  x 210000
2

1.132 2 x 2.1x105 x 2390x104 1.6 x1012 0.39 x 23332 x76.2 x104

M cr    2.67 x109 N  mm
23332 2390x10 4
2390x10 4

.
 2 EW pl , y  2 x 2.1x105 x 2370 x103
LT    42.9
M cr 2.67 x109
42.9
1  93.9  93.9 x0.92  86.8 and  LT   0.4942  0.4
86.8
For rolled section curve a is used. Therefore  LT  0.9250
0.9250x1x 2370x103 x 275
M b , Rd  x10 6  548 kN  m  517 kN  m
1 .1
Therefore, resistance of the member is adequate in bending.

Step 8.1. Check for web crushing (at the support).

 
R y , Rd  S s  S y t w f yw /  M 1 ; Where Ss = 75 mm; Sy – is the length over which the applied force is effectively
distributed.
 2
1  b f  f yf   f , Ed  
Sy  2t f   1   at the end S y is half .
2  t w  f yw  f yf  
 
Check if bf < 25 tf ; 209.3 < 25 x 15.6 = 390 OK.
 f , Ed  0 at the sup port .
1
   75  70.6610.2 x275 x103
Then S y  2 x15.6 209.3 10.2  70.66 mm and R y , Rd 
2 1.1
R y , Rd  371.3 kN  223 kN OK

8.2 Check for web crippling.

Crippling resistance:

Ss = 75 mm < 0.2 d = 0.2 x 476.5 = 95.22 mm. OK.

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 tf  t  S 
Ra , Rd  0.5t w2 Ef yw   3 w  s  /  M 1
 tw  t f  d 
  

Ra , Rd 
0.5 x10.2 210000x 275  15.6 10.2  310.2 15.6 75 476.5 103
 660.6 kN  233
1.1
kN
Interaction at mid-span. Where the member is also subjected to bending moments, the following criteria should be
satisfied.
FSd M Sd
  1 ; Substituting the value of Mc,Rd = 592.5 kN-m
Ra , Rd M c , Rd
 80  65  517  1.09  1.5 OK .
660.6 592.5

8.3 Check for web buckling (at the support). Ss = 75 mm.

Ss 75
beff  0.5 h 2  S s2   0.5 533.12  752   306.7 mm
2 2

I beff t w3 tw
i  
A 12beff hw 12

assuming that l = o.7 d = 0.7 x 476.5 = 333.6 mm.

tw 10.2
Radius of gyration of the web is: i    2.94 mm
12 12
333.6 235 113.5
  113.5; 1  93.9  93.9  86.8; and    1.31
2.94 275 86.8
h 533.1
  2.55  1.2 and t f  15.6 mm  40 mm
b 208.7
Using buckling curve c for solid section χ = 0.3848.
The buckling resistance of the web is: Rb , Rd   A Af y /  M 1;  A  1; and A  beff t w
A  306.7 x10.2  3124 mm.
0.3848 x1x3124 x 275
Rb, Rd  x10  3  300.5 kN  223 kN . OK .
1.1

Step 9. Check for flange induced buckling.

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d  E  Aw
 k 
tw  f yf  A fc
 
c 209.3 2
  6.7  10 ; therefore , the fange is class 1; k  0.3
tf 15.6
d
tw

476.5
10.2
 46.7  0.3 210000
275
  533.1x10.2
209.3 x15.6
 296 ok .

Step 10. Check for transverse force on the web.

In the absence of shear force the web of a member subject to transverse force in the plane of the web shall also
satisfy the following condition:
2 2
 x , Ed    z , Ed   x , Ed   z , Ed 
       1
 f yd   f yd   f yd   f yd 
 x, Ed  Is the design value of the local longitudinal stress due to moment and axial force at the point.
 z, Ed  Is the design value of the stress at the same point due to the transverse force.
fy
f y,d 
 Mo
 x, Ed and  z , Ed shall be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension.
The point to be considered is the joint between flange and web.

 x, Ed
M
 Sd
h 2  t   517 x10
fl
6
533.1 2  15.6
x  234 N / mm 2
Wel h 2980 x103
533.1 2
2
 z , Ed 
FSd

 80  65 x103  134 N / mm2 ; assume S  75 mm
 
S s  t fl t w  75  15.6 x10.2
s

Therefore:
2 2
 234   134   234   134 
 250    250    250   250   0.66  1 OK .
      

2. Design a simple supported beam of F e 430 steel grade. The span of the beam is 5.00 m. The top flange is
embedded in a reinforced concrete floor providing sufficient restraint against lateral-torsional buckling.
The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m permanent load and 20 kN/m imposed load.
solution

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The factored loads are: Imposed load: 1.6 x 20 = 32 kN/m
Permanent load: 1.3 x 20 = 26 kN/m.

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EXERCISE
1.The beam shown in Figure-1 below is fully laterally restrained along its length and
has bearing lengths of 50 mm at the unstiffened supports and 75 mm under the
point load. For S275 steel and t < 16 mm. Use 533 x 210 x 92 UKB in S275.
Consider the self-weight of the beam. F 2d, F1d represents factored resultant forces
for concentrated and uniformly distributed loads respectively(fig-1). Design the
beam in S275 steel for the loading shown below. Assume any missed datas.
Loadings:
1.1. Permanent loads:
 Uniformly distributed load (including self weight) g1 = 15 kN/m
 Concentrated load G2 = 40 kN
1.2. Variable loads:
 Uniformly distributed load q1 = 30 kN/m
 Concentrated load Q2 = 50 kN

fig-1

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