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12 views

Content for Midterm

Uploaded by

Kazi Tasmia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Welcome to the Physics class

Principles of Physics II
Dr. Zulfiqar Hasan Khan(ZHK)

Associate Professor

Department of Physics, University of


Dhaka
There are three categories of students. They are as follows:

1. Neither interested in learning nor concerned about the grades. I


hope there is none of this category in this class. If there is any,
they are very few.
2. Interested in getting a good grade but not interested in acquiring
knowledge about the subject.
3. Very much interested in acquiring knowledge about the subject
and subsequently getting an excellent grade.

I teach all three categories of students and most importantly try to


convert all students to category 3.
Newton’s Law of Gravitation

Both Newton’s law of gravitation and Coulombs law of electrostatic force follow inverse square law

Superposition of Fields
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Dyi7hAhwFw
DRAW FIGURE
Problem 1: Consider three point charges at the corners of a right
angled triangle as shown in figure, q1 = q3 = 5.0 uC, q2 = -2.0
uC and a = 0.10 m. Find the resultant force exerted on q3.

DRAW FIGURE

Problem 2: Two identical small charged sphere each having a


mass of 3.0x10 (-2) kg, hang in equilibrium as shown in figure.
The length of each string is 0.15 m and the angle θ is 5.0
degree. Find the magnitude of the charge on each sphere

DRAW FIGURE
=4.42x10-8 C
Electric field
• Electric fields are regions of space around charged particles or objects
within which other charged particles experience a force.
• Electric fields originate from electric charges. Positive charges create
electric fields that radiate outward, while negative charges create fields that
point inward.
• Any charged particle placed within an electric field experiences a force. The
direction of the force depends on the sign of the charge: positive charges
are pushed in the direction of the field lines, while negative charges are
pulled in the opposite direction.
• Electric fields are often represented by field lines. These lines indicate the
direction of the field at various points in space. The density of the field lines
corresponds to the strength of the electric field; closer lines indicate
stronger fields.
• Applications: Electric fields play a crucial role in many physical phenomena
and applications, such as capacitors, electric circuits, and various electronic
devices.
• Understanding electric fields is essential for studying electromagnetism,
electronics, and many aspects of modern physics and engineering.
Electric
Field
qo
The electric field E at a point on the line of force is tangent to the line of force at that point
Applying Coulomb’s law, calculate the forces on charge q0.
Then calculate the electric field at the origin for each of the charges,
q1,q2 and q3 using Eq. 22-1.
Problem 2: Two particles are fixed to an x-axis.
Particle 1 of charge q1 = 2.1x10 (- 8) C at x = 20 cm
and particle 2 of charge q2 = - 4.00q1 at x = 70 cm.
At what coordinate on the axis is the net electric
field produced by the particles equal to zero?

Draw Diagram
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCJbpBYxfjc
Dipole
Why Water is Considered a Dipole
Separation of Charges: Oxygen is more
electronegative than hydrogen, meaning it has
a stronger tendency to attract electrons. As a
result, the electrons in the O-H bonds are
more attracted to the oxygen atom, creating a
partial negative charge (δ−) on the oxygen
and partial positive charges (δ+) on the
hydrogen atoms.The difference in
electronegativity between oxygen and
hydrogen creates a separation of charges
within the molecule.
Molecular Geometry: The bent shape
ensures that the dipole moments of the
individual O-H bonds do not cancel out,
leading to a net dipole moment.
Where p = qd, the dipole
moment of the dipole

For
The electric field on the axis of a dipole at a distance z from the center

This result shows that the electric field due to a dipole falls off as 1/z3 along the axis.
E=???
Note:
This result shows that the electric field due to a
quadrupole falls off as 1/z4 along the axis, indicating a
faster decay compared to the 1/z3 dependence for a
dipole.
Electric Field Due to a Line and Ring of Charge.
Solve it!
What is the linear charge density
in this configuration?
Problem:
Which components add up and
which components cancel out?
dE=??
Is it possible to simplify this to
a single variable?
Limit for integration = ??
Which components add up and
which components cancel out?

Limit for integration = ??


a=R, x=L/2
Electric Field for a charged disk:
Dipole in a Electric Field
What is meant by
electric flux?
What is meant by
electric flux?
Choosing the Appropriate Gaussian Surface

When applying Gauss's Law to calculate the electric flux, it is essential to select
the correct Gaussian surface. The choice of Gaussian surface depends on the
symmetry of the charge distribution. Here are some guidelines:

1.Spherical Symmetry: For a point charge, or a spherically symmetric charge


distribution (such as a uniformly charged sphere), choose a spherical Gaussian
surface centered on the charge.

2.Cylindrical Symmetry: For an infinitely long, uniformly charged line, choose


a cylindrical Gaussian surface co-axial with the line of charge.

3.Planar Symmetry: For an infinite sheet of charge, choose a cylindrical


Gaussian surface perpendicular to the sheet, with its ends parallel to the sheet.
= (- EA + 0 + EA)

= 0
Can we derive Coulomb’s law from Gauss’s Law?
Which Gaussian Surface should we choose?
Proof:
One of the fundamental properties of electrostatics in conductors is that the electric field inside the
conducting material itself must be zero.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XT1UEQLRayw

g) h)
•End
Electric Potential
Ui (all particles at infinity) = 0
and Uf = U (particles at final configuration).
Work done by the field to bring charges to the point in the configuration =

V = J/C J = V.C E = N/C


-ve & increase

V = J/C J = V.C E = N/C


Electric Potential due to a charged particle
Purple solid lines are Electric field lines and
gold dottted lines are equipotential surfaces.
Potential due to a continuous charge distribution
Electric Potential Energy
Step 1
Step 2
Uf=U12+U31+U32+U42+U43+U41
Potential due to a charge disk
a

For Uniform Electric field


Defining equation of capacitance: C = Q/ V
Q in Coulomb, V in Volts and C is in Farad (F)

In terms of the geometry of the capacitor, e.g.,


Effects of a Dielectric on a Capacitor
=10. 68nC
Or, C=q/V= ( 10.68 nC /88V)= 121pF

b)
End

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