APPLIED PHYSICS

LECTURE 1
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ANJUM KHAIRI
Marks Distribution
Total marks = 150
Recommended Books:

Textbook:
• Resnick, Halliday And Krane, Physics Volume I and II, 5th Edition,
Published by John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 1992
http://www.mediafire.com/file/5cvz8b5zzrjv40b/Physics_-_Halliday_Resnick_Krane_-
_%25285th_Edition%2529.pdf/file

Reference Books:
• Serway Raymond, W. Jewett John, Physics for Scientist and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Edition,
Publisher: Physical Sciences: Mary Finch Publisher, Physics and Astronomy: Charlie Hartford 2014, 2010, 2008
by Raymond A. Serway
https://jsnegroup.net/data/GENERALPHYSICS(2)-Book_9thedition-Bookphy1019th-civilianteam.pdf
Electric Charge

• There are two types of electric charge: positive charge (+) and negative charge (-). Electric
charge is a property of matter that can cause attraction or repulsion with other charges.
The charge carried by electrons are negative (-e) and the charge carried by protons are
positive (+e).
• The unit of electric charge: e = 1.60 x 10-19 C (coulomb)

• When the numbers of electrons and protons in an object are the same, we say that this
object is (electrically) neutral. When they are not, we call it charged.
Quantization of charge

Quantization of charge implies that charge can assume only certain discrete values. That is
to say the observed value of electric charge (q) of a particle will be integral multiples of
(e) 1.6×10-19 coulombs.
i.e.
q=ne where n=0,1,2,.... (both positive and negative integers)
The charge cannot assume any value between the integers.
Electrostatic Charge

It means charges at rest.

The force between two charges is called
“Electric force or electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion”
The laws used to study the electrostatic force are
•Coulomb’s law
•Gauss’s law
Coulomb’s Law
This law is applicable on:

•Static charges

•Point charges

What are point charges?

“If the magnitudes(size) of the charges are smaller than their intermediate distance. They are known as point charges
.”

This law states that,

“ The electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of the two
charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation-”

F q1 q2

F 1 / r2
ε0 = permittivity of space
The force is inversely proportional to the square of the
separation “r” between the charges and directed along the line
joining them
• The force is proportional to the product of the charges, q1 and
q2, on the two particles
• The force is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign.
• The force is repulsive if the charges are of like sign.
Electric Field
An electric field is the region around a charged object in which an electric force is exerted on
another charged object.

Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit test charge.
The direction of the field is taken to be the direction of the force it would exert on a positive test
charge.
The electric field is radially outward from a positive charge and radially in toward a negative point
charge.
E= F/qo
SI unit = N/columb
Electric Field of Point Charge

The electric field of a point charge can be obtained

from Coulomb's law:

The electric field is radially outward from the point

charge in all directions.
Numerical:
• Q1) The electron and proton of a
hydrogen atom are separated (on the
average) by a distance of
approximately 5.3 x 10-11 m. Find the
magnitudes of the electric force
between the two particles.
Numerical:
• Q2) A point charge of a 3.12 x
10-6 C is 12.3cm distant from a
second point charge -1.48 x 10-6
C.
Calculate the magnitude of the
force on each charge.
Numerical 3: Data:
d= 12 cm = 0.12 m
Compute the magnitude of
E= 2.3 N/C
a point charge at 12 cm q= ?
away from electrical field K = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2
Solution:
which has the magnitude
𝑘𝑞
of 2.3 N/C. E = F / qo =
𝑟2

q = 3.68 x 10-12 C
Numerical 4:

A positive charge q exerts a force of

magnitude - 0.20 N on another charge
- 2q. Find the magnitude of each
charge if the distance separating them
is equal to 50 cm.
Numerical 4:
Solution

The force that q exert on 2q is given by Coulomb's law:

F = k (q) ( - 2q) / r2 , r = 0.5 m , F = - 0.20 N ,

- 0.2 = - 2 q2 k / 0.52

q2 = 0.2 × 0.52 / (2 k)

q = √ [ (0.2 × 0.52 / (2 × 9 × 109) ] = 1.66 × 10-6 C

q = 1.66 × 10-6 C , -2 q = -3.23 × 10-6 C

Numerical 5:

The distance between two charges q1 = + 2 μC and q2 = + 6 μC is 15.0 cm.

Calculate the distance from charge q1 to the points on the line segment joining the two
charges where the electric field is zero.
Solution

At a distance x from q1 the total electric filed is the vector sum of the electric E1
from due to q1 and directed to the right and the electric field E2 due to q2 and directed to the left.
The vector sum is equal to zero if the magnitudes of the two fields E1 and E2 are equal since they
have opposite direction.

The magnitudes of the two fields E1 and E2 are given by

E1 = k q1 / x2

E2 = k q2 / (15 - x)2
E1 = E2 gives the equation

k q1 / x2 = k q2 / (15 - x)2

Cross multiply and simplify to obtain

q1(15 - x)2 = q2 x2

(15 - x)2 / x2 = q2 / q1 = 3

We now to solve for x

(15 - x) / x = √3

The above equation gives two solutions but only one is positive and is equal to

x = 15 / (1 + √3) ≈ 5.50 cm
Densities
Charge density:

1. Linear charge density (1D)

2. Surface charge density (2D)
3. Volume charge density (3D)

Linear charge density:( λ)

Charge per unit length is called linear charge density

λ= q/L
Surface charge density: (σ)

Charge per unit surface is called surface charge density.

σ=q/A
Volume charge density: (ρ)

Charge per unit volume is called volume charge density

ρ= q/v
Electric field for infinite line of charge

Consider a uniformly distributed infinite line

of charge along the z-axis, having linear charge
density 𝜆.
We have to find electric field intensity due to
this line of charge at point ‘p’ on y-axis at a
distance ‘y’ from the line (origin).
The magnitude of the field contribution dE due
to charge element dq (=𝜆𝑑𝑧).
Using equation,
𝐹 𝑞1 𝑞0 1
𝐸= = (𝑘 2 )( )
𝑞0 𝑟 𝑞0
1
∵ 𝑘=
4𝜋𝜖0
So,
1 𝑞
𝐸= ⇢ 𝑒𝑞 1
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2
(𝑞1 = 𝑞)

1 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸 =
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2

𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑧

𝜆 ⇢ linear charge density

𝑟2 = 𝑦2 + 𝑧 2
(using diagram and Pythagoras theorem), Put it in eq (1)
1 𝜆𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝐸 = ⇢ 𝑒𝑞 2
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

The vector dE, as figure shows, has the following components,

𝑑𝐸𝑦 = 𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝐸𝑧 = 𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

The y and z components of the resultant vector E at point ‘p’ are given by,
𝑧=+∞
𝐸𝑦 = න 𝑑𝐸𝑦 = න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝐸
𝑧=−∞
And
𝑧=+∞
𝐸𝑧 = න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝐸
𝑧=−∞
We can use a symmetry argument to simplify the problem.
If the line of charge is turned about the z-axis, the physical situation would be unchanged and there can be no component of
E.
𝐸𝑍 = 0

For every charge element at positive z-axis, there is corresponding element at negative z-axis such that the components of
their fields cancel at ‘p’.
Because the contributions to 𝐸𝑦 from the top and bottom halves of the line are equal,
𝑧=∞
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑦 = 2 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝐸
𝑧=0

From eq (2)

𝑧=∞
2𝜆 𝑑𝑧
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑦 = න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑧=0 𝑦 + 𝑧2

𝑧=∞
𝜆 𝑑𝑧
= න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑧=0 𝑦 + 𝑧2

From fig, 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (tan𝜃=P/B)

dz = y sec2θ dθ

by putting the values, we finally get

𝜆 𝜃=𝜋/2
E = 2𝜋 𝜖 ‫=𝜃׬‬0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0𝑦

Solving we get

𝜆
E =2𝜋 𝜖
0𝑦

Hence, electric field of infinite line of charge depend on charge density of a line and distance between line
charge and a point charge.