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INDEX
3
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

21
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

42
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
58
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

67
MAGNETISM AND MATTER
73
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

83
ALTERNATING CURRENT
95
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

99 123
RAY OPTICS WAVE OPTICS

136 147
e
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION & MATTER ATOMS

158 162
NUCLEI SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
Chapter - 1 3

ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

Electrostatics deals with the study of charges at rest ( static charges ), the
forces between the charges, the fields and potentials due to these charges.
Any Neutral body consist of equal number protons (positive charges) and
electrons (negative charges)
A body will gain or loose electrons to become charged body. If electrons are lost
it becomes positive charged, and if it gains electrons then it is negative charged
Benjamin Franklin named charges as positive and negative

Electric Charge

Electric charge is the basic physical property of material due to which it can
experience Electrical Force of Attraction or Repulsion
The SI unit of charge is coulomb (C).
Properties of Electric Charge
There are two types of charges namely, positive and negative
Like charges will repel each other and unlike charges will attract
Charge is a scalar Quantity.
4. Charges are additive
If a system contains number of charges, then the total charge on the body will
be the algebraic sum of all charges. They can be simple added like numbers.
5. Charges are Quantised
The charge on the body can be only be an integral multiple of basic value of
charge ( ±e ) i,e Q =+- ne where n = 1, 2, 3..... and e = 1.6 x 10-19
C
6. Charges are conserved
Total charge of an isolated system always remains constant or conserved. i,e
charge can neither be created nor be destroyed.

Methods of Charging a Body

Electrification is the process of charging a body by either losing or gaining the
electrons. There are three main methods of charging a body, They are,
4
Charging by Friction
When two bodies are made to rub against the surface of each other then, the
body which gains the electron becomes the negative charge and the body which
looses the electron becomes positive charge.

Example 1 : Rubbing glass rod with silk , glass gets positive and silk gets negative charge.
Example 2 : Rubbing plastic on Fur, plastic gets negative charge and fur gets positive.

2. Charging by Conduction

When a charged body is brought in contact with an

uncharged body then the charge flow takes place. As
a result, even the uncharged body gains similar
charge as that of the charged body.

3. Charging by Induction
When a charged body is brought close to uncharged
body then opposite charges gets accumulated on the
nearer end and similar charges on the farther end.
On grounding the similar charges get repelled to
ground and on removing the connections the opposite
charge gets distributed and body becomes charged.
Quick Note
Grounding or Earthing is the process of sharing charge with the earth
It is done as a safety measure for electrical circuits and other appliances.

Gold leaf Electroscope

Metal Disc Gold lead Electroscope is a simple apparatus which

is used to detect the presence of electric charge on a
Metal Rod body
Gold foils When the charged body touches metal disc, the
charge follows to the gold foils. The foils repel each
Glass Jar other and they diverge. The degree of divergence is
an indicator of the amount of charge.
5
Coulomb’s Law [PYQ - 2019, 2017, 2014, 2011]

It states that “ The magnitude of force between any two point charges is directly
proportional to the product of magnitudes of two charges and inversely
proportional to the square of distance between them and the force always acts
along the line joining the two charges “.

One Coulomb (Unit Charge) - A charge is said to be one coulomb if it is

placed at a distance of one metre from another similar equal charge in vaccumm
9
experiences a force of 9 × 10 Newton.
Dielecric Constant or Relative Permittivity - The ratio of permittivity of a
medium to permittivity of free space permitivity of medium
ε
εr = ε =
m
o permitivity of Vacuum

Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form

6 Force on a Charge due to Multiple Charges
Principle of Superposition : “ The Force on a charge due to a number of other
charges is the vector sum of all the forces due to individual charges ”

Use this law to find the resultant

Force or Electric Field in Problems

Important PYQs From Topic

Suppose the charge on a proton and an electron differ Five point charges each of charge +q are
slightly. One of them is -e the other is (e+Δe). If the net of placed on five vertices of a regular hexagon of
Electrostatic and Gravitational Force between two side x. Find the magnitude of the resultant
hydrogen atoms placed at a distance d(much greater than force on a charge -q placed at the center of
atomic size) apart is zero, then Δe is of what order ? [Given the hexagon.
-27
mass of hydrogen = 1.67 X 10 Kg] Solution

Solution
7
Plot a graph showing variation of coulomb force (F) Suppose three Equal Charges each of q are placed
versus 1/r 2 , where r is the distance between the two at three vertices of a equilateral triangle, find the
charges of each pair of charges A(1μC,2μC) and B resultant Force on a charge Q placed at the
(1μC, -3μC) centroid of the triangle.

Solution Solution

Electric Field [PYQ - 2020, 2018, 2016, 2015]

Electric field is basically a region around a charge where other charges experiences
a force of attraction or repulsion.
Electric Field Strength or Electric Field Intensity
The Electric field Intensity at a point due to a charge is defined as the force that a
unit positive charge would experience at that point.

Quick Note

It is a Vector Quantity
Unit of Electric Field is N/C or V/
1 2 -3 -1
Dimensional Formula is [ M L T A ]
8
Characteristics of Electric field
Electric field at a point doesn’t depend on charge q as the ratio F/q is
independent of q.
For a positive point charge electric field is directed radially outwards.
For a negative point charge electric field is directed radially inwards.
2
Magnitude of E due to a charge Q depends inversely on R , so at equal
distances from the charge Q, E will have same magnitude i.e. it shows
radial symmetry.
Important PYQs From Topic

A charge Q is distributed uniformly over a ring of radius a. Obtain an expression of the Electric Field
intensity E at a point on the axis of ring. Hence, show that for points at large distances from the ring, it
behaves like a point charge.

Solution
9
Two point charges of +1μC and +4μC are kept An electron falls through a distance of 1.5 cm in
4 -1
30cm apart. How far from +1μC charge on the a uniform electric field of magnitude 2 x 10 NC.
line joining the two charges, will the net Electric Now the direction of the field is reversed keeping
Field becomes Zero ? the magnitude unchanged and a proton falls
through the same distance. Compute the time of
Solution fall in each case, neglecting gravity.

Solution

Electric Field Lines [ PYQ - 2010-2020(Every Year) ]

Electric Field Lines are imaginary lines which gives a pictorial representation of
Electric Field around a Charge. It was given by Faraday to visualise the strength of
electric fields.
Properties of Electric Field Lines

Field lines originate from a positive charge and terminate at a negative charge
They are always normal to the surface of the conductor.

Tangent at any point gives the direction of Electric Field

They never form closed loops.
They are always continuous in nature.
10
Greater is the density of field lines, greater is the strength of electric field in the
regio
They do not Intersect each other. [This is because at the point of intersection we can
draw two tangents ,which means electric field at the point of intersection will have
two directions, which is not possible.]

Positive Charge Negative Charge Positive and Negative Both positive charges

Important PYQs From Topic

The figure shows a point charge +Q, located at a In the Electric Field shown in Figure. The electric Field
distance R/2 from the centre of a spherical metal lines on left have twice the separation as that
shell. Draw the electric field lines for the given between those on right. If the magnitude of the field
system. at point A is 40 N/C, calculate the force Experienced
by a proton placed at point A. Also find the
magnitude of Electric Field at the point B.

Solution

Solution

Draw the pattern of Electric Field lines, when a

point charge -Q is kept near an uncharged
conducting plate.

Solution
11
Electric Dipole
A Electric Dipole is an arrangement of two equal and opposite charges separated
by a small distance.

Dipole Moment (p) : It is defined as product of magnitude of either of the charge and
distance between the charges.
p = (2a)(q) = 2aq

It is a Vector Quantity which is directed from negative to positive charge

It has the unit Cm (Coulomb-meter)
0 1 1 1
Dimensions are [ M L T A ]

Electric Field due to a Dipole on Axial Position (End Position)

Let us consider a dipole AB with charges +q and -q separated by a distance 2a, as

shown in the figure. Now, let us find electric field at point P which is at a distance r
from the center of the dipole along the axial line.

12

Electric Field due to a Dipole on Equatorial Position (Board On Position)

Let us consider a dipole AB with charges +q

and -q separated by a distance 2a , as
shown in the figure. Now, let us find electric
field at point P which is at a distance r from
the center of the dipole along the
Equatorial line.

After Resolving the Electric Field the sine

components get cancelled and cos
components gets added up.
13
Torque on a dipole in Uniform Electric Field

Let us consider a Dipole AB with charges +q

and -q separated by a distance 2a.

If the Dipole is kept in Electric Field E at an

angle θ , Then it would experience a torque.

Quick Note

Torque on a dipole is maximum when sinθ is maximum θ = 90

Torque on a dipole is minimum when sinθ is minimum θ = 0°
When the dipole is placed in a non-uniform Electric Field, it experiences a net
force and torque, which will depend on the magnitude of electric field at those
points.
Important PYQs From Topic

what is the expression for the electric field produced Two small identical electric dipoles AB and CD, each
by a dipole of moment p at a point at a distance r of dipole moment p are kept at an angle 120° to
in the equatorial plane ? Draw a E v/s r graph for each other in an External Electric Field E pointing
the same [PYQ 2015] along the x-axis as shown in figure. Find the
i. The dipole moment of the arrangement

Solution
ii. Magnitude and direction of the net torque
acting on it.
14 Solution

Electric Flux [PYQ - 2021-2015]

Electric Flux is defined as the total number of Electric Field Lines passing through a
given area normally.
o = Ed s co s θ

Here, o is the Flux through the Area ds and θ is the

Angle between the Electric Field and Area Vector
2 -1
Unit is N m
1 3 -3 -1
Dimensional Formula is [ M L T A ]

Gauss’s Law
It states that “ The Total Electric Flux through a closed surface in vaccumm is equal
to 1
_ times the charge enclosed by the surface ”. 1
εo o = ε (q en )
_
o

Derivation
Important Points regarding Gauss’s Law 15
Gauss’s Law is true for any closed surface, irrespective of its shape
The term q on the right side of the equation refers to all the charges inside the
closed surface
The term E on the left side is due to all charges both inside and outside the surface
The closed surface is called Gaussian surface and it cannot pass through a point
charge (can pass through continuous charge)
Gauss law is based on inverse square dependence on distance as seen in coulomb’s
law. Any violation of gauss law will result in departure from the inverse square law.

Important PYQs From Topic

3
Given a uniform electric field E = 5 ×10 î N/C. Find Consider two hollow concentric spheres, S1 and S2
flux of this field through a square of side 10cm (S2>S1) enclosing charges 2Q and 4Q resp. Find the
whose plane is parallel to the y-z plane. What ratio of flux through them. How will the flux
would be the flux through the same square if its through S1 change if a medium of dielectric
plane makes an angle of 30° with the x-axis? constant k is introduced in S1?

Solution Solution

Applications Gauss’s Law

For symmetrical charge distributions gauss’s law can be used to find Electric Field
Strength at a point.

Quick Note Linear Charge Density (λ) = Charge present in a unit length
Surface Charge Density (σ) = Charge present in a unit Area.
16 Electric Field due to a Infinite long line charge [PYQ - 2016]

Consider an infinitely long line charge with

linear charge density λ
Let us now find out Electric Field at point P
which is at a distance r from the charge
The Gaussian surface is considered to be of
a form of cylinder of radius r and length l
as shown in the figure.

variation of E with distance

2. Electric Field due to a Infinite long Plane Sheet [PYQ - 2017]

Consider an infinitely long plane sheet with

surface charge density σ

Let us now find out Electric Field at point P

which is at a distance r from the charge

The Gaussian surface is considered to be of

a form of cylinder such that the point lies
on one of its base.

17

[PYQ - 2013]
3. Electric Field due to a Spherical Shell

Consider an spherical shell with

charge q on its surface

Let us now find out Electric Field at

point P which is at a distance r from
center of the shell

The Gaussian surface is considered

to be of a form of sphere such that
the point lies on the surface .

18

Important PYQs From Topic

1. A uniformly charged large plane sheet has charge
1
density σ = ( 18π ) × 10 -15
C/m². Find the electric field at
point A which is 50 cm from the sheet.

Consider a straight line with three points P, Q and R,

placed 50 cm from the charged sheet on the right side
as shown in the figure. At which of these points, does
the magnitude of the electric field due to the sheet
remain the same as that at point A and why?



Consider a straight line with three points P, Q and R,

placed 50 cm from the charged sheet on the right side
as shown in the figure. At which of these points, does
the magnitude of the electric field due to the sheet
remain the same as that at point A and why?

Solution
2. The electric field components due to a charge inside
19
the cube of side 0.1 m are as shown.

3. A hollow cylindrical box of length 1m and area of

Ex = ax, where a = 100 N/C-m, Ey = 0, Ez = 0
2
cross-section 25 cm is placed in a three
Calculate:

dimensional coordinate system as shown in the

i. the flux through the cube, and

figure. The electric field in the region is given by

ii. the charge inside the cube. -1
E=50x î, where E is in NC and x is in meters.

Solution Find the net flux through the cylinder

Solution

4. An electric field is uniform and acts along + x direction in the region of positive x. It is also uniform with the
same magnitude but acts in - x direction in the region of negative x. The value of the field is E = 200 N/C for x> 0
and E = - 200 N/C for x < 0. A right circular cylinder of length 20 cm and radius 5 cm has its centre at the origin
and its axis along the x-axis so that one flat surface is at x = + 10 cm and the other is at x = - 10 cm

Find the net outward flux through the cylinder and also find the charge present inside the cylinder.

Solution
20

6. Use Gauss' law to derive the expression for the

electric field (E) due to a straight uniformly
charged infinite line of charge density λ C/m
Draw a graph to show the variation of E with
perpendicular distance r from the line of charge
Find the work done in bringing a charge q from
perpendicular distance r1 to r2 (r1 > r2).
5. Two large charged plane sheets of charge densities

2
σ and -2σ C/m are arranged vertically with a Solution
separation of d between them. Deduce expressions for (Refer derivation for Part A and Part B page.no - 14 )
the electric field at point
To the left of the first sheet, C)
To the right of the second sheet, and
Between the two sheets.
Solution