Chapter 5

Family and Community Involvement (English) ..........................................145

Family and Community Involvement (Spanish) .........................................146
Section 5.1 ...................................................................................................147
Section 5.2 ...................................................................................................152
Section 5.3 ...................................................................................................157
Section 5.4 ...................................................................................................162
Section 5.5 ...................................................................................................167
Section 5.6 ...................................................................................................172
Cumulative Review .....................................................................................177

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Chapter
Rational Exponents and Radical Functions
5
Dear Family,
In this chapter, you will solve equations to determine depreciation values of
items. When an item depreciates, it loses value over time. You may have heard
that when you buy a new car, the car loses value once you drive it off the lot.
According to a certain website, the average depreciation rate for a new car is
about 11%. That means, if you buy a brand new car for $30,000, the car is
worth $26,700 once you drive away. The website also says that after 5 years,
your car is only worth 37% of what you originally paid. Not all cars depreciate
at the same rate, so these numbers are averages. Sources such as Kelley Blue
Book give the market value prices for all new and used vehicles. When you use
that website, you can give specific information about your vehicle, so you have
an accurate value to use when pricing to sell or buying new.
Working together, choose three different cars to research.
Complete the table by finding the price of each car for five years.
For a fair comparison of each car, choose a constant annual mileage
of 10,000 miles.

Car Values
Year Make/Model Make/Model Make/Model
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $

Use the completed table to answer the following questions.

• Which car has the lowest depreciation rate? the highest?
• Which car would you be most likely to buy? Explain.
• What factors contribute to a vehicle’s depreciation rate?
When buying a new or a used car, you may also want to use the Internet
to compare the reliability of each car. This may end up saving you time
and money in the long run.
And remember to always buckle up!

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Capítulo
Exponentes racionales y funciones radicales
5
Estimada familia:
En este capítulo, resolverán ecuaciones para determinar los valores de depreciación
de objetos. Cuando un objeto se deprecia, pierde su valor con el transcurso del
tiempo. Tal vez hayan escuchado que cuando compran un carro nuevo, el carro
pierde su valor cuando lo sacan del auto lote. De acuerdo con un sitio web, la tasa
de depreciación promedio de un carro nuevo es de aproximadamente el 11%. Eso
significa que si compran un carro nuevo por $30,000, el carro vale $26,700 cuando
se lo llevan. El sitio web también dice que después de 5 años, su carro solo vale el
37% de lo que pagaron originalmente. No todos los carros se deprecian a la misma
tasa, entonces estos números son un promedio. Fuentes tal como Kelley Blue Book
dan los precios de valor de mercado de todos los vehículos nuevos y usados. Cuando
usan ese sitio web, pueden dar información específica sobre su vehículo, así tienen
un valor preciso cuando coticen para vender o para comprar un carro nuevo.
Trabajen juntos para elegir tres carros diferentes para investigar. Para
completar la tabla, hallen el precio de cada carro durante cinco años.
A fin de hacer una comparación equitativa de cada carro, elijan un millaje
constante anual de 10,000 millas.

Valores de carros
Año Marca/Modelo Marca/Modelo Marca/Modelo
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $

Usen la tabla completada para responder las siguientes preguntas.

• ¿Cuál carro tiene la menor tasa de depreciación? ¿La mayor?
• ¿Cuál carro es más probable que compren? Expliquen.
• ¿Qué factores contribuyen a la tasa de depreciación de un vehículo?
Cuando compren un carro nuevo o usado, también pueden buscar en Internet
para comparar la confiabilidad de cada carro. Esto puede ahorrarles tiempo y
dinero a largo plazo.
¡Y recuerden siempre abrocharse el cinturón de seguridad!

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5.1 Start Thinking
An exponent n, in the term x n , indicates how many times x
is a factor of the product. Any product in the form x n may
be written in expanded form. For example, x3 = x • x • x.
Use expanded form to complete the table.

Example Expanded Form Simplest Form

x2 + x2
x4 • x4
x8
x5

Enter 2− 2 into a scientific calculator. What is the answer in

fraction form? How does this compare to 22 ?

5.1 Warm Up
Simplify.

1. k k 4 ( ) ( )(
2. 4u 5v 6u 5v 2 )
( ) ( )( ) (3xyz )
2 4
3. 5a 3b10c 4. 3x3 y 3 xy 2 z

( )( ) (− ghj )4 ( )
3
6. 2xy 5 ( − y )
4
5. − g 2 h − 2 gj 3

5.1 Cumulative Review Warm Up

Write an equation of the parabola in vertex form.

1. passes through: (14, 7) ; vertex: ( 4, 1)

2. passes through: ( − 6, −16) ; vertex: ( − 4, 8)

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5.1 Practice A
In Exercises 1–3, find the indicated real nth root(s) of a.
1. n = 3, a = 125 2. n = 2, a = 49 3. n = 4, a = 81

In Exercises 4–9, evaluate the expression without using a calculator.

14
4. 271 3 5. 16 6. 43 2

7. 6253 4 8. (−1000)2 3 9. 321 5

In Exercises 10–15, evaluate the expression using a calculator. Round your

answer to two decimal places when appropriate.

10. 5 16,807 11. 6 15,625 12. 12−1 3

54
13. 921 5 14. 6561 15. 113− 3 4

In Exercises 16 and 17, find the radius of the figure with the given volume.

16. V = 1726 in.3 17. V = 734 m 3

r
h = 15 in.

In Exercises 18–23, find the real solution(s) of the equation. Round your answer
to two decimal places when appropriate.

18. x 4 = 256 19. 3 x 3 = 375 20. (x − 6) = 40

2

21. (x + 7) = 1000
3
22. x 5 = −112 23. 9 x 4 = 54

24. When the average price of an item increases from p1 to p2 over a period of
n years, the price p2 is given by p2 = p1 ( r + 1) , where r is the annual rate
n

of inflation (in decimal form). Find the annual rate of inflation when the price
of a loaf of bread was $1.19 in 1970 and $3.29 in 2010.

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5.1 Practice B
In Exercises 1–3, find the indicated real nth root(s) of a.
1. n = 3, a = 343 2. n = 6, a = − 64 3. n = 5, a = − 243

In Exercises 4–9, evaluate the expression without using a calculator.

4. 363 2 5. 163 4 6. (− 32)2 5

−4 3
7. (−125)5 3 8. 256− 5 4
9. 27

In Exercises 10–15, evaluate the expression using a calculator. Round your

answer to two decimal places when appropriate.

10. 28−1 5 11. 150 2 5 12. 40,3516 7

( ) ( )
3 5
13. 750− 2 5
14. 5
223 15. 7 − 34

In Exercises 16 and 17, find the radius of the figure with the given volume.
16. V = 425 in.3 17. V = 1458 m 3

h = 7 in. r

In Exercises 18–23, find the real solution(s) of the equation. Round your answer
to two decimal places when appropriate.

18. 6 x 4 = 60 19. x 5 = − 233 20. x 4 + 19 = 100

21. x 3 + 17 = 57 22. 1 x 4 = 125 23. 1 x3 = − 49

5 7

24. Kepler’s third law states that the relationship between the mean distance d
(in astronomical units) of a planet from the Sun and the time t (in years) it
takes the planet to orbit the Sun can be given by d 3 = t 2 .

a. It takes Venus 0.616 year to orbit the Sun. Find the mean distance of
Venus from the Sun (in astronomical units).

b. The mean distance of Jupiter from the Sun is 5.24 astronomical units.
How many years does it take Jupiter to orbit the Sun?

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5.1 Enrichment and Extension

nth Roots and Rational Exponents
Recall the Properties of Exponents: Let a and b be nonzero real numbers. Let m and n
be integers.

Product of Powers ( a)m ( a )n = am + n

am
Quotient of Powers = am − n
an

(a m )
n
Power of a Power = a mn

Power of a Product (ab)n = a nbn

n
a an
Power of a Quotient   =
b bn

Example: Find the value(s) of n for which the statement is true.

32 n −1 = 27
32 n −1 = 33
2n − 1 = 3
n = 2

In Exercises 1–14, find the value(s) of n for which the statement is true.
1. 2 n = 43 2. 3n = 9

3. 9 n −1 = 9 4 4. (5n )(54 ) = 125

( 2n )
n
5. = 48 6. 32 n = 98

7. (7n )(74 ) = 49n + 3 8. 2 n = −4

9. 32 n = 729 10. 4n +1 = 1
64

11. 9 n + 4 = 3n − 8 12. 8n − 2 = 8
2 + 2n 2 − 3n
13. 42 n = 8 14. 3n = 81

( )(
Challenge: Find a, b, and c such that x −2 y 3 z 2 x c y a z b ) = x −3 y 4 for all nonzero values
of x, y, and z.

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5.1 Puzzle Time

What Did The Waiter Say When The Customer Asked,
“What Is This Insect In My Soup?”
A B C D E F

G H I J K L

M N O P

Complete each exercise. Find the answer in the answer column. Write the word under
the answer in the box containing the exercise letter.

Evaluate the expression. Round your answer to two decimal

16 places when appropriate. 3.78

NOT ONE
A 271 3 B. 4
625

±5 C. − 642 3 D. 5 − 32 0.27

WISH BUG
E. (−1024) 25
F. 2− 4
±6 2

( )
5
ME G. − 4 1296 H. 3 −8 NOT

−2 I. 3434 3 J. 2253 2 −8

WOULD KNOW
( )
12
K. 7 16,384 L. − 40961 4
3 2401
13 −1 2
I M. 54 N. 14 I

(− )
2
5
1 O. 100 P. 3 −18 3375
16

ASK DO

− 32 2.51

THAT FROM

− 16 6.87

YOU ANOTHER

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5.2 Start Thinking
Simplify x 2 • x 2 . What operation did you perform on the
exponents?

Consider x • x . Without simplifying, do you expect the

answer to be greater than or less than x? Simplify the expression
first by using rational number rules and then by using exponent
rules. Is the answer greater than or less than x? Explain how the
answer relates to the hypothesis you made before simplifying.

5.2 Warm Up
Simplify.

1. x −1 2. 3x −6
4
( )
1
3. 4. ab 4
b −7
y6 p4
5. 4 6.
y p

5.2 Cumulative Review Warm Up

Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation. Then
describe the number and type of solutions of the equation.

1. x 2 − 13 x − 35 = 0 2. 5n 2 + 3n + 25 = 0

3. 3 x 2 = 6 x + 9 4. 25 x = − 49 + 4 x 2

5. x 2 − 5 x − 16 = 0 6. x 2 + 13 x = − 48

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5.2 Practice A
In Exercises 1–6, use the properties of rational exponents to simplify the
expression.
12 15
5
1. (7 )2 14
2. (14 ) 3
3.
5
−1 5
 65 
( )
−1
10 −3 4
4. 14
5.  5  6. 7 • 71 4
10 9 

In Exercises 7–12, use the properties of radicals to simplify the expression.

3 3 4 4
7. 3• 75 8. 81 • 9 9. 12 • 8

5
4 4 128 5
10. 9 • 9 11. 5
12.
4 80

In Exercises 13–18, write the expression in simplest form.

3
4 9 5
13. 208 14. 3
15.
4 27

1 6 8
16. 17. 18.
2+ 3 4− 5 2 + 5

In Exercises 19–24, simplify the expression.

19. 8 4 2 + 5 4 2 20. 7 5 13 − 17 5 13 21. 4 9 ( ) + 7 (9 )

14 14

4
22. 4 18 − 15 2 23. 8 7 + 12 63 24. 405 + 2 4 5

25. The volume of a cube is 80 cubic centimeters.

a. Use exponents to solve the formula for the volume V of a cube with side
length s, V = s 3 , for s.

b. Substitute the expression for s from part (a) into the formula for the surface
area of a cube, S = 6 s 2 .

c. Substitute the volume of the given cube into the formula found in part (b)
to find the surface area, S. Simplify, if possible.

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5.2 Practice B
In Exercises 1–6, use the properties of rational exponents to simplify the
expression.
−1 6

1.
22 5
2
 36 
2.  6 
 12 
3. (
113 2 • 11 )
− 5 2 −1 3

34
33 4 • 27 255 9 • 257 9
4. (9 −3 5
•9 )
1 5 −1
5.
93 4
6.
54 3

In Exercises 7–12, use the properties of radicals to simplify the expression.

4
3 3 5 5 176
7. 25 • 625 8. 6 • 81 9.
4
11

3 3 4 4
7 5 • 50 4 • 12
10. 11. 3
12. 8 8
700 2 3 • 3

In Exercises 13–18, write the expression in simplest form.

3
4 4 2401
13. 14. 3 15. 4
3
9 25 4

7 6 2
16. 17. 18.
5− 3 2 + 7 15 − 3

In Exercises 19–24, simplify the expression.

( )
19. 10 252 3 − 6 252 3 ( ) 20. 2 54 − 11 6 21. 13 3 3 − 3
375

22. 5
486 + 10 5 2 (
23. 4 481 4 − 3 31 4 ) ( ) 24. (7 ) + 4(189
13 13
)
25. The volume of a right circular cylinder is V = 9π r 2 , where r is the radius.

a. Use radicals to solve V = 9π r 2 for r. Simplify, if possible.

b. Substitute the expression for r from part (a) into the formula for the surface
area of a right cylinder, S = 18π r + π r 2 .

c. Use the answer to part (b) to find the surface area of a right cylinder when
the volume is 108 cubic meters.

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5.2 Enrichment and Extension

Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals
2
 b  2 b2
When the quantity  a +  is simplified, it equals a + b + .
 2a  4a 2
b2
The greater a is compared to b, the more the quantity approaches zero.
4a 2
2
2 b2  b 
So, if a > b, a + b + 2
≈ a 2 + b and  a + 2
 ≈ a + b.
4a  2a 

b
If you take the square root of each side, then a + ≈ a2 + b.
2a
2
 b 
The same process can be used to find the approximate value of  a −  .
 2a 

Example:
b
Use the formula a2 ± b ≈ a ± to approximate each square root.
2a

1
a. 26 = 25 + 1 = 52 + 1 ≈ 5 + ≈ 5.1
2(5)

2
b. 34 = 36 − 2 = 62 − 2 ≈ 6 − ≈ 5.83
2 ( 6)

b
In Exercises 1–12, use the formula a2 ± b ≈ a ±
to find an approximation
2a
for the square root to the nearest hundredth. Check your work with a calculator.
Some of your answers may not be the same as those obtained with a calculator
due to rounding.

1. 10 2. 38

3. 104 4. 126

5. 83 6. 52

7. 141 8. 164

9. 13 10. 215

11. 249 12. 395

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5.2 Puzzle Time

Why Did The 25-Watt Bulb Flunk Out Of School?

Write the letter of each answer in the box containing the exercise number.

Simplify the expression.

Answers
(82 )
13
1. 2. 53 4 • 51 2
4
E. 55 4 W.
13 5
 64 
( 24 • 64 )
−1 4
3.   4.
 125  1
H. 4 A.
12
4
(32 3 • 51 4 )
6
5. 6.
41 2 N. 2 S. 81 • 53 2

4 14
32 15 15 1
H. 3 3
3 3
7. 27 • 729 8.
4 T.  
256 8
3
24 • 3 12 251 6 • 251 3 S. 2 3 18 O. 27
9. 10.
3
2 56 5
1
O. R. 7 4 5
4 51 5
11. 12. 10 4 5 − 3 4 5
8− 3
G. 3 I. 17 43 4( )
13. 12 4 ( ) + 5(4 )
34 34
14. 5 5
3
32 + 4 3
( )
T. − 5 21 5 B.
15. (3 )25 12
16. − 3 2 ( ) − 2(2 )
15 15 61

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

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5.3 Start Thinking
Create a function with a domain that consists of all real
numbers, and a range that only consists of non-negative
real numbers. Explain the thought process you went
through when creating the function.

Consider the function f ( x) = x . What is its domain?

What is its range?

5.3 Warm Up
Describe the transformation of f ( x ) = x 2 represented
by g.

1. g ( x ) = x 2 − 9 2. g ( x) = 14 x 2 + 5

3. g ( x) = 12 x 2 4. g ( x) = x 2 − 12

5. g ( x ) = x 2 + 3 6. g ( x ) = − 2 x 2 + 1

5.3 Cumulative Review Warm Up

Determine whether the binomial is a factor of the
polynomial function.

1. g ( x ) = x 4 − 11x 2 + 21; x 2 − 3

2. t ( x) = x 4 + 4 x3 + 8 x − 46; x3 + 2

3. f ( x) = x5 + 7 x 4 + 7 x + 49; x + 7

4. s ( x ) = x 3 − 5 x 2 − 51x + 255; x 2 − 51

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5.3 Practice A
In Exercises 1–6, graph the function. Identify the domain and range of the function.

1. g ( x) = x + 4 2. h( x) = x −2 3. f ( x) = − 3 4 x

4. h( x) = 3 − 2x 5. f ( x) = 1 x − 2 6. g ( x ) = 1 x +5
3 4

In Exercises 7–12, describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph

each function.

7. f ( x) = x ; g ( x) = x −1 + 4 8. f ( x) = x ; g ( x) = 3 x + 2

9. f ( x) = 3
x ; g ( x) = − 2 3 x 10. f ( x) = 3
x ; g ( x) = 3
x −1 + 3

f ( x) = x1 2 ; g ( x) = 3( − x)
12
11. 12. f ( x ) = x1 3 ; g ( x ) = − 1 x1 3
3

In Exercises 13–15, use a graphing calculator to graph the function. Then identify
the domain and range of the function.

13. f ( x) = x2 − x 14. g ( x) =
3
x2 − x 15. h( x) =
3
2 x 2 + 3x

In Exercises 16 and 17, write a rule for g described by the transformations of the
graph of f.

16. Let g be a vertical shrink by a factor of 1 , followed by a translation 3 units right

3
of the graph of f ( x) = x + 5.

17. Let g be a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation 2 units down of the
graph of f ( x) = 5 x + 3.

In Exercises 18 and 19, use a graphing calculator to graph the equation of the
parabola. Identify the vertex and the direction that the parabola opens.

18. 1 y 2 = x 19. − 3 y 2 = x + 6
2

In Exercises 20 and 21, use a graphing calculator to graph the equation of the
circle. Identify the radius and the intercepts.

20. x 2 + y 2 = 16 21. 25 − y 2 = x 2

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5.3 Practice B
In Exercises 1–6, graph the function. Identify the domain and range of the function.

1. g ( x) = − x + 2 2. f ( x) = 3 − 4x 3. f ( x) = 1 x +5
4

4. h( x) = (5 x) 5. g ( x) = − 2( x − 3) 6. h( x) = − 5 x
12 13
−2

In Exercises 7–12, describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph

each function.

7. f ( x) = x ; g ( x) = 4 x −2 8. f ( x) = 3
x ; g ( x) = 3
x −5 −1

f ( x ) = x1 4 ; g ( x ) = 1 ( − x ) f ( x ) = x1 3 ; g ( x ) = 1 x1 3 − 3
14
9. 10.
3 2

11. f ( x) = 4
x ; g ( x) = − 4 x − 1 + 3 12. f ( x) = 5
x ; g ( x) = 5 − 243x − 2

In Exercises 13–15, use a graphing calculator to graph the function. Then identify
the domain and range of the function.

13. g ( x) = f ( x) = 1 x2 − x + 2 15. h( x) =
3 3
2 x 2 − 3x 14. 3x 2 − 6 x + 2
3

In Exercises 16 and 17, write a rule for g described by the transformations of the
graph of f.
16. Let g be a horizontal stretch by a factor of 2, followed by a translation 2 units up
of the graph of f ( x) = 3x .

17. Let g be a translation 1 unit up and 4 units left, followed by a reflection in the
y-axis of the graph of f ( x) = − x − 1 .
2

In Exercises 18 and 19, use a graphing calculator to graph the equation of the
parabola. Identify the vertex and the direction that the parabola opens.

18. 3 y 2 + 5 = x 19. x − 3 = − 1 y 2
2

In Exercises 20 and 21, use a graphing calculator to graph the equation of the
circle. Identify the radius and the intercepts.

20. x 2 + y 2 = 81 21. − y 2 = x 2 − 49

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5.3 Enrichment and Extension

Polar Coordinates
All the graphs you have been using so far have been on a Cartesian coordinate plane.
All coordinates have been Cartesian coordinates involving x and y. There are other
coordinates that express the same location, and they are called polar coordinates.

For example, the Cartesian coordinates (3, 4) are represented by moving 3 units right
on the x-axis and 4 units up on the y-axis. The coordinates can also be expressed by
the distance directly from the origin r and how many degrees it is from the x-axis.

y You can see that x, y, and r make a right triangle. So,

(3, 4) you can solve for r using the Pythagorean Theorem.
4

2
r x2 + y 2 = r 2

θ
32 + 42 = r 2
2 4 x 25 = r 2
5 = r

To find the number of degrees from the x-axis, or theta θ , recall trigonometric ratios.

y y
sin θ = cos θ = x tan θ =
r r x

You could use all three, but the tangent trigonometric ratio deals with the x and y already
given.

tan θ =
y
x
tan θ = 4
3 ( 3)
tan −1 4 = θ θ ≈ 53.13°

So, the Cartesian coordinates (3, 4) can also be approximated by the polar coordinates
(5, 53.13°).
In Exercises 1–6, convert the Cartesian coordinates into approximate polar
coordinates. Graph the points in a coordinate plane, if needed, to help you
understand. Round your answer to two decimal places when necessary.

1. (6, 8) 2. (1, 1)
3. (8, 4) 4. (−10, 2)
5. (− 3, − 4) 6. (− 5, − 7)

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5.3 Puzzle Time

What Has Lots Of Eyes But Can’t See?

Write the letter of each answer in the box containing the exercise number.

Match the graph with its function or equation.

Answers
1. y 2. y x
6
f ( x) =
−2 3
O. x −2
4 −2

A. f ( x) = x − 2 +1
2 −4

−6 T. f ( x) = x1 2 + 1
2 4 6 x

A. f ( x) = 4
x − 2 +1
3. y 4. y
6
2 O. x 2 + y 2 = 4
4

f ( x) = ( x + 1)
14
4 x T. −2
2
−2
P. f ( x) = x1 3 − 2
2 4 6 x

5. y 6. y
6
4
4
2
2

2 4 x
2 4 6 x

7. y
3

−3 3 x

−3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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5.4 Start Thinking
Suppose the right triangle shown has hypotenuse
length c = 13. Use the given information to write c
a
the Pythagorean Theorem in simplest form.

5.4 Warm Up
Determine if the given numbers could be the lengths of the
sides of a right triangle.

1. a = 9, b = 40, c = 41 2. a = 6, b = 6, c = 15
3. a = 18, b = 24, c = 30 4. a = 10, b = 20, c = 24

5. a = 8, b = 15, c = 17 6. a = 10, b = 28, c = 29

5.4 Cumulative Review Warm Up

Use the graph to write an equation of the line and interpret
the slope.

1. Leasing a Car 2. Helicopter Travel

y y
6000 200
5000 160
Total cost

Miles

4000 120
3000 (12, 3800) 80 (30, 90)
2000 40
1000 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 x
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 x Minutes
Months

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5.4 Practice A
In Exercises 1–6, solve the equation. Check your solution.
3
1. 3x − 2 = 5 2. 6x + 1 = 9 3. x + 10 = 4

3
4. x − 8 = −2 5. − 3 16 x + 14 = −10 6. 6 3 25 x − 16 = 14

7. Biologists have discovered that the shoulder height h (in centimeters) of a male
Asian elephant can be modeled by h = 62.5 3 t + 75.8, where t is the age
(in years) of the elephant. Determine the age of an elephant with a shoulder
height of 300 centimeters.

In Exercises 8–13, solve the equation. Check your solution(s).

8. x − 8 = 4x 9. 2 x − 14 = x − 7

3
10. x + 22 = x + 2 11. 8 x3 + 27 = 2 x + 3

4
12. 2 − 9 x 2 = 3x 13. 3x − 5 = x +9

In Exercises 14 –16, solve the equation. Check your solution(s).

14. 2 x 2 3 = 18 15. x 3 4 + 10 = 0 16. ( x + 12)1 2 = x

17. Describe and correct the error in solving the equation.

3
2x + 1 = 8
2x + 1 = 2
2x = 1
x = 1
2

In Exercises 18–20, solve the inequality.

18. 3 x − 4 ≥ 5 19. x −3 ≤ 7 20. 5 x − 1 > 10

32
21. The length  (in inches) of a standard nail can be modeled by  = 54d , where
d is the diameter (in inches) of the nail.

a. What is the diameter of a standard nail that is 2 inches long?

b. What is the diameter of a standard nail that is 4 inches long?

c. The nail in part (b) is twice as long as the nail in part (a). Is the diameter
twice as long? Explain.

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5.4 Practice B
In Exercises 1–6, solve the equation. Check your solution.

1. 3
x − 14 = − 2 2. − 5 16 x + 17 = − 8 3. 1 3
2x + 8 = 6
4

4. 3x − 3 = 0 5. 3 5 x + 9 = 15 6. 4
8 x − 16 = −12
4

In Exercises 7–12, solve the equation. Check your solution(s).

22
7. 10 x + 24 = x + 12 8. x + 3 = x +9
3

4
9. 2 − 25 x 2 = 5 x 10. 4x − 4 − x +8 = 0

3 3
11. 4x − 1 = 6x + 5 12. 4 x − 10 = 2 x − 13 + 1

In Exercises 13–15, solve the equation. Check your solution(s).

(2 x2 + 8)
14
13. 3 x 2 3 − 30 = 18 14. (6 x + 8)
12
− 3x = 0 15. = x

In Exercises 16–18, solve the inequality.

16. 4 x + 3 ≤ 23 17. x + 10 ≥ 6 18. − 3 x + 2 < 15

19. “Hang time” is the time you are suspended in the air during a jump. Your hang
time t in seconds is given by the function t = 0.5 h , where h is the height
(in feet) of the jump. A kite sailor has a hang time of 2.5 seconds. Find the
height of the kite sailor's jump.

In Exercises 20–23, solve the nonlinear system. Justify your answer with a graph.

20. y2 = x + 2 21. y2 = − x + 7
y = x + 2 y = x −1

22. x 2 + y 2 = 9 23. x 2 + y 2 = 16
y = x −3 y = x+ 4

24. The speed s (in miles per hour) of a car can be given by s = 30 fd , where f is
the coefficient of friction and d is the stopping distance (in feet). The coefficient
of friction for a snowy road is 0.30. You are driving 20 miles per hour and
approaching an intersection. How far away from the intersection must you begin
to brake?

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5.4 Enrichment and Extension

Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities
You can use a graphing calculator to solve radical equations and inequalities.

Example: x +1 = 5− x +6

0 = x +6 + x +1−5 Rewrite the equation to put all terms on one side.

y = x +6 + x +1−5 Write the corresponding function.

Graph the function. There is only one solution. To locate the intervals where the solution(s)
lie, set up the starting value at 0. View the table. Y1 will either be 0, or there will be a change
from negative to positive in the y-values, meaning there is a zero between the two x-values.
To determine a zero between two numbers, graph the function and use the zero feature to
determine the value of x.

TABLE SETUP X Y1 4
-1.551
TblStart=0 1 -.94
deltaTbl=1 2 -.4395
3 0
Ind:AUTO 4 .39835
Dep:auto 5 .76611
6 1.1099 −2 10
7 1.434
8 1.7417
9 2.0353
10 2.3166
X=0 Zero
X=3 Y=0
−4

Example: 2 x +3 ≥ 6

Separate the original inequality into two functions: y1 = 2 x + 3 and y2 = 6.

7
Graph each function. Use the intersect feature to
approximate the intersection.

The screen shows the x-coordinate of the point

where the graphs intersect. Find the region that
−4 Intersection 8
X=6 Y=6 satisfies the inequality.
−1

In Exercises 1–6, use a graphing calculator to solve the radical equation or

inequality. Round your answer to two decimal places when necessary.

1. x + 25 = 2 2. x +1 = 5− x+6

3
3. 2x + 5 = 3x − 3 − 1 4. x + 5 = 2 3 2x + 6

5. x−3 ≥ 4 6. x+ 4 ≥ 2 x

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5.4 Puzzle Time

What Did The Cucumber Say To The Vinegar?
A B C D E F

G H I J

Complete each exercise. Find the answer in the answer column. Write the word under
the answer in the box containing the exercise letter.

Solve the equation.

x = 14 x = 43
3
A. 2x − 3 = 5 B. x − 4 = −2
WELL PICKLE

C. 3 2 x + 10 = 22 D. 1 3
4x − 1 = 1
x = 16 4 x = 6
US INTO
( )
3
E. 2 5 x + 6 = 10 F. x − 27 = 64
x = 32 x = 8
G. x = 2x + 8 H. 5x − 3 = 2 x + 12
FINE IS

I. x −7 = 7− x J. (x + 30)
12
= x
x = 128 x = −4

A THIS

x = 4 x = 5
YOU’VE GOTTEN

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5.5 Start Thinking
The president of a company is calculating the company’s yearly profit.
The equation f ( x) = 3 x − 750 represents the company’s earnings
on bracelets when x is the number of bracelets sold. The equation
g ( x) = 15 x − 1300 represents the company’s earnings on designed
T-shirts when x is the number of designed T-shirts sold.
In 2014, the company sold the same number of bracelets and T-shirts.
Write the equations as a system. The company’s president combines
the equations to form h( x) = 18 x − 2050. Is this equation logical?
What does h( x) represent?

5.5 Warm Up
Simplify.

14 x
(
1. 3 x x 3 + 2 x ) 2.
− 2 x7

x3
4. ( ab)
4
3. 2
x − x

5. ( a + b)( a − 6b) 6. ( x − 7 x + 6)( x)

5.5 Cumulative Review Warm Up

Write an equation of the parabola in intercept form.

1. x-intercepts: 11 and − 7; passes through: (15, 3)

2. x-intercepts: 10 and 0; passes through: (1, −19)

3. x-intercepts: −15 and − 3; passes through: ( −17, 71)

4. x-intercepts: − 6 and − 4; passes through: ( −1, − 3)

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5.5 Practice A
In Exercises 1 and 2, find ( f + g )( x ) and (f − g )( x ) and state the domain
of each. Then evaluate f + g and f − g for the given value of x.

1. f ( x) = − 3 4 x ; g ( x) = 15 4 x ; x = 81

2. f ( x) = 9 x + 2 x 2 ; g ( x) = x 2 − 3 x + 7; x = 1

f 
In Exercises 3–5, find (fg )( x ) and   ( x ) and state the domain of each.
g
f
Then evaluate fg and for the given value of x.
g

3. f ( x) = x 2 ; g ( x) = 2 x; x = 9

4. f ( x) = 10 x 3 ; g ( x) = 4 x 5 3 ; x = 8

5. f ( x) = 4 x 2 3 ; g ( x) = 2 x1 3 ; x = − 27

In Exercises 6 and 7, use a graphing calculator to evaluate (f + g )( x ) , (f − g )( x ) ,

f 
(fg )( x ) , and   ( x ) when x = 5. Round your answers to two decimal places.
g

6. f ( x) = 5 x 3 ; g ( x) = 20 x1 4 7. f ( x) = 4 x 2 3 ; g ( x) = 16 x 4 3

8. Describe and correct the error in stating the domain.

f ( x) = 4 x1 2 + 2 and g ( x) = − 4 x1 2

The domain of ( f + g )( x) is all real numbers.

9. The growth of mold in Specimen A can be modeled by A(t ) = 5 t 2 3 . The growth

6
1
of mold in Specimen B can be modeled by B (t ) = t .
23
3

a. Find ( A − B )(t ).

b. Explain what the function ( A − B )(t ) represents.

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5.5 Practice B
In Exercises 1 and 2, find ( f + g )( x ) and (f − g )( x ) and state the domain
of each. Then evaluate f + g and f − g for the given value of x.

1. f ( x) = 3
4 x ; g ( x) = − 9 3 4 x ; x = − 2

2. f ( x ) = 3 x − 5 x 2 − x 3 ; g ( x ) = 6 x 2 − 4 x; x = − 1

f 
In Exercises 3–5, find (fg )( x ) and   ( x ) and state the domain of each.
g
f
Then evaluate fg and for the given value of x.
g

3. f ( x) = 3x3 ; g ( x) = 3
x2 ; x = −8

4. f ( x) = 3 x 2 ; g ( x) = 5 x1 4 ; x = 16

5. f ( x) = 10 x 5 6 ; g ( x) = 2 x1 3 ; x = 64

In Exercises 6 and 7, use a graphing calculator to evaluate (f + g )( x ) , (f − g )( x ) ,

f 
(fg )( x ) , and   ( x ) when x = 5. Round your answers to two decimal places.
g

6. f ( x) = − 3 x1 3 ; g ( x) = 4 x1 2 7. f ( x) = 6 x 3 4 ; g ( x) = 3 x1 2

8. Describe and correct the error in stating the domain.

The domain of is all real numbers.

9. The table shows the outputs of the two functions f and g. Use the table to evaluate
( f + g )(5), ( f − g )(0), ( fg )(3), and  gf (2).
 

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (x) 18 13 8 3 −2 −7
g(x) 64 32 16 8 4 2

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5.5 Enrichment and Extension

Performing Function Operations
Recall the three trigonometric functions sine, cosine, and tangent. These trigonometric
functions refer to the ratio of sides of a right triangle given an angle. The mnemonic
used to remember these relationships is SOH CAH TOA.

opposite a B
sin A = =
hypotenuse c
c
a

adjacent b A
cos A = = C b
hypotenuse c

opposite a
tan A = =
adjacent b

f 
In Exercises 1– 4, find (f + g )( x ) , (f − g )( x ) , (fg )( x ) , and   ( x ). Evaluate each
g
for the given value of x. Use a calculator, in degree mode, to evaluate
trigonometric ratios. Round your answers to two decimal places.

1. f ( x) = sin x, g( x) = x; x = 1

2. f ( x) = cos x, g( x) = x 2 ; x = 2

3. f ( x) = tan x, g( x) = 2 x; x = −1

4. f ( x) = sin x, g( x) = cos x; x = 10

Challenge:
Use the triangle above and the Pythagorean Theorem to prove the trigonometric identity
sin 2 A + cos 2 A = 1.

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5.5 Puzzle Time

What Did One Plate Say To The Other?

Write the letter of each answer in the box containing the exercise number.

Find (f + g )( x ).
Answers
1. f ( x) = 3 x , g ( x) = − 8 x
N. 8x17 4
2. f ( x) = − 3 5 x , g ( x) = − 3 3 5 x
N. − x 2 + 5 x + 4

3. f ( x) = 12 4 x − 1, g ( x) = − 3 4 x − 1 D. − 5 x

4. f ( x) = 8 x − 2 x 2 , g ( x) = x 2 − 3 x + 4 N. 9 4 x − 1

Find ( f − g )( x ).
E. 11 x
5. f ( x) = 3 x , g ( x) = − 8 x
M. 3 x3 4 , x ≠ 0

6. f ( x) = − 3 5 x , g ( x) = − 3 3 5 x I. 15 4 x − 1

7. f ( x) = 12 4 x − 1, g ( x) = − 3 4 x − 1 I. − 4 3 5x

8. f ( x) = 8 x − 2 x 2 , g ( x) = x 2 − 3x + 4 S. − 3x 2 + 11x − 4

Find (fg )( x ). R. 2 3 5x

9. f ( x) = 3x 2 , g ( x) = x
O. 3x 5 2

10. f ( x) = 2 x 3 , g ( x) = 4 x 5 4 1
E. −
2x 4 3
f 
Find   ( x ).
g

11. f ( x) = 9 x5 4 , g ( x) = 3 x1 2

12. f ( x) = − 2 x 2 3 , g ( x) = 4 x 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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5.6 Start Thinking
Consider the equation y = − 23 x + 4. Use a graphing calculator
to graph the equation. Solve the equation for x. Then switch the
x- and y-values in the new equation. This creates a system of
equations. Graph the second equation in the same window of the
graphing calculator and find the point of intersection. What does
the point of intersection represent?

5.6 Warm Up
Solve the literal equation for y.

1. 3 x − y = 4 2. 3 x − 2 y = 10

3. 5 x + 6 y = 9 4. 4 x + y − 6 = 1

5. x − 5 y = 11 6. x − 6 y = 9

5.6 Cumulative Review Warm Up

Find the square root of the number.

1. − 25 2. − 20

3. 3 −18 4. − 3 − 36

5. −4 6. − 44

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5.6 Practice A
In Exercises 1–3, solve y = f ( x ) for x. Then find the input(s) when the output is − 3.

1. f ( x) = 2 x + 3 2. f ( x) = 1 x − 2 3. f ( x) = 8 x3
3

In Exercises 4–6, find the inverse of the function. Then graph the function and its
inverse.

4. f ( x) = 4 x 5. f ( x) = 4 x − 1 6. f ( x) = 1 x − 5
2

7. Find the inverse of the function f ( x) = 1 x − 2 by switching the roles of x and y and
5
solving for y. Then find the inverse of the function f by using inverse operations in the
reverse order. Which method do you prefer? Explain.

8. Determine whether each pair of functions f and g are inverses. Explain your reasoning.

a. b.
x −2 −1 0 1 2 x 1 2 3 4 5
f (x) −3 3 9 15 21 f (x) 9 7 5 3 1

x −3 3 0 15 21 x 9 7 5 3 1
g (x) −2 −1 0 1 2 g (x) 1 2 3 4 5

In Exercises 9–11, find the inverse of the function. Then graph the function and
its inverse.

f ( x) = 9 x 2 , x ≥ 0 f ( x) = 16 x 2 , x ≤ 0 f ( x) = ( x + 2)
3
9. 10. 11.

In Exercises 12 and 13, use the graph to determine whether the inverse of f is a
function. Explain your reasoning.
12. 7 13. 3

−6 6

−1 11

−1 −5

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5.6 Practice B
In Exercises 1–3, solve y = f ( x ) for x. Then find the input(s) when the output is − 3.

f ( x) = − 4 x + 2 f ( x) = 25 x 4 f ( x) = ( x − 3) − 4
2
1. 2. 3.
3

In Exercises 4–6, find the inverse of the function. Then graph the function and its
inverse.

4. f ( x) = − 3x + 4 5. f ( x) = − 1 x + 1 6. f ( x) = 2 x − 1
3 5 5

7. Describe and correct the error in finding the inverse function.

In Exercises 8–10, find the inverse function. Then graph the function and its
inverse.

f ( x) = − 9 x 2 , x ≤ 0 f ( x) = ( x − 1) f ( x) = x 6 , x ≤ 0
3
8. 9. 10.

11. Find the inverse of the function f ( x) = 8 x3 by switching the roles of x and y and
solving for y. Then find the inverse of the function f by using inverse operations in
the reverse order. Which method do you prefer? Explain.

In Exercises 12–15, determine whether the functions are inverses.

3
x −6
12. f ( x) = 6 x + 1; g ( x) = 6 x − 1 13. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 8 x3 + 6
2

5− x x−3
14. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 5 − 2 x 15. f ( x) = 4 x 2 + 3; g ( x) = −
2 4

16. The volume of a sphere is given by V = 4 π r 3 , where r is the radius.

3

a. Find the inverse function. Describe what it represents.

b. Find the radius of a sphere with a volume of 146 cubic meters.

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5.6 Enrichment and Extension

Inverse of a Function
Find the inverse of f ( x) = x 2 − 6 x + 1, x ≥ 3.

y = x2 − 6x + 1 Set y equal to f ( x ).

x = y2 − 6 y + 1 Switch x and y.

x − 1 = y2 − 6 y Subtract 1 from each side.

At this step, it is necessary to complete the square to solve for y.

2
b
x − 1 + 9 = y2 − 6 y + 9 To complete the square,   is added to each side.
2

x + 8 = ( y − 3) 2 Write right side as a binomial squared.

± x +8 = y −3 Take the square root of each side.

3± x +8 = y Add 3 to each side.

The domain of f is restricted to values of x ≥ 3. So, the range of the inverse must also
be restricted to these values.

The inverse of f is g ( x) = 3 + x + 8.

In Exercises 1–12, find the inverse of the function by completing the square.

1. f ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x, x ≥ 1 2. f ( x ) = x 2 + 8 x, x ≥ − 4

3. f ( x ) = x 2 − 3 x, x ≥ 3 4. f ( x) = x 2 − 8 x + 12, x ≥ 4
2

5. f ( x) = x 2 − 12 x − 5, x ≥ 6 6. f ( x) = x 2 + 10 x + 15, x ≥ − 5

7. f ( x) = x 2 + 6 x + 1, x ≥ − 3 8. f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x + 12, x ≥ 2
2

9. f ( x ) = 4 x 2 − 4 x, x ≥ 1 10. f ( x) = 6 x 2 + 12 x, x ≥ −1
2

11. f ( x) = 4 x 2 − 16 x − 15, x ≥ 2 12. f ( x) = 9 x 2 − 18 x + 5, x ≥ 1

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5.6 Puzzle Time

What Do You Get When You Cross A SWAT Team

With An Octopus?
Write the letter of each answer in the box containing the exercise number.

Find the inverse of the function.

Answers
1. f ( x) = 3 x + 1
x −1
2. f ( x) = − 4 x − 8 A. y =
3

x B. y = 5x + 1
3. f ( x) = − 2
7
x +8
B. y =
2x −4
4. f ( x) = −4
3
O. y = 7( x + 2)
x −1
5. f ( x) =
5 D. y = 3
x + 21
6. f ( x) = − 2 x 2 , x ≥ 0
x
S. y = −
7. f ( x) = 5 x 4 , x ≥ 0 2

x
f ( x ) = ( x + 1)
3
8. Q. y = 4
5
9. f ( x) = 8x − 3 3( x + 4)
M. y =
2
f ( x ) = ( x − 21)
3
10.
3
U. y = x −1

x2 + 3
I. y = ,x ≥ 0
8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Chapter
Cumulative Review
5
In Exercises 1–18, simplify the expression.

1. w9 • w2 2. b 2 • b −1 3. g −5 • g 3

c7 m9 v12
4. 5. 6.
c2 m2 v6

j4 p7 x8
7. 8. 9.
j • j1
3
p • p9
3
x • x4
2

a3 y8 n7
10. • 5a 6 11. • − 4 y2 12. 3n3 •
a y5 n5

5 3 4
 6m3  7y   8 x5 
13.   14.  4  15.  3 
 3n  q  2j 
5 4 3
 x3 • x   3r 5 • c 2   d4 • d7 
16.  2 2
17.  3  18.  6 2
b • x   r •r  d • w 

In Exercises 19–30, solve the literal equation for y.

19. 3x + y = 7 20. y −8 =1 21. −14 x + 7 y = 28

22. y − 3x = 4 23. 2 x − 10 y = 40 24. x − 1 y = 6

2

25. 4 x − 2 y = −12 26. − 6 x + 3 y = − 24 27. 2 x + 1 y = 1

3 6

28. 4 x − 1 y = −2 29. 3xy + 9 y = 12 30. 4 xy − 2 y = 16

4

31. You painted a picture that measures 18 inches by 24 inches.

a. Find the perimeter of the picture.

b. Find the area of the picture.

32. You are purchasing movies on Blu-ray that cost $18 each. You have $100 to spend.

a. Write an expression that shows how much money you have left after purchasing
m movies.

b. Evaluate the expression when m = 4. What does this mean?

c. Evaluate the expression when m = 5. What does this mean?

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Chapter
Cumulative Review (continued)
5
In Exercises 33– 48, simplify the expression. Write your answers using only
positive exponents.

33. 4 2 • 4 34. 53 • 52 35. 65 • 6−2 36. 3− 4 • 36

33 74 42 95
37. 38. 39. 40.
34 76 4−2 93

(m4 ) ( p −2 ) (k − 4 ) ( j3 )
−3 5 −7 8
41. 42. 43. 44.

2 3 −2 −3
 4y  2  5w   3
45.   46.   47.   48.  
 5   3z   6   4x 

In Exercises 49–60, solve the equation. Check your solutions.

49. 5 x − 12 = 3 50. 3 x + 6 = 24 51. − 7 x + 12 = 40

52. 5 x + 13 = 38 53. 6 x − 17 = − 21 54. 3 x + 12 = −14

55. 4 x − 12 = x 56. x = 3x + 16 57. 4 x − 24 = 2 x

58. 2x − 4 = x + 9 59. 4 x − 13 = 5 x + 16 60. 6 x − 12 = 4 x − 6

In Exercises 61–68, determine whether the relation is a function.

61. (3, − 2), (−1, 2), (1, 7), (2, − 7) 62. (4, − 6), (− 7, 1), (− 7, 9), (− 6, 7)
63. (6, − 3), (8, − 4), (− 8, − 4), (8, 1) 64. (2, 3), (− 2, 5), (2, − 3), (1, − 4)
65. (3, 4), (9, −1), (6, − 4), (− 3, 6) 66. (5, − 3), (5, − 7), (− 9, 3), (− 6, − 7)
67. (2, −1), (6, 5), (− 2, 4), (4, 4) 68. (7, − 8), (− 5, 6), (5, 8), (6, − 8)
69. You want to buy either a Blu-ray or a DVD for 15 of your friends. Blu-rays cost
$18 each and DVDs cost $15 each.
a. Write an expression for the total amount you must spend.

b. Evaluate the expression when six people get Blu-rays.

70. You decide to purchase a membership to a local art supply store in order to purchase
acrylic paint at a discount. The monthly membership costs $5.85, and each tube of
acrylic paint is $28.84.
a. Write an expression for the total amount you spend on m months and t tubes
of paint.
b. Evaluate the expression for 5 months and 3 tubes of paint.

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Chapter
Cumulative Review (continued)
5
In Exercises 71–77, write a function g whose graph represents the indicated
transformation of the graph of f.

71. f ( x) = x + 7; translation 5 units down

72. f ( x) = x − 1; translation 3 units up

73. f ( x) = 2 x − 1 + 3; translation 4 units left

74. f ( x) = 3 x + 4 − 1; translation 6 units right

75. f ( x) = 3 x + 4; translation 1 unit left

76. f ( x) = − 2 x + 5; reflection in the x-axis

77. f ( x) = − 1 x − 1; translation 3 units left, followed by a translation 4 units up

4

In Exercises 78–86, solve the system. Check your solution, if possible.

78. x − y + z = 9 79. x + y + z = 3 80. x + y + z = 0
2 x − y + z = 12 2x + y + 2z = 2 −x − y + z = 2
− x + y + 3 z = 11 − 2 x − y + z = −11 2 x + 2 y + z = −1

81. x − y − z = −10 82. 2 x − y + z = −11 83. 2 x − y + 2 z = −15

2x − y + z = −5 −2x + y + z = 5 x − y + 3 z = − 23
−x + 2y − z = 5 x + 2 y + 3z = − 3 − x + y − z = 11

84. 2 x + 2 y − 2 z = 4 85. 2 x + y + 2 z = − 5 86. x + y − z = − 4

4x + 4 y − 4z = 8 − x + 2 y − z = −4 2 x − 2 y + 2 z = 12
− 3x − 3 y + 3z = − 6 −x − y + z = 9 − x − y − z = −2

87. A car salesperson's base salary is $28,000. She earns a 7% commission on total car
sales. How much did she sell in car sales if she earns a total of $37,975 this year?

88. Your grocery bill came to a total of $61.29. The groceries cost $56.70. What percent
sales tax did you pay? Round your answer to the nearest percent.

89. Your total bill for a new outfit is $131.25. There was 5% sales tax added. How much
is the outfit without the sales tax?

90. Your total bill for a new pair of boots is $72.08. There was 6% sales tax added. How
much are the boots without the sales tax?

91. You have to pay sales tax when you purchase a new vehicle. The cost of your new car is
$32,560, and the cost after taxes are included is $34,513.60. What percent sales tax do
you pay?

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Chapter
Cumulative Review (continued)
5
In Exercises 92–106, solve the equation. Check your solutions.

92. x 2 = 36 93. 4 x 2 = 256 94. 5 x 2 = 245

95. x 2 − 5 = 11 96. x 2 − 8 = 28 97. 2 x 2 − 4 = 124

98. x 2 − 3x − 10 = 0 99. x 2 − 2 x − 3 = 0 100. x 2 − 7 x + 6 = 0

101. x 2 − 11x + 28 = 0 102. x 2 − 9 x + 8 = 0 103. x 2 + 10 x + 21 = 0

104. 2 x 2 + 7 x − 4 = 0 105. 3x 2 + 10 x − 8 = 0 106. 5 x 2 + 8 x + 3 = 0

In Exercises 107–116, add or subtract. Write the answer in standard form.

107. (15 + 4i) + (10 − 13i) 108. (− 7 + 2i ) + ( −14 + i )

109. (10 − 11i) + (− 8 + 6i) 110. (− 4 − i) + (−13 + 3i)

111. (− 8 + 6i) + (4 − 3i) 112. (− 6 + 14i) − (−13 + 6i)
113. (−15 + 4i) − (7 − 5i ) 114. (11 + 8i) − (6 − 14i)
115. (11 + 7i) − (2 − 12i) 116. (− 2 + 5i) − (13 + 7i)
In Exercises 117–126, multiply. Write the answer in standard form.

117. 2i (5 + 3i ) 118. − 4i ( 4 − 2i )

119. (5 + 3i)(4 − i) 120. (2 + 7i)(3 + 4i)

121. (8 − 3i)(− 5 + 9i) 122. (7 − 3i )(8 − 8i )

123. (− 5 − 3i)(− 8 − 7i) 124. (4 + 2i)(7 − 8i )

125. (6 + 2i )2 126. (3 − 4i)2

127. You travel in a car at an average rate of 60 miles per hour on the highway and
40 miles per hour in the city.
a. How long does it take you to travel 45 highway miles and 20 city miles?

b. How long does it take you to travel 36 highway miles and 16 city miles?

128. You travel in a car at an average rate of 55 miles per hour on the highway and
35 miles per hour in the city.
a. How long does it take you to travel 16.5 highway miles and 7 city miles?

b. How long does it take you to travel 44 highway miles and 28 city miles?

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