ELECTROSTATICS

ELECTRIC CHARGE
Electric charge is an intrinsic property of a matter carried by
some fundamental particles.
** Denoted by q and si unit is COULOMB(C).

** fundamental quantity:-
Particle name Amount of charge Mass of the particle

Proton +e 1.673* 10^-27 kg

Electron -e 9.11*10^-31 kg

Neutron 0 1.675* 10^-27 kg

Where, e= 1.6*10^-19 C (electronic charge)

↑
**** cgs unit of charge is :- electrostatic unit (esu)
1c= 3* 10^9 esu
PROPERTIES OF THE CHARGES
1. Like charges REPEL and unlike charges ATTRACT each
other

2. Charge is a scalar :- two types

3. Added Algebrically
Eg:-

4. Charge is conserved
5. Charge is invarient( concept of STR)

6. *** charge at rest produce electric field

*** charge in uniform motion produces electric and
Magnetic field
*** accelerated charge also radiate energy in the form of
e. m. waves.
7. Proton and neutrons are made up of quarks:-
Quarks=
8. Charge can not exist without mass.
8. CHARGE IS QUANTIZED:-
Que:-What is the total charge of a system containing five
charges +1, +2, –3, +4 and –5 in some
arbitrary unit?

Que:-How many electrons are there in one coulomb of charge?

Que:- is 2.6 C charge is possible?
CHARGING OF A BODY
What is charging???

METHODS OF CHARGING:-
1. CHARGING BY RUBBING/ FRUCTION:-
** can charge only insulator

Mass:-
2. Charging by contact:-( can charge only conductor)

3. Charging by induction:- ( can charge conductor and

dielctric)
Que:- can two similarly charged bodies attract each other?

Que:- does charging the mass of a body changes?

Que:- what is polarity?

Que:-
*** for conductor:-
Induced charged=inducing charge

*** for dielctric material:-

Q'= -Q(1- 1/K)
Where K= dielctric const of that material.
Que:-
Que:- find the amount of charge on one mole of elementary
charge.
COULOMBS LAW
The electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on
another acts along the line between the charges and degined
as:-

Where, k is coulombs constant= 9* 10^9 unit.

*** Direction of the force will depend on nature of the charges.
Permitivity of free space = 8.854 * 10^ -12 si unit.

ELECTROSTATIC FORCE ON A MEDIUM:-

PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION OF FORCES:-
Important points regarding
coulomb's law
1. Electric force is conservative in nature.

2. Force is an action reaction pair.

3. It is valid for point charges.( and sphere)

4. Based on inverse square law
5. Range is Infinity
6.interaction of force is photon.
7. Force is attractive or replusive
8. Net Force depends on medium.
9. Electrostatic force between two charge does not depends
on medium. ( concept of polatisation)
Que:- find the force between two charges 1c and -2c placed
at a distance of 1 mm.
Que:- what is the smallest electric force between two charges at
a distance of 1.0m ?
Que:-
Que:- Force between two identical spheres charged with same
charge is F. If 50% charge of one sphere is transferred to the
other sphere then the new force will be :-
(1) 3/4 F
(2) 3/8 F
(3) 3/2 F
(4) none of these
Que:- Two point charges placed at a distance 'r' in air exert a
force 'F'. The distance at which they exert same force when
placed in a certain medium (dielectric constant K) is :-
(1) rK
(2) r/K
(3) r/√K
(4) r√K
CONDITIONS FOR NET ZERO FORCE ON A
CHARGE IN LINE
Que:-Two point charges +9q and +q are kept 16 cm apart.
Where should a third charge Q be placed between them so
that the net force on Q is zero.
(1) 24 cm from + 9q
(3) 24 cm from + q
(2) 12 cm from + 9q
(4) 12 cm from + q
que:- find the position of 3rd charge if two charges of Q and
+nQ are placed at a distance of r, so that net force on 3rd
charge is zero.
que:- find the position of 3rd charge if two charges of Q and
-nQ are placed at a distance of r, so that net force on 3rd
charge is zero.
CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM OF LINE CHARGES:-
Que:- twotwo charges of 9C and -16 C is placed at a
distance of 10m where should third charge should be placed
so that system will be in equlibrium also find the amount of
third cgarge.
Pendulum problem
VECTOR FORM OF COULOMBS
LAW
Que:-three
ELECTRIC FIELD
The region surrounding a charge or distribution of charge in
which it's electrical effects can be observed is called the
electric field of the charge or distribution of charge.
** ELECTRIC FIELD IS A VECTOR QUANTITY
ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY OR STRENGTH
The electric field intesity at a point in an electric field is
defined as the electrostatic Force per unit postive charge.
** it is denoted by

** it is vector quantity

** for positive charge directed radially outward and for

negative charge directed radially inward
Electric field due to a point charge

*** Superposition and vector form

Que:- Four charges are placed on corners of a squarehaving
side 10 cm. If q is1C then what will be electric field intensity at
the centre of the square?
Que:- find the electric field in the Equitorial line at a
perpendicular distance of x if two charges each of q are
seperated by a distance of d.
** some of the cases for net electric field is zero.
Charge in an uniform electric field region
Case-1 charge is at rest in an uniform external field.
Case-2 charge is projected parallel to the electric field
Case -3 charge is projected anti parallel to field.
Case-4 charge is projected perpendicular to the field.
Charge distribution
ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO UNIFORMLY CHARGED RING
ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO LINE CHARGE
1 ith
#
-
maths :- -

-> Trigox

o
-

-> dison
-> int :
Field in line of charge
ELECTRIC FIELD LINES
An electric field line is an imaginary line or curve drawn through
a region of space so that is tangent at any point is in the
direction of electric field vector at that pount.
** strength of the lines at some place give an idea about the
intesity of electric field at that point.
Properties of electric field lines
1. Field lines start from positive charges and end at negative
charges. If there is a single charge, they may start or end at
infinity.
2.These are imaginary lines. They may be curved or straight.

3. The tangent to a line at any point gives the direction of

electric field at that point.
4. Two field lines can never intersect each other.
5. In a charge free region, electric field lines can be taken to
be continous curves without any breaks.

6. Electric field lines don't form any closed loops. Due to

conservative nature of electric field.
7. The number of lines leaving a positive charge or entering a
negative charge is propotional to the magnitude of the charge.
8.inside a conductor there is no any electric field lines are
present

9. Electric field lines are perpendicular to the surface of a

conductor
ELECTRIC FLUX
It is measure of field lines crossing A surface area
Denoted by
It is scalar quantity and unut is V-m and (N m2 C-1)

** ELECTRIC FLUX through an area element is defined by

Case 1:- Electric field is perpendicular to the surface

Case 2:- if electric field is Parallel to surface

Eg:-
Examples of net electric field:-
GAUSS LAW
The net electric flux through A closed surface is equal to the
net charge inside the surface divided by ε0
important points regarding gauss law
1. Gauss law is true for any closed surface, no matter what is
shape ans size of the object.
2. If some of the charges are inside and some are outside the
surface then also electric field on the euation is due to all
the charges.
3. Surface we choose for the application of gauss law is called
the gaussian surface. We can choose any gaussian surface and
apply gauss law.
4. Gaussian surface cant pass through A discrete charge,
however the gaussian surface can pass through a continous
charge distribution
5. It is mostly usefull when system has symmetry

6. Gauss law is based on the inverse Square law of distance.

Que:-
Que:- Electric flux through A cube if A charge Q is placed at
centre of cube.
(I) through total cube
(II) throgh each phase
(Iii)through corner of A cube
Que:-A charge Q is placed at the corner of a cube. The electric
flux through all the six faces of the cube is
Application of gauss law
1. Field due to an infinitely long straight charged wire
2. Field due to A hollow cylinder of radius R
3. Field due to solid cylinder of radius R
4.field due to A uniformly charged infinite plane
5. Field near A charged conducting surface.
6. Electric field due to solid non conducting charged
sphere
7. Field due to charged sphere
Or conducting thin shell
Or non conducting thin shell
Electric dipole
Electric field due to diople
1. For pounts on the axis
2. For point on the equitorial plane
*** PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DIPOLES
1. in most of the molecules centre of +ve and -ve charges lie
at the same place hence diople moment is Zero.
2. CO2 and CH4 develop a dipole moment in an External field.
3. In some molecules their are some permanent dipole
moment, called as polar molecules. Eg:- H2O
ELECTRIC DIOPLE IN UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD:-
TORQUE ON DIPOLE
EQUILIBRIUM OF DIPOLE
1. STABLE EQUILIBRIUM:-
2. Unstable equilibrium
Que:-An electric dipole, when held at 30º with respect to a
uniform electric field of 10^4 N/C experiences a torque of 9 ×
10^–26 N m. Calculate dipole moment of the dipole.
Que:-An electric dipole consists of two opposite charges of
magnitude 0.2 μC each, separated by a distance of 2 cm.
The dipole is placed in an external field of 2 × 105 N/C. What
maximum troque does the field exert on the dipole?
Que:-
Que:-
**** ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO SOLID NON CONDUCTING
SPHERE HAVING A CHARGE DISTRIBUTION OF
ρ=ρo r
Que:- if a charge is at corner of a cube, electric flux through
each face is?
Que:- find flux through a cylinder if a charge Q is placed at
upper surface of cylinder.