Answers

Toolkit: Using technology 5 a x = 6, y = 4 b x = 3, y = 1

c x = −1, y = 2 b 9
Computer algebra systems (CAS) 6 a −2
a 1 − x2 c 12 d 2
b 1 e 12.5 f 5
Spreadsheets y−4
7 a x=
2
b 370 m, 20 m s −1 3y
b x=
Dynamic geometry packages 2− y
a AB = 2 MC 1− 2y
c x=
b 1:1 y −1
by
Programming d x=
y−a
c Welcome to Mathematics for the International e x = ± a2 + 4
Baccalaureate. We hope that you enjoy this book
and learn lots of fun maths! (This is an example of f x=− 1
a ROT13 Caesar Shift Cipher) 2y
8 a 2− 2
Toolkit: Algebra Practice b 2 15
c 4
1 a 11x + 15 y b 10 x 2 + 7 xy d 3 3
c 2x + 3 d x+4 e 3− 2 2
e xy 2 z f 63x 2 y f −1
g 8 x3 h x 9 a 2
6 b 2 +1
1 + 2x y
i j 1+ 3 3
y 3z c
x 13
k l −1
2 10 a x = −3 or − 2
2 2( x + 1)
m x n b x = ±3
15 5 2
o 2x c x = −1 ± 6
y
11 a b− a
2 a 2 x2 − 6 x b x2 + 6 x + 9
ab
c x 2 + x − 20 d x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x 2x + 5
b
e x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy − 1 f x3 + 9 x 2 + 23x + 15 x2
3 a 4(3 − 2 y ) b 3( x − 2 y ) c x − x + 13
2

c 7 x ( x − 2) d 5xy ( x + 2 y ) x −1
2
e (2 z + 5)( x + y ) f (3x − 1)( x − 2) d
(1 − x )(1 + x )
4 a x = −7 b x=4
8 e 25 − 2 a2
c x = −8 d x=5 a(5 − a )

x"5 2( x 2 − 2)
e x ! − 13 f f
2 3 ( x − 2)( x − 1)
428 Answers

Chapter 1 Prior Knowledge 27 a 27u−6

1 a10
b 32v−15
28 a b 1 b21
4 27
1 a 81 b 40
29 a 25x4y6 b 81a8b −8
2 a 3.4271 × 102 b 8.56 × 10 −3 x3 25
30 a b 4
3 26 27 x
27 x 6 25u2 v6
31 a b
8 y9 49b8
Exercise 1A
32 a 16v2 b 27 b9
4 6

1 a x6 b x12 9u 8a

2 a y6 b z10 33 a 2x − 7x6 b 3 y + 5 y3

3 a a7 b a11 34 a 5u2 + 6uv2 b 5a2 b5c − 4 ac2

4 a 517 b 224 35 a 5 p − 3 p−1q2 b 2s2t −2 + 3s3t 2

36 a 38 b 324
5 a x b x3
37 a 29 b 510
6 a y4 b z6
38 a 25 b 311
7 a b6 b b8
39 a 217 b 27
8 a 118 b 75
40 a x=4 b x=3
9 a x15 b x32
41 a x = −1 b x=6
10 a y16 b z25 9
42 a x = 7 b x=
11 a c14 b c14 3 2
43 a x = −4 b x = −3
12 a 350 b 1328
44 2x + 4x2
13 a 48x7 b 15x7
45 x5y2
14 a 3a3 b 5b4
46
b6
15 a 20x5y3z b 12x8yz5 8a3
47 a n =
1000
16 a 2x5 b 3x6 b 250 000
1 D
17 a 1 3 b c $10 million
2x 4x
5 3x 2 48 a k = 8, k = 40
A B
b n
18 a b 5
3x 2 4 c method B
3
b xz
2 49 x=2
19 a 7x2y3
y 50 x=5
1
20 a b 1 51 x = −1
10 7
1 x = −1
b 1
52
21 a
27 25 53 x = −2
4 7 54 a R = 3.2T 2 b 250 K
22 a b
3 5
55 a 3 b 1.5v
9 125 v
23 a b c 40 km per hour
4 8
7 5 56 x = 1, y = −3
24 a b
9 16 57 x=4
25 a 6 b 104 x=6
58
x x 59 x = 1, 3 or −5
8 81
26 a b 60 27000
9 64
61 7
Answers 429

Exercise 1B 16 a 4 log 3x b 1
log 2x
1 a 32 000 b 6 920 000 1
17 a 1 b
ln x
2 a 0.048 b 0.000 985
18 a −15 b 17
3 a 6.1207 × 102 b 3.07691 × 103
19 a 4.5 b −1.5
4 a 3.0617 × 10−3 b 2.219 × 10−2
20 a 13 b 7
5 a 6.8 × 107 b 9.6 × 1011
21 a 3 b 7
6 a 1 × 100 b 1.2 × 10−5
22 a 8 b 9
7 a 2.5 × 1021 b 3.6 × 1013
23 a 25 b 81
8 a 2 × 10−2 b 4 × 10−4
24 a 1 b 1
9 a 5 × 100 b 2.5 × 102 3 6
10 a 2.1 × 1011 b 3.1 × 109 1 1
25 a b
11 a 2.1 × 105 b 3.02 × 108 32 64
12 a 7.6 × 105 b 8.91 × 1014 26 a 2.10 b 3.15
13 a 4.01 × 104 b 6.13 × 1013 27 a 5.50 b 2.88
28 a −0.301 b −1.40
20 a 1.22 × 108 b 400
29 a log 5 b log 7
c 4 × 102
30 a log 0.2 b log 0.06
21 6 × 10−57
31 a ln 3 b ln 7
22 1.99 × 10−23 g 32 a 2 + log 7 b log13 − 4
23 a 1.5 × 10 −14 m b 1.77 × 10 −42 m3 33 a 1 + log 7 b log13 − 2
24 a 2.98 b 7.41 × 108 34 a ln( k − 2) − 2 b ln(2 k + 1) + 5
c Europe 35 a 0.349 b −0.398
25 a 1.5 b a+b+1 36 a 1.26 b 0.847
26 a 4 b a−b−1 37 10 000
27 r = p + q +1 38 332
39 a + b
Exercise 1C 40 0.699

1 a
1 b 2 41 0.824

2 a
5 b 6 42 0.845
43 log 1.6
3 a
0 b −1
44 a 7.60 b 0.0126
4 −2
a b −4
45 a 10 b 6.93 days
5 a
1 b 2
46 a i 1000 b 10 ln 3 = 11.0 hours
6 a
3 b 4 ii 1220
7 a
0 b −1 47 4.62 years
8 −2
a b −3 48 a 57.0 decibels b 67.0 decibels
9 a
100 b 1000 c Increases the noise level by 10 decibels.
10 a
50 002 b 332 d 10−3 W m −2
11 a
1.55 b −1.99 49 a e ln 20 b ln 7
ln 20
12 e2
a b e5
50 x = 100, y = 10 or x = −100, y = −10
13 ey + 1
a b e y2
1 y −3 − 51 1
14 a e 2 b 2e2 y +1 + 12
2
15 a 5log x b 5log x
430 Answers

Chapter 1 Mixed Practice 5 a u1 = −37, d = 7 b u1 = −43, d = 9

6 a 8 − 3( n − 1) b 10 + 4( n − 1)
1 a 9.3 × 103 cm b 5 280 000 cm2 7 a 3 + 2( n − 1) b 10 + 4( n − 1)
2
9y 8 a 1 + 5( n − 1) b 20 − 3( n − 1)
x
9 a 34 b 24
y6
3
9x4 10 a 13 b 29
4 a 4 000 000 b 1 000 000 c 16 11 a 372 b 910
5 x=3
12 a −11 b −236
9 500 s
13 a 352 b 636
10 x = 99
11 x = 0.5e3 14 a 184 b 390

12 x = 0.693 15 a −45 b 0
13 x = 0.531 16 a 32 b 99
14 x = ln( )
y +1
5
17 a 105 b 205

15 a m = 3, n = 4 b x = 7.5 18 a 806 b 354

16 a 2.8 b a+b+1 19 a 13 b 10
17 a 1.2 b a−b 20 a 16 b 16
18 0.0259 to 0.0326 21 a 216 b 2230
19 a 9.42 m s −1 b Yes 22 a 4 b 31 c 465
20 a 3
23 a 8 b 305
b Strength increases by one.
24 a 5 b 112
c 3160 m (It would have had to be measured
using a special damped seismograph.) 25 a £312 b £420
21 ()
x = log 2 ≈ −0.176
3
26
27
£300
14
22 x = 1, y = −2
28 a 387 b 731
23 x = 10, y = 0.1
29 140
a 21 b 798
Chapter 2 Prior Knowledge 30

31 a u1 = −7, d = 7 b 945
1 x = 4, y = −1 32 a 296 b 390
2 a 80 b 36 33 632
3 x = ±2 34 x=2
35 42
Exercise 2A 36 42
37 960
1 a 49 b 68
38 a 876 b 1679 c 480
2 a −22 b −40
39 408.5
3 a 2 b 7 40 53
4 a −0.5 b −2.5 41 −20
42 a Day 41 b 7995 minutes
Answers 431

43 a 19 days b 45 days 26 x 2 − n yn + 1
44 a 3, 7 b 199 27 3069
28 −1
45 2n + 3
29 88 572
46 0
30 a 0.246 m b 3.9 m
47 70 336
c The height is so small that measurement error
48 735
and other inaccuracies would be overpowering.
49 0.2 m
−1
50
Exercise 2C
52 b 150
1 a $2382.03 b $6077.45
Exercise 2B 2 a $580.65 b $141.48
3 a $6416.79 b $1115.87
1 a 20 971 520 b 1458 4 a 48 years b 5 years
2 a −15 625 b −1 441 792 5 a 173 months b 77 months
1 2 ≈ 0.00274 6 a 7.18% b 4.81%
3 a b −
32 729
7 a 14.9% b 7.18%
4 a u1 = 7, r = 2 b u1 = 4 , r = 3 8 a $418.41 b $128.85
3
5 9 a £13 311.16 b £7119.14
5 a u1 = 3, r = ±2 b u1 = , r = ±3
9 10 a $97 b $294
6 a u1 = −3, r = 2 or u1 = 3, r = −2 11 a £737.42 b £2993.68
b u1 = 7168, r = 1 or u1 = −7168, r = − 1 12 a $103 b $5130
2 2
7 a 6 b 8 13 a £94 b £2450
8 a 13 b 8 14 a €1051.14 b €579.64
9 a 5465 b 4095 15 a $598.74 b $4253.82
10 a 190.5 b 242 16 £900.41
11 a 153.75 b 1456 17 £14 071.00
9 18 $8839.90
12 a 363 b 2800
19 €16 360.02
13 a 76 560 b 324 753
20 £8874.11
14 a 68 796 b 488 280 000
21 a monthly b £28.55
9 24827
15 a b 22 £6960
6 999
16 a 1 b 255 23 Start-year Depreciation End-year
Year value ($) expense ($) value ($)
17 a 2 b 96 c 3069
b 182.25 1 20 000 6 000 14 000
18 a 1.5
2 14 000 4 200 9 800
19 1920 cm2
3 9 800 2 940 6 860
20 0.0375 mg ml−1
4 6 860 2 058 4 802
21 15.5
5 4 802 1 441 3 361
22 0.671 > 5
6 3 361 1 008 2 353
23 a 3580 m3 b 11 days
7 2 353 706 1 647
24 255
8 1 647 147 1 500
25 a 9.22 × 1018 b 1.84 × 1019
24 15.4%
c 2450 years
25 12.7%
432 Answers

26 a 2.44% b 12.8%
Chapter 3 Prior Knowledge
27 a 250 billion marks
b 0.0024 marks c 0.0288 marks 1 y

Chapter 2 Mixed Practice

1 a €6847.26 b 7.18%
x
2 a i dn b i 1 −4 3
2
ii bn ii − 3
256
3 a 2 b −4 c 300
4 a 4 b 512 c 43 690
5 8 − 12
6 10
7 a 48.8 cm b 9 3
2 x"
8 a €563.50 b 6.25 years 2
3 0
9 a 8.04 billion b 2033
4 x = −2.30
10 a i 20 b 7290
5 y
ii 10
11 a i 7 ii 16
c 2 d 25
e n = 498 f n = 36
12 x=4
1
13 b 74 x
14 8190 1
15 16 months
16 a2 n b3− n
17 $11.95 million
18 $10 450
19 8.63%
20 $1212.27 Exercise 3A
21 22 years
22 a a1 = 6 1 a 9 b 14
b i a2 = 8 ii a3 = 10 2 a 7 b 47
c 2 3 a −17 b 19
d i 22 ii 594 m 4 a −15 b −44
e 28 5 a Yes b Yes
f 16 m 6 a No b No
23 b 32
7 a Yes b No
24 a B – 12th day b A – 6th day
8 a No b Yes
25 a £68 500 b £1 402 500 c £43 800
9 a Yes b Yes
26 3
Answers 433

10 a b 24 a y
11 a n≠0 b x≠0 y = f (x) = f − 1(x)
12 a x "− 5 b x " 3.5
(2, 2)
13 a x #− 0.6 b x>4
14 a x ≠ 2.5 b x ≠ −3
15 a f( x ) " − 2 b g( x ) " 7 x
16 a f( x ) $18 b g( x ) ! 4
17 a f( x ) " 0 b g( x ) # 0 (−2, −2)
18 a f( x ) " 2 b g( x ) ! 3
19 a 40 b −7
20 a 1 b 2
b y
21 a −3 b −1
22 a y
y = f(x)

y = f − 1(x)
1 y = f − 1(x) x
−1 x
y = f (x) 1
−1

25 a y
(−1, π)
b y = f (x)
4

y = f − 1(x) π y = f − 1(x)
2
2
1
y = f (x)
2 4 x
1 π
2
(π, −1)

b y
23 a No inverse b No inverse

y = f (x)

y = f − 1(x)
3

x
3
434 Answers

26 a −13 b x=3 42 a 9 b 2.5

27 x = 41 c y
28 a 5.7 m s−1 10
b No, the car cannot accelerate uniformly for y = f(x) y= x
that long / The model predicts an unreasonable 8
speed of 114 m s−1 .
29 a x≠5 b 1 6
3
30 a −5 b q( x ) " − 2
4 4
c x = 4 or − 4
31 a 4.95 billion y = f −1(x)
2
b E.g. smartphones are likely to get replaced by
another technology x
32 a f(x) = 1.3x 2 4 6 8 10
b Amount in pounds if x is the amount in dollars.
33 a 1 b x=2
43 a 0.182 b 0.892
34 a x " 2.5 b f ( x)"0 c x=7 44 a x "1, x ≠ 17 b f( x ) " 3 or f( x ) ! 0
a 60 4
35 b 129.9; 130
45 a and b y
c It predicts a non-integer number of fish after
y=x
15 months.
36 a 14 b 4
37 y
y = f −1(x)
x
8 −8

6
y = f(x)
−8
4
y = g−1 (t)
c x=2
2
y = g(t)
Exercise 3B
t
2 4 6 8 1 a y
1
38 a x>0 b 4 c
9
39 x>5
40 a x!7 b x = −31
3
41 a 19 b f(x ) " 4
x
c 1 is not in the range

x = −2
Answers 435

b y b y

1
y= 2
x x
1

2 a y
4 a f(x ) " 11 b g(x ) $ 81
3 8
5 a f(x ) " ln(0.75) b g(x ) " ln(4.5)
6 a −1.17 $ f(x ) $1.17 b −1.57 $ g(x ) ! e
y= 1
3 7 a (0.7, 0.55); x = 0.7

−3
−1
x
b (− 72 , 397); x = − 72
8 a (−2 ±2 2 ,1.75) , (−1,2); x = −1
x=1 b (0, −1), (1, −1), (1 , − 3) ; x = 1
2 4 2
b y 9 a y

y=1
y=1
x
1
1
−2
x
2

x = −2
x=3
3 a y b y
x=1
y=3

x −3
−2 2 x

y = −2
436 Answers

10 a y 12 a (−1.49, −4.78) b (−0.661, 0.421)

13 a (−2, 7), (−1, 5), (1, 7)
b (−2, 23), (1, 5), (2, 3), (3, 3)

y=3
14 a (− 2, −2 2 − 2) , ( 2,2 2 − 2)
2
b (1 − 2, 7 − 2) , (1 + 2,7 + 2 )
15 a x = 0.040, 1.78 b x = 0.213, 1.632
16 a x = 1, 6.71 b x = −3.48, 2.48
x 17 a x = 0.063, 1.59 b x = 0.288, 49.0
18 a x = −2.18, 0.580 b x = −1.67, 0.977
19 y
b y

−2 x
1 1.61
(−1.5, 1.01)
x

y=x+1
20 y

11 a y y=7
x=2
4
y=2

x −1.69
1 3 x

(−1.69, 0), (0, 4), y = 7

21 a x ≠ −2
b y y
b
x=0 x=4

x
1 3
(2, −2) y=3

y = −8 x
− 21 1
3
x = −2
x = −2, y = 3
Answers 437

22 y 30 v
26

3
15

10
y=1
x

23 (1.84, 3.16) t
0.5 1.0
24 (–1, 2.5)
31 p
25 235
26 x = −1 600
27 y

350

x
1
4 x
120 180 400

x = −2 x=2 − 200

x = −2, x = 2, y = 0
32 x = 0.755
28 y
33 x = −2.20, −0.714, 1.91
34 −2.41, 0.414, 2
35 −1.41, 1.41
36 0.920
y=3 37 y
x=2
x
−1
(6.32, 0.232)
−3
x=1

29 N x

80

40

38 x"2
m
15 30 45
438 Answers

Chapter 3 Mixed Practice 7 a 20.0 m s−1 b 0.630, 17.1 s c 5s

8 b 1.30 s
1 G 9 a 100°C b 95.3°C c 8.82 km
10 a f(x ) = 1.8 x + 32
b Temperature in Celsius if x is temperature in
Fahrenheit.
(20, 104) 11 a p = −2, q = 4
b i x≠2
ii g(x ) # 0
iii x = 2
12 a f(x ) " 20 b 12
13 x = −5.24, 3.24
G = 40 14 x = 1, 2.41
15 x ≠ ±3, h( x ) $ −2 or h( x ) # 0
x
16 −9.25 $ f(x ) ! 3.
b $3538.09 17 a 4.89 b x = 28.9
2 x = 1.86, 4.54 18 a −19 ! g( x ) $ 8 b x = −1, x = 1
3 a x"− 5 b x = −2.38 c −20 is not in the range of g
4 (−1.61, 0.399) and (0.361, 2.87) 19 y
5 y
y=5
(2, 9)
3

5
−1 x

x
−1 5
20 T

6 a y 90

11 y=3
33
x T = 20
t
x=3

b x ≠ 3, f( x ) ≠ 3
Answers 439

21 N
N = 2000
Chapter 4 Prior Knowledge
1 24 cm
2 a 10 b ( −1, 1)

Exercise 4A
600
1 a 1 b 2
2 a −3 b −1
t
b −1
1
3 a
2 2
22 a 1.10 m s −1
4 a (2, 0), (0, −6) b (4, 0), (0, 8)
b e.g. The car will stop by then
5 a (5, 0), (0 ,2.5) b (−3, 0), (0, 2)
23 x = −2.50, −1.51, 0.440
6 a (3, 0), (0, 4) b (4.5, 0), (0, −3)
24 a y
7 a 2x − y + 3 = 0 b 5x − y + 1 = 0
x = −2 x = 2
y=1 8 a 2x + y − 4 = 0 b 3x + y + 7 = 0
9 a x − 2y + 7 = 0 b x + 3y − 9 = 0
x
12 10 a y = 2 x + 5; 2, 5 b y = 3x + 4; 3, 4
y = −1
11 a y = − 2 x − 2; − 2 , −2 b y = − 5 x + 5; − 5 , 5
3 3 2 2
12 a y = −0.6 x + 1.4; −0.6, 1.4
b y = −5.5x − 2.5; −5.5, −2.5
13 a y − 4 = 2( x − 1) b y − 2 = 3( x − 5)
14 a y − 3 = −5( x + 1) b y + 1 = −2( x − 2)
b i (12, 0) 15 a 2
y + 1 = ( x − 1) b y − 1 = − 3 ( x − 3)
ii x = ±2, y = ±1 3 4
16 a 2x − y − 5 = 0 b 2x − y + 7 = 0
25 x = 2.27,!4.47 26 −1.34
17 a x + y − 10 = 0 b 3x + y + 2 = 0
27 a x ≠ 0, 4
18 a x + 2y − 7 = 0 b x + 2y − 4 = 0
b f( x ) $ −5.15 or f( x ) " 3.40
19 a 3x + 4 y − 13 = 0 b 8 x + 5 y − 19 = 0
28 a x > 0, x ≠ e−3
20 a y = 3x + 4 b y = −x + 9
b g( x ) ! 0 or g( x ) " 0.271
21 a y − 5 = 1.5( x − 5) b y + 3 = 0.5( x + 1)
29 a x # 2, g(x ) ∈
22 a x− y−6=0 b 2x − y − 7 = 0
b y
23 a x + 3y − 4 = 0 b x + 5y + 8 = 0
24 a 2x − 5 y = 0 b 3x + 4 y + 2 = 0
25 a y = −x + 5 b y = −1x + 8
3
26 a y − 5 = −4( x − 1) b y − 4 = 3( x − 2)
27 a 5x + y + 3 = 0 b 2x + y − 7 = 0
28 a x − 2y + 5 = 0 b x − 3 y − 10 = 0
x
29 a 2 x − 5 y + 37 = 0 b 2x + 3y + 3 = 0
30 a (1, 2) b (5, 1)
31 a (1, 3) b (2, 5)
c x = 2.12 32 a (2, 5) b (−3, −4)
440 Answers

33 a (25 ,115) b (115, 25) 17

18
a = 2.97
a a = −2.2, b = −8.6 b y + 5 = − 1 ( x − 4)
16
34 a 7 b y = − 4 x + 53 19 a 4 b 7 x + 4 y = −20
4 7 7 7
35 a −4 b 4 x + 3 y = 36 c (0, −5) d 65
3 20 a 1.8 m b 3.33 m
5
36 a − b 17 21 a (3, 7) b (6, 5) and (0, 9)
7 5
37 a 1 b x − 5 y = −8 22 a y+x=9 b B(4, 5) D(5, 4)
5 c 5
38 a −7 b No
2 23 a 50 ≈ 7.07 m b 74 ≈ 8.60 m
2 51
c y= x−
7 7
39 0.733 Chapter 4 Mixed Practice
40 a (8, 11) b 8
c x=8 d 56 1 a i (2, −2) b k = −2
3
41 a y = −3x − 6 b x + 4 y = −1 ii 3
2 2
c (−4.6, 0.9) iii − 2
42 6.10 m 3
2 a s = 6, t = −2 b 4 x + 5 y = 23
43 a 0.5t + 0.1 b 9.8 s
b 3 2
3 c − d 4
44 a N/m b 0.018 N 2 3
4 a −1 b y = x+3 c 4.5
c larger d 0.467 m
5 a (2.5, −1) b 9.22
45 a C = 0.01m + 5 b $6.80
7 47
c 500 minutes c y= x−
6 12
46 a P = 10n − 2000 b 350 6 a (2.5, −1, 4) b 9.43
c P = 8n − 1200 d 400, fewer 7 a P(0, 3) Q(6, 0) b 45
48 1390 m c (2, 2)
8 a −7 b k=2 c d=1
Exercise 4B 11 ±20
4

12 a p = 1, q = −18 b 27.5
1 a 5 b 13
13 1.5
2 a 13 b 10
14 4.37
3 a 29 b 85
15 b y = −2 x + 5 c S(1, 3)
4 a 3 b 11
16 10 m
5 a 6 b 9
17 a y
6 a 98 b 65 6
7 a (4, −1) b (4, 6) 5
8 a (3, −4, 3) b ( −1, 2, −1) 4
3
9 a (5.5, 2, −3) b 2
B
10 a (1.5, 0.5, 5.5) b 171 1
A
11
2 1 0 1 2
12 a = 3, b = 20, c = 4.5 4 3 C 3 4
6 5 5 6
13 196.5 z x
14 4.52 m s−1
15 30 b (2.5, 2.5, 2) c 6.48
16 k = ±2
Answers 441

4.21 × 104 cm3

a 1
22
18 b (−1, 5)
2 23 a 12.0 cm b 1100 cm2
c 2x + y = 3 e 4.47 24 a 3.61 cm b 36.9 cm
19 a 42 b 15.2 c 5.51 25 a 192 cm3 b 3.58 cm
20 4.32 26 a 15 cm b 1330 cm2
21 a y = 3x − 13 b (6, 5) and (4, −1) 27 a 82.5 cm2 b 474 cm2
23 135 m c 594 cm3
24 4m 28 55.4 cm2, 23.0 cm3
29 1140 mm2, 3170 mm3
Chapter 5 Prior Knowledge 30 1880 mm3, 889 mm2
31 a 13 cm b 815 cm 2
1 95°
32 242 m2
2 12.4 cm
33 a 151 mm2, 134 mm3 b 12.9 mm
3 60
34 a 9.35 m3 b 0.194 m3
4 α = 140°, β = 85°
5 050°
6 Volume = 1570 cm3, Surface area = 785 cm2
Exercise 5B
1 a 29.7° b 58.0°
Exercise 5A 2 a 53.1° b 39.5°
3 a 40.1° b 53.1°
1 a 40.7 cm2, 24.4 cm3 b 1580 m2, 5880 m3
4 a 2.5 b 3.86
2 a 8.04 m2, 2.14 m3 b 0.126 m2, 0.004 19 m3
5 a 7.83 b 11.5
3 a 170 m2, 294 m3 b 101 km2, 134 km3
6 a 9.40 b 14.1
4 a 47.9 cm2, 38.6 cm3
7 a 17.4 b 26.3
b 4.40 mm2, 0.293 mm3
8 a 2.68 b 25.7
5 a 16 π cm 2 , 32 π cm3 b 36π m2, 36π m3
3 9 a 344 b 4.23
6 a 64 π m 2 , 256 π m3 b 288π m2, 432π m3 10 a 71.6° b 78.7°
3 11 a 18.4° b 15.9°
7 a 3π m 2 , π m3 b 20 π mm 2 , 4 π mm3
4 6 9 3 12 a 21.8° b 12.5°
8 a 90π cm2, 100π cm3 b 36 π cm 2 , 16 π cm3 13 a 7.13° b 10.6°
9 a 6 cm3 b 16 cm3 14 a 29.7° b 45°
10 a 20 cm3 b 18 cm3 15 a 10.5° b 14.5°
11 a 26.7 cm3 b 2.67 cm3 16 a 8.49 cm b 6.53 mm
12 a 64 mm3 , 144 mm 2 b 336 mm3 , 365mm 2 17 a 3.42 cm b 3.29 mm
13 a 2 mm3 , 13.8 mm 2 b 320 mm3 , 319 mm 2 18 a 3.31 cm b 4.10 mm
14 a 5.33cm3 , 33.9 cm 2 b 816 cm3 , 577 cm 2 19 a 37.9° b 50.4°
15 a 75.4 cm3 , 109 cm 2 b 20.9 cm3 , 46.4 cm 2 20 a 39.9° b 32.9°
16 707 cm2 21 a 20.7° b 51.2°
17 96.5 cm2 22 a 37 cm b 7 mm
18 8.31 m3 23 a 5.06 cm b 6.40 mm
19 134 cm3 24 a 5.23 cm b 6.43 mm
20 3210 cm3 25 a 39.4° b 41.6°
21 3400 cm 2 , 8120 cm3 26 a 42.6° b 62.8°
442 Answers

27 a 53.8° b 97.3° d tan 40

56 h=
28 a 28.5 cm 2 b 10.5 mm2 tan 50 − tan 40
29 a 127 cm2 b 1.73 mm2 57 a x = h , y = 4−h
tan 30 tan 10
30 a 631 cm2 b 1710 mm2 b 3.73
31 a 52.2° b 61.8°
32 a 8.30 cm b 5.23 mm Exercise 5C
33 a 7.04 cm b 8.36 mm
34 4.16 cm 1 a 35.5° b 59.0°
35 32.5° 2 a 16.7° b 51.3°
36 a (0, 3), (−6, 0) b 26.6° 3 a 55.6° b 18.9°
37 a 4 a 48.0° b 82.6°
y
5 a 68.9° b 59.8°
6 a 67.4° b 41.6°
7 a 49.3° b 48.2°
8 a 69.3° b 46.6°
9 a 2.73 m b 8.22 m
10 a 36.9° b 42.8°
1 x 11 a 36.6° b 46.5°
−1 3
12 a 31.2° b 15.0°
13 a 45.3° b 45.3°
14 a 50.6° b 61.5°
15 a 17.8° b 67.4°
16 a 54.2° b 43.4°
b 71.6° 17 a 1.16 km, 243° b 2.71 km, 320°
38 6.98 cm 18 a 4.00 km, 267° b 7.62 km, 168°
39 58.5°, 78.5° 19 a 3.97 km, 317° b 16.5 km, 331°
40 87.4° 20 57.1 m
41 a 18.6° b 32.0 21 a 15.8 b 18.4°
42 19.0 22 a E
43 x = 11.8cm, θ = 15.5°
44 38.7°
45 b 49.4°
46 82.2°
47 16.2 cm 10 cm 10 cm
48 5.69 cm
49 29.0°
50 47.0°
51 21.0°
52 5.63 cm
53 15.2 A
√
C
7 2 cm
54 θ = 52.0°, AB = 8.70
b 8.69 cm c 59.3°
55 9.98
23 56.3°
Answers 443

24 a N Tree Chapter 5 Mixed Practice

1 35.0 m
120 m
2 a AC = 22.6 cm, AG = 27.7 cm
56°
b G
Tent Rock
b 67.1 m
25 a N 27.7 cm
16 cm

0.8 km
37°

A 22.6 cm C

c 35.3°
3 a 32.5 cm b 24.1 cm c 29.1 cm
4 45.2°
1.2 km
5 a 6 b −1 c 26.6°
2
6 a 12.9 cm
b 80.5°
7 12.3 cm
b 1.90 km 8 3.07 cm
13.8 m 9 21.8°
26
42.3 m 10 32.4°
27
3.18 m 11 37.4°
28
11.4 m 12 18.3 cm
29
a 12.1 cm b 35.4° c 41.9° 13 55.4 m
30
a 13.02 m b 3.11° 14 17.9 m
31
a 7.81 cm b 45.2° 15 a y
32
33 191 m, 273°

y= 1
34 2.92 km, 008.6° x+5
35 146 m 3
10
36 a 9.51 m b 10.9 m c 48.3°
5
37 3.96 m
38 a 9 – assumes lengths given are internal or thin − 15
glass or no large objects in the space 10 x
b 359 000 W
c yes – maximum angle is 51.8° y = 10 – x
39 a 2.45 m b 42.9 m3
c 75.5% d 94.0%
40 38.9 cm 2
b (3.75, 6.25)
41 39.9°
c 63.4°
42 92.3 m
444 Answers

16 23 900 cm3 5 a all households in Germany

17 a 65.9° b 21.0° b convenience sampling
18 5.46 c e.g. Households in the city may have fewer pets
19 21 than in the countryside.
20 17.6 m 6 a the number/proportion of pupils in each year
group
21 a 131 cm3 b 313 cm3
b quota sampling
22 a 5.12 cm b 9.84 cm c 31.4°
c i keep
23 a 5 cm
ii discard
b 9.43 cm
7 a convenience sampling
c 58.0°
b all residents of the village
a 720 m
c e.g. People using public transport may have
b 72 300 m2
different views from those who drive.
c 88.3°
d would need access to all the residents
24 a i 22.5 m
8 Not necessarily correct, it could just be an extreme
ii V sample.
9 a continuous
b They would all be destroyed.
22.5 m 22.5 m c list in serial number order, select every 20th
10 a quota
b more representative of the scarves sold
53.1◦ c 12 red, 12 green, 10 blue, 6 white
A C 11 a quota
b more representative of the population
c 27.0 m
c difficult to compile a list of all the animals
e 41 600 m3
12 a continuous
f 44 900 kg
b Basketball team are likely to be taller than
25 22.5
average.
c systematic sampling
Chapter 6 Prior Knowledge d Some samples not possible, e.g. it is not possible
to select two students adjacent on the list.
1 a 4.75 b 5.5 c 6 d 9
13 5 cats, 9 dogs and 6 fish
2 a 1.5 b (0, 7)
14 a Gender/age 12 13 14
Boys 4 5 5
Exercise 6A Girls 0 4 2
b no
1 a 9 lions, 21 tigers 15 a discrete
b 9 strawberry, 11 chocolate b no
2 a 24 boys, 16 girls c convenience
b 18 HL, 27 SL d e.g. Different species may live in different
3 a 10 football, 14 hockey, 16 basketball parts of the field.
b 6 cod, 9 haddock, 5 mackerel 16 a i possible
4 a 24 chairs, 9 tables, 4 beds ii not necessarily true
b 8 oak, 7 willow, 4 chestnut iii possible/quite likely
Answers 445

b iii would be unlikely 18 a mean = 8, sd = 3

c discard –32, keep 155 b mean = 41, sd = 3
17 a 65% 19 a 48 b 19 c 6.17, 1.31
b i 84 20 a 31 b 1.4 $ m < 1.6 c 1.34
ii 65% 21 a 28
18 a 100 million b 15.5 $ t < 17.5
b e.g. No fish die or are born; captured cod mix c 17.3 s; used midpoints, actual times not
thoroughly with all other cod. available
22 a 4.25
Exercise 6B b 1.5
c The second artist’s songs are longer on
1 a 16.5 $ t < 18.5; 20.5 $ t < 22.5; 22.5 < t 24.5; average and their lengths are more consistent.
3, 12, 3, 1, 1 23 a 4 b 3 c yes (11)
20 observations
24 a 67
b 14.5 $ t < 17.5; 20.5 $ t < 23.5; 10, 8, 2
b 23 cm
20 observations
c 24.7 cm
2 a 300 $ n $ 499; 500 $ n $ 699;
700 $ n $ 899; 11 d 20.5 $ l < 23.5 23.5 $ l < 26.5 26.5 $ l < 29.5
40 observations 23 30 14

b 200 $ n $ 399; 400 $ n $ 599; e 44

600 $ n $ 899; 20 f no
40 observations 25 a a = 12.5 b 13.4
3 a mean = 3.86, med = 3, mode = 1 26 a x = 5.5 b 30.9
b mean = 5.57, med = 6, mode = 6 27 63.8
4 a mean = 4.7, med = 4.5, mode = 3 28 62
b mean = 31.2, med = 24.5, mode = 24 29 a 161 + 24 a b a = 10
5 a x = 10 b x=7 50
31 30 a x = 9.5
6 a x= b x = 7.5
9 b Q1 = 5, Q2 = 5, Q3 = 6.5
7 a y = 10 b y = 52 c yes
8 a y = 4.6 b y = 2.2 31 a £440, £268 b median
9 a i 13 b i 20.5 c $576, $351
ii 0 $ x < 10 ii 25 $ x < 35 32 a mean = 4, sd = 2.94
10 a i 13.5 b i 10.2 b mean = 2012, sd = 8.83
ii 12.5 $ x < 14.5 ii 11.5 $ x < 15.5 33 10.6°C, 2°C
11 a 10.4 b 4.96 34 mean = 9.18 km, var = 11.9 km2
12 a 5.24 b 32.8 35 med = –75, IQR = 42
13 a x < 5 or x > 125 b x < 10 or x > 26 36 a med = 42, IQR = 8 b m = 58
14 a x < 4.5, Q3 > 12.5 b x < 15.5 or x > 63.5 37 74%
15 a mean = 46, sd = 8 38 a p = 12 b 0.968
b mean = 62, sd = 18 39 p = 7, q = 4
16 a median = 25, IQR = 13 40 c = 30
b median = 0.5, IQR = 2.1 41 10
17 a med = 360, IQR = 180 42 (4, 8) or (5, 7)
b med = 5, IQR = 2.6
446 Answers

Exercise 6C b f

You might find that different GDCs or programs give

slightly different values for the quartiles, resulting in 60
slightly different answers from those given here. In an
exam, all feasible answers would be allowed. 50
1 a f
40
15
30

20
10
10

0 t
30 36 42 48 54 60
5
3 a 16 b 30
4 a 23 b 4
5 a cf
0 x
0 5 10 15 20 25
40
b f

20
30

15
20

10
10

5
0 x
0 10 20
0 x b
0 20 40 60 80 cf
2 a f
60
15
50

40
10
30

20
5
10

0 x
0 h 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1.2 2.5 3.8 5.1 6.4 7.7
Answers 447

6 a cf 9 a 11 15 17 21 25 32

30 x
10 15 20 25 30 35
b 4 13 17 19
20 13.5 18.5
x
0 5 10 15 20

10 a f
10
20

0 h 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b cf
10

60 5

0 l
40 0 4 8 12 16 20
b 25
11 a 105
20 b f

40
0 t
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
7 a i 13 30
ii 20
iii 6 20
iv 21
b i 4.6
ii 6.5 10
iii 2.3
iv 6.6 0 m
8 a 80 100 120 140 160 180
3 5 6 9
c 46%
x
0 5 10

b 11 15 17 21 24

x
10 15 20 25
448 Answers

12 a cf 15 a cf

350 140
300 120
250 100
200 80
150 60
100 40
50 20
0 t 0 n
0 10 20 30 0 20 40 60 80 100
b i around 17°C b 40
ii around 7°C c 45, 32
13 a 45 d 10 31 45 63 110
b 22.2%
c n
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time 5$t< 10 $ t 15 $ t 20 $ t 25 $ t
(min) 10 < 15 < 20 < 25 < 30 e Overall, fewer candidates take History SL.
Freq 7 9 15 10 4 History has a larger spread of numbers
than maths (based on the IQR).
d 16.9 minutes 16 159 cm
14 a cf 17 a 160 b 90%
c 75 d 72, 18
100
40 62 72 80 100
90
80 n
70 40 60 80 100
60 e The second school has a higher median score,
50 but more variation in the scores.
40 18 a Q1 = 1, Q2 = 2, Q3 = 3
30 b 2
20 c 7 is an outlier
10 d
0 1 2 3 4 6 7
0 h
20 25 30 35 40 45
n
b median ≈ 31 cm, IQR ≈ 9 cm 0 4 8
c 19
20 26.5 31 35.5 45 7 11 20 25 28 38

h x
20 25 30 35 40 45 0 10 20 30 40
Answers 449

20 a f 2 a y

10
80

60

5
40

20

x
0 x 5 10
0 20 40 60 80 100
b y
b 59.9
20 A2, B3, C1 15

Exercise 6D
10
1 a y

10

5 x
10 15 20 25
5
3 a y

25
x
5 10 15
20
b y

5 15

10 x
10 15 20 25 30 35

b y
x 25
5 10

20

15
−5
10 x
10 15 20 25 30 35
450 Answers

4 a weak positive b strong positive 15 a, d y

5 a strong negative b weak negative
250
6 a no correlation (circle)
b no correlation (V-shape)
7 a no correlation (slightly scattered around a
vertical line)
b no correlation (slightly scattered around a
200
horizontal line)
8 a i r = 0.828 b i r = −0.886
ii strong positive ii strong negative
iii yes iii yes
9 a i r = 0.542 x
150
ii weak/moderate positive 0 5 10
iii no b weak negative
b i r = −0.595 c 3.6 km, $192 000
ii weak/moderate negative e average price ≈ $161 000
iii yes 16 A1, B2, C3, D4
10 a y = 0.413x + 1.57 b y = 0.690 x − 2.60 17 a 0.688 b y = 0.418x + 18.1
11 a y = −0.589 x + 6.72 b y = −0.632 x + 21.6 c 46.5 (or 47)
12 a i y = 21.9 ii reliable d no (correlation does not imply causation)
b i y = −4.26 18 a 0.745
ii not reliable (extrapolation) b The larger the spend on advertising, the larger
13 a i y = 73.5 the profit.
ii not reliable (no correlation) c y = 10.8 x + 188
b i y = 87.9 d i $1270 ii $2350
ii not reliable (no correlation) e the first one (no extrapolation required)
14 a, c, d 19 a −0.0619
y b y = −0.370x + 51.6
c no (no correlation)
75
20 a y

70 4

65
3
60

55 x 2
145 150 155 160 165 170 175
b weak positive
c 156.7 cm, 64 cm 1
e arm length ≈ 61.5 cm
f i appropriate
0 x
ii not appropriate (extrapolation) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
iii not appropriate (different age from sample) b −0.695
Answers 451

c It shows statistically significant negative c positive correlation in the summer, no

correlation. correlation in winter
21 a y d 39.5
26 a y
60
70

50 60
50
40 40
30
30
20

20 x 10 x
0 5 10 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

b weak negative c −0.480 b children and adults

d not significant c children (126, 24.3), adults (162, 56.8)
y
22 a moderate positive correlation
b yes (there is correlation and value is within 70
range of data)
60
c 40.8 cm
23 a 0.820 b m = 0.631t + 5.30 50
c For every extra minute practice he can expect 40
0.631 extra marks. With no practice he can
expect around 5 marks. 30
24 a Positive correlation: the larger the advertising, 20
budget, the larger the profit.
10 x
b no (correlation does not imply cause) 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
c i For each €1000 euros spent on advertising, d 19.0 kg
the profit increases by €3250.
27 a LQ( x ) = 12, UQ( x ) = 24, LQ( y ) = 11,
ii With no advertising the profit would be UQ( y ) = 19
€138 000.
c, d, e
25 a y
y
50
30
40
25

30 20

20 15

10
10
5
0 x
0 10 20 30 40 0 x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
b summer and winter
452 Answers

Chapter 6 Mixed Practice c 2.5 kg, 0.9 kg

d
1 a i systematic sampling
ii e.g. Students may take books out on the
1.2 2.5 3.2
same day each week.
b i Each possible sample of 10 days has an
equal chance of being selected. 1.9 2.8
ii Representative of the population of all
days. m
0 1 2 3 4
c i 11
4 a discrete
ii 17.4
b 0
iii 3.17
c i 1.47
2 a n ii 1.5
40 iii 1.25
5 a 4
35
b
30 2 4 8

25 3 5

20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of books read
15 c 10
6 a 0.996
10 T
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 b a = 3.15, b = −15.4
c 66.5
b strong positive correlation
7 a cf
c n = 1.56T − 10.9
d 30.0 50
3 a 2.38 kg
b cf 40

50
30
40
20
30
10
20
0 t
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10
b i 6.9 minutes
0 m ii 2.9 minutes
0 1 2 3 4
iii 9.3 minutes
Answers 453

c Time Freq Chapter 7 Prior Knowledge

0$t<2 4
2$t<4 5 1 a {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
4$t<6 7 b {5, 8}
6$t<8 11 2
8 $ t < 10 8
P V
10 $ t < 12 3
6 2 3
d 6.21 minutes
8 a med = 46, Q1 = 33.5, Q3 = 56
b yes (93) 9
c
3 Draw 1 Draw 2
26 46 61 94
5 R 6
× 5 30 1
9 10 9 = 90 = 3
33.5 56 R
6
10 4 6 4 24 4
x × = =
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 9 B 10 9 90 15

9 a 121 cm, 22.9 cm2 6 R 4 6 24 4

4 9 10 × 9 = 90 = 15
b 156 cm, 22.9 cm2 10
10 mean = $55.02, sd = $43.13 B
3 4 3 12 2
× = =
11 x=6 9 B 10 9 90 15

12 a s
300 Exercise 7A
3 2
1 a b
10 15
250
2 a 1 b 3
5 5
1
200 3 a b 1
2 3
1
4 a b 1
4 13
150 w
1
5 6 7 8 9 10 5 a b 3
26 26
b w = 19.1s + 99.0
6 a 0.94 b 0.55
c 0.994 – strong positive correlation
d 252 g 7 a 11 b 23
20 40
e 137 g to 175 g; extrapolating from the data so 8 a 0.85 b 0.13
not reliable.
9 a 47 b 41
13 a i Athletes generally do better after the 120 48
programme. 10 a 0.73 b 0.66
ii Better athletes improve more. 11 a 0.44 b 0.11
b 11.6 miles 12 a 4 b 27
c i 0.84 13 a 12 b 6
ii Y = 1.2 X + 3.2 14 a 4.8 b 7.5
454 Answers

15 a 1.6 b 1.5 4
16 a 0.0743 b 66.9
B H
17 7.5
18 15 45 80 60
19 8
20 0.75
35
21 $1162.50
22 a 1.5 b 0.8
7
a 37 b
23 1 44 11
16
78 5
24
25
C I
Exercise 7B 16 12 6
1

F G 1

13 5 4 6
a b 16
35 35
3 6

3 G S
a b 4
25 25
0.2 0.2 0.5
2

A B 0.1

2 10 8
a 0.1 b 0.5

7
10
P V
a 4 b 1
15 3 0.32 0.08 0.3
3
0.3
B H

35 45 45 a 0.3 b 0.32

25

7 9
a b
30 30
Answers 455

8 Transport Late? 11 First Second

L 0.3 × 0.05 = 0 .015 11 R 12 11 22
0.05 29 30 × 29 = 145
C R
0.3 0.95 0.3 × 0.95 = 0 .295 12
30 18 12 18 36
L 29 30 × 29 = 145
B
L 0.7 × 0.2 = 0.14
0.7 0.2 R
12 18 12 36
18 29 30 × 29 = 145
B 30
0.8 0.7 × 0.8 = 0.56
L B
17 18 17 51
29 30 × 29 = 145
a 0.155 b 0.845 B

73 b 3
9 Pizza ? Fries? a
F 145 5
0.8 0.3 × 0.8 = 0.24
P 12 Revise? P ass?
0.3 0.2 P 0.8 × 0.9 = 0.72
0.3 × 0.2 = 0.06 0.9
F R
F 0.8 0.1 0.8 × 0.1 = 0.08
0.5 0.7 × 0.5 = 0.35 P
0.7
P P
0.5 0.7 × 0.5 = 0.35 0.7 0.2 × 0.7 = 0.14
F 0.2

a 0.41 b 0.59 R
0.3 0.2 × 0.3 = 0.06
P
10 Dice Coin
H 1 1 a 0.72 b 0.14
0.5 6 × 0.5 = 12
6 13 First Dice
1
6 0.5 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 × 0.5 = 12
T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Second Dice

H 5
× 0.4 = 1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 0.4 6 3
6 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0.6 5
× 0.6 = 1
T 6 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

5 7 5 1
a b a b
12 12 36 6
456 Answers

14
26 a 11 b 17
First Dice
1 2 3 4 5 6 15 20
27 a 19 30
1 = > > > > > b
49 49
2 < = > > > >
28 a 25 b 1
Second Dice

3 < < = > > > 51 17

< < < = > > 29 a 3 b 18
4
5 < < < < = > 31 53
16
6 < < < < < = 30 a b 4
39 9
1 5 31 a 0.14 b 0.24
a b
6 12 32 a 0.3 b 0.4
33 a
15 H T
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 6 8 10 12
H H, H T, H
3 6 9 12 15 18
T H, T T, T
4 8 12 16 20 24
1 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
a b
4 2 6 12 18 24 30 36
16 B G b 40
34
13
B B, B G, B
16
G B, G G, G 35 a
1 1 L D
a b
2 4
40 40 60
17 AILT IALT LAIT TAIL
AITL IATL LATI TALI
ALIT ILAT LIAT TIAL 40
ALTI ILTA LITA TILA
2 1
ATIL ITAL LTAI TLAI b c
9 2
ATLI ITLA LTIA TLIA
36 0.496
1 1 1
a b
2 37 a i ii 1
6 8 8
18 a 38 b 55 b yes
109 109 38 a
3 25
19 a b T G
19 57
18 16
20 a b 7 5 2
77 77
23
21 a b 13
65 23 8
22 a 0.2 b 0.3
23 a 0.8 b 0.9 7 c 5
b 7
24 a 0.5 b 0.7 22
39 a 47 b 83 c 33
25 a 0.2 b 0.1 130 71
Answers 457

4 d 11 e 1
40 0.582
c
41 0.75 15 15 4
42 a 1 b 0.88 52 a 1 b 1
15 3 2
43
1
36 Chapter 7 Mixed Practice
a 7 79 26
44 b c
17 187 187
1 416
45 0.5
56 21 32
46 0.5 2 a
115 b c d 21
115 59 32
b 11
a 1
47
5 20 3 a 2 b 37
15 60
48 a 13 b 52 c same 4 a
23 161
49 a 0.226 b 0.001 73 T F
50 a 3, 6, 9,
15 5, 10, 20
12, 18

M G
1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19
15 4 12
1 3
b i ii
5 14
3
8 8 5 a 0.2 b 2
3
6 a 0.18 b yes
21 7 0.92
8 a
S
29 A B

11 0.1 0.6 0.2

b 0.21 c
40
51 a and b
0.1

b 0.75
P W c 0.667
x 11− x x−4
9 a i 2
9
x 5
b
11− x 10− x 18
ii 1
18
x−6
10 a 0.143
T b 0.111
0 c 0.238
458 Answers

11 a Toss 1 Toss 2 Toss 3 17 b 6 or 15

18 a 15% b 60%
1 H 1
× 1
× 1
= 1
2
H 2 2 2 8 c i 0.442 d 0.642
1
2 1 1
× 1
× 1
= 1 19 a, b
H 2 T 2 2 2 8

1
1 H 1
× 1
× 1
= 1
1 2 2 2 2 8
2
2 Mango Banana
T 1 1 1 1 7
1 × × = x 2x
2 T 2 2 2 8
1 H 1
× 1
× 1
= 1 15
2 2 2 2 8
1
H 18 12
1 2 1 1 1 1
2 1 × × =
2 T 2 2 2 8
x
T 1 H 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
2
T 1 1 1 1 Kiwi fruit 8
1 × × =
2 T 2 2 2 8

c x = 10
b 1 7
c d 3 d i 50 ii 82
8 8 8
15
12 (
Asher 48 > 24
91 49 ) e i 0.08

f 14
ii 0.37 iii
82
13 0.310
2475
14 a 8 b 13
23 23 Chapter 8 Prior Knowledge
15 a 1 b 7 c 25
1 a 1
4 8
66 66 b
3 15
16 a 2 2 6 8.5 10 12

M C x
0 10 20
5
11 6
Exercise 8A
10
7 2 1 a x 0 1 2
P(X = x) 2 4 1
7 7 7

b x 0 1 2
E 4 1
P(X = x) 8
15 15 5
2 a x 0 1 2
b 16
P(X = x) 1 1 1
c i 3 ii 56 4 2 4
d i 0.22
b x 0 1 2
ii 0.05
P(X = x) 1 1 1
iii 0.62 4 2 4
iv 31
39
Answers 459

3 a x 0 1 2 3 1
16 a
P(X = x) 1 3 3 1 17
8 8 8 8 b h 0 1 2
b x 0 1 2 3 P(H = h) 19 13 1
P(X = x) 1 3 3 1 34 34 17
8 8 8 8
c 0.5
4 a P(X = x ) = 1 for x = 1, 2, ..., 6 17 no
6
18 n=1
b P(X = x ) = 1 for x = 1,2, …, 8
8 19 $1.50
5 a x 0 1 2 3 20 a To ss 1 Toss 2 Toss 3
P(X = x) 125 25 3 1 1 H 1 1 1 1
216 72 72 216 2 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
1
H
2 1 1 1 1
b x 0 1 2 3
1 × × =
H 2 T 2 2 2 8

P(X = x) 343 147 21 1 1 H 1 1 1 1

512
1 2 × × =
512 512 512 2 1 2 2 2 8
2
T 1 1 1 1
6 a x 0 1 2 1 × × =
2 T 2 2 2 8
P(X = x) 0.64 0.32 0.04 1 H 1 1 1 1
2 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
b x 0 1 2 1
H
1 2 1 1 1 1
P(X = x) 0.09 0.42 0.49 2 1 × × =
2 T 2 2 2 8

7 a k = 0.17 T 1 H 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
i 0.77 ii 0.416 2
T 1 1 1 1
b k = 0.26
1 × × =
2 T 2 2 2 8

i 0.49 ii 0.245
b 3
8 a k = 0.2 8
i 0.4 ii 0.75 c x 0 1 2 3
b k = 0.36 P(X = x) 1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8
i 0.43 ii 0.814
d 1.5
9 a k = 0.125
21 a
i 0.6 ii 0.833 x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b k = 0.2 P(X = x) 1 1 3 1 3 1 1
16 8 16 4 16 8 16
i 0.9 ii 0.667
10 a 2.1 b 1.9 b 5
11 a 2.1 b 2.24 22 a 0.4 b 2.13
12 a 5 b 9.2 23 a k= 1 b 0.75 c 5.17
13 a k = 0.4 b 0.7 c 2.9 12
24 a c = 0.48 b 3 c 1.92
14 a k = 0.2 b 0.4 c 6.2 11
15 a
x 0 1 2 b 0.857 25 a = 0.3, b = 0.2
p 4 48 15
13 91 91
460 Answers

Exercise 8B 29 a 0.0296 b 0.008 76

c e.g. A source of faulty components, such as
( )
1 a yes, X ~ B 30, 1
2
a defective machine, would affect several
components.

( )
b yes, X ~ B 45, 1
6
Exercise 8C
2 a no; number of trials not constant
b no; number of trials not constant 1 a 0.159 b 0.345
3 a no; probability not constant 2 a 0.726 b 0.274
b no; probability not constant 3 a 0.260 b 0.525
4 a yes, X ~ B (50, 0.12) 4 a 0.523 b 0.244
b yes, X ~ B (40, 0.23) 5 a 0.389 b 0.552
5 a no; trials not independent 6 a 0.246 b 0.252
b no; trials not independent 7 a 0.189 b 0.792
6 a 0.160 b 0.180 8 a 0.133 b 0.132
7 a 0.584 b 0.874 9 a 13.4 b 6.78
8 a 0.596 b 0.250 10 a 8.08 b 15.9
9 a 0.173 b 0.136 11 a 31.0 b 46.0
10 a 0.661 b 0.127 12 a 28.1 b 46.7
11 a 0.371 b 0.280 13 no; not symmetrical
12 a 0.571 b 0.280 14 a
13 a 0.0792 b 0.231
14 a 0.882 b 0.961
15 a 0.276 b 0.001 69
16 a 6.25, 2.17 b 10, 2.58
17 a 5, 1.58 b 10, 2.24
18 a 6, 2.24 b 3.33, 1.67
19 ( )
a B 10, 1
6
b 0.291 c 0.225
5 10
x
8.7
20 a 0.292 b 0.736 c 10.2
21 a 0.160 b 0.872 b 0.660
c 0.121 d 4.8 15 a 0.465 b 0.0228
22 a 0.983 b 5 c 0.383 16 a 0.308 b 0.328
23 a All have same probability; employees 17 a 0.274 b 10.4 c 0.282
independent of each other. 18 a 0.0478 b 6.42 minutes
b e.g. May not be independent, as could infect 19 a 0.0831 b 6.34 hours c 62.3
each other. 20 a 4.52 b 6.47 m
c 0.0560 21 12.8 s
d 0.0159 22 a 15.4 b 6.74
24 0.433 23 4.61
25 a 0.310 b 0.976 c 0.643 24 20.9
26 a 0.650 b 0.765 25 15.2
27 0.104 26 predicts 4% get a negative score
28 0.132 27 a symmetrical
Answers 461

b 13 30 36 42 59 17 a 10.8 cm b 0.698%
18 22.8% of times would be negative.
10 20 30 40 50 60 19 320 ml
Student mass (kg) 20 a 1
9 b 0.0426
28 a 0.0228 e.g. anticipating the start gun 21 a 0.925 b k = 20.4
b 0.159 c 0.488 22 a 0.835 b k = 1006.58 c a = 6.58
d The same distribution is true in all races. 23 a i 1 ii 0.0579
Unlikely to be true. b ii a = 0.05, b = 0.02
29 $728 c Bill (0.19)
24 a i 0.845 ii 1.69
Chapter 8 Mixed Practice b That Josie’s second throw has the same
distribution as the first and is independent.
1 a k = 0.5 b 0.6 c 2.9 These seem unlikely.
2 a 0.296 b 0.323 25 n=9
3 a 0.347 b 0.227 26 10
4 215 27 a 0.919 b 0.0561
5 0.346 28 277

a 1 ,1, 1
6
29 b 6
2 3 6
b no; expected outcome is not 0
Chapter 9 Prior Knowledge
7 N=7
1 1 x −1 − 1 x −2
8 a 0.933 4 2
b i 2 y = 3x + 11
3 −2

Exercise 9A
0.85
1 a 0.6 b 0
2 a 1.5 b 3
3 a 2 b 3
x 4 a 1 b 1
20 k
5 a 0.693
ii k = 23.1 In further study you might learn how to show
9 a P=1 b 0.153 c 0.0435 that this is actually ln 2
3
b 1.10
10 a 0.206 b 0.360
6 a 0.2 b 0
11 a 0.356
7 a 0.5 b 0.5
b a box of six containing exactly one VL egg
8 a 1 b 10
12 a 0.354 b 0.740
9 a −0.5 b 0
13 0.227
10 a 0.805 b 0.347
14 0.232
11 a 0 b 4
15 a 3.52 b 0.06 c 0.456
1 12 a 6 b 0
16 a=
6 13 a 0.5 b 0.0833
462 Answers

14 a −1 b −2
Exercise 9B
15 a 1 b 0.693

16 a dz b da 1 a x >1 b x<0
dv db 2 a −1 < x < 1 b x < −1 or x > 6
dp
17 a b db 3 a 0 < x < 90 or 270 < x < 360
dt dx
b 180 < x < 360
dy
18 a b dt 4 a y
dn df

19 a dh b dw
dt dv 2
20 a dw b dR
du dT
dy dy x x
21 a = y b =
dx dx 2
dq
22 a ds = kt 2 b =k q
dt dp

23 a dP = kL( P ) b dP = kA( P )
dt dt

24 a dh = 1 b dr = k b y
dx h dθ

25 a s′(t ) = 7 b q ′( x ) = 7 x
1
d(pH) 2
26 a =k
dT x
dC = k (1000 − n)
b
dn
Technically, the number of items produced is
not a continuous quantity so we should not
formally use derivatives. However, as long as
n is large, as is usually the case in economic
models, then approximating it as continuous is 5 a y
reasonable.

27 a dV = V + 1 b 5
dt
28 57.3
29 1
− 21
a x −1
2
30
x −1 x
b 2, the gradient of the curve at x = 1

31 3

32
1
6
Answers 463

b y 7 a y

−2
2 x

3
x

6 a y b y

−4
−1 2 x

−1 3 x

8 a y
b y

−1 2 −5 −1 3
x −3 1 5 x
464 Answers

b y 1 1
12 a x < −1 or x > 0 b x < − or x >
2 2
13 a y

3
−3 3
x
−1
x

9 a y

b y

3 x

b y

14 a y

−2
x

10 a x > −1 b x<3
11 a x < −3 or x > 3 b −4 < x < 0
Answers 465

b y 16 a y

−1
x x
1

b y
15 a y

−2 3 x
4 x

17 a y
b y

−1 1 2
4 x
x
466 Answers

b y 19 y

−1 2
x

18 a y
20 y

1 x

b y

21 a y

3 x
Answers 467

b y 23 a y

x −1 1 x

22 a y b x < −1 or x > 1
c x < − 0.707 or 0 < x < 0.707
24 a and e, b and d, f and c
25 a and c, f and b, d and e

Exercise 9C
x
1 a f ′( x ) = 4 x 3 b g ′ ( x ) = 6 x5
2 a h′(u ) = −u−2 b z ′(t ) = −4t −5
dy dp
3 a = 8 x7 b =1
dx dq
4 a dz = −5t −6 b ds = −10r −11
dt dr
5 a f ′( x ) = −4 b g′( x ) = 14 x
b y
dy
6 a dy = 6 b = 15x 4
dx dx
dy dy
7 a =0 b =0
dx dx
8 a g′( x ) = − x −2 b h′( x ) = −3x −4
dz = −6 x −3 dy
9 a b = −50t −6
x dx dt
dy dy
10 a = − x −5 b = − x −6
dx dx
3 5
11 a f ′( x ) = 2 b f ′( x ) = 4
2x x
12 a f ′( x ) = 2 x − 4 b g ′( x ) = 4 x − 5

dy dy
13 a = 9 x 2 − 10 x + 7 b = −4 x3 + 12 x − 2
c Gradient specifies shape but not vertical dx dx
position.
468 Answers

14 a
dy
dx
= 2 x3 b
dy
dx
= − 9 x5
2
Exercise 9D
dy dy 1 a 16 b 20
15 a = 3 − 3 x2 b = −6 x 2 + x3
dx 4 dx 2 a 1 b 16.75
8
16 a f ′( x ) = 8 x3 − 15x 2 3 a 32 b −7

b g′(x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x − 9 4 a 23 b 100.4
9
17 a g′(x ) = 2 x + 2 b f ′(x ) = 2 x − 1 5 a 108 b 6
2 2 6 a 24 b − 3
18 a h′(x ) = − 2 − 3 16
x x
7 a 1 b ±2
18
b g′( x ) = 8 x − 3 8 a ±2 b ±1
x 2
b 2ax + b
b ± 1
19 a a
9 a −1, −3
20 a 2 ax + 3 − a b 3x 2 + b2 2
21 a 2x b 3a2 x 2 10 a4x − y = 1 b y−x=0
11 a2x + y = 7 b 7x + y = 2
22 a 2 ax 2 a −1 b − ax − a −1 + bx − b−1
12 a x + 3y = 6 b 2x − y = 3
6b 3a
23 a 7 a + 3 b 10b2 x − 2 13 a y = − x + 15 b y = 2 x − 12
x cx
14 ay = −x b y = −x + 3
24 a 2 a2 x b 18a2 x
25 a 2x + a + b b 2 abx + b2 + a2 15 a y = 1 x − 1 b y = 1 x + 81
3 3 16 16
26 a − 102 b 52 16 a y = 2 x − 3 b y = x +1
x x
17 a y = x + 1 b y=− x +3
27 a 3 − 12
4 b − 3 − 4 4 16 4
x x x 4 x3
18 a y = − x + 3 b y=− x + 7
28 a 0.5 + 3x b 7 x3 + 4 x7 4 4 32 32
19 a y = x − 1 b y = x −1
29 a x < 1 b x < −4
20 a y ≈ 2.77 x − 1.55 b y ≈ 1.10 x + 1
30 a x > 6 b x>0
4 21 a y = 14 − 4 x b y = 1− x
31 6 +
t2 22 a 8 x + 5 y = 47 b 4 x + 11 y = 126
32 1 − 2 m−2 23 a x + y ≈ 2.10 b x + 2 y ≈ 13.4
33
3k 24 a y = − x b y= x−2
2
25 a −0.984 b −0.894
34 x >
1
2 26 a 2 b 0.693
35 x > −
b 27 a −3, −1 b 0, −2
2 28 a 4 x3 − 1 b −1 c y=x
36 −1
29 a 3x − x
2 −2
b 2 c y = 2x
37 1 − 3x 2 11 9
30 y = x−
38 a –
k b –V
2
c 4 4 4
r 2 k
31 y = 4 x +
17
d A 2
39 a = q + 2qL
dL 32 x = 0
b q>0
(
3 9
33 − ,
2 4 )
(
1
34 − , −8
8 )
Answers 469

35 y + 2 x = −1 3 a f ′(x ) = 6 x 2 + 10 x + 4
36 y = 1 x + 15 b f ′(−1) = 0 c y=2
4 4
−0.5
y = − or y = − 4 − x
37
4 x 4
3 3 3 3 5 y = 27 x − 58
38 (2, 6), (−2, −6)
6 a 12 + 10t
39 (−3, −2), (1, 6)
b V (6) = 302, dV (6) = 72
40 (2, 0.5) dt
41
2 or 2 After 6 minutes, there is 302 m3 of water in
3 the tank, and the volume of water in the tank
42 (1, 1), (3, 9) is increasing at a rate of 72 m3 per minute.
44 a = 20 dV (10) = 112 , so the volume is increasing
c
dt
Chapter 9 Mixed Practice faster after 10 minutes than after 6 minutes.
7 a 2 − 2t b i 0.75 ii 1
1 a 8x − 1 b (2, 15)
c 0 ! t !1
2 a y 8 a 6 b x + 8 x −2
c 0 d y=6
e, f
y

1 2 8
y= 2x x

x
1
P (4, 6)
y=6 ( 2, 6)
1
x
16 3

b x>1
2
c y

g (4, 6)
9 (1, −3), (−1, 9)
10 a (0, 0), (4, −32) b y = −8 x
11 a y = 6 x , y = −6 x − 12
b (−1, −6)
x
1 12 p = −2, c = −3
2
13 a 30t − 3t 2 b 72, −72
1 c The profit is increasing after 6 months, but
decreasing after 12 months.
14 a i 2 ii 2 x + 3 b −1
2
470 Answers

c y 16 a 3 b 2x − 1

c (2, 4) d (13 , 169)

e y = 5x − 7 f (12 , 74), gradient = 0
17 a 2x + 1 b 3 and − 2
18 a = 2, b = −5
19 a = −8, b = 13
20 (1.5, 6)
21 (0.701, 1.47)
x
You need to make good use of technology in this
question!

Chapter 10
15 a i 0!x! 4
3
Prior Knowledge
ii y
1 x −2 − 4 x −3 + 4 x −4 2 f ′(x ) = −12 x −4 + 2

Exercise 10A
1
1 a f(x ) = 1 x 4 + c b f(x ) = x6 + c
x 4 6
4
3 2 a f( x ) = − x−1 + c

b f( x ) = − 1 x−2 + c
2
3 a f(x) = 1 b f(x) = x + c
4 a y = x3 + c b y = − x5 + c
y = f ! (x ) 5 a y = − 7 x4 + c 3
b y = x8 + c
4 8
6 a y = 1 x6 + c b y = − 1 x10 + c
b i x ! 0 and 0 ! x ! 2 4 6
ii y 7 a y = x −3 + c b y = − x −5 + c

8 a y = − 3 x −4 + c b y = 2 x −2 + c
2

9 a y = 2 x −1 + c b y = − 1 x −7 + c
5 4
2
x 10 a y = x 3 − 2 x 2 + 5x + c

b y = 7 x5 + 2 x 3 − 2 x + c
5

11 a y = 1 x 2 − 2 x6 + c
2 3
3 5
y = f(x) b y = x 4 − x8 + c
2 8
Answers 471

1 7 5 21.3
12 a y = x3 + x 2 + c
4 6 6 0.25

y = 4 x − 2 x5 + c
7 30
b
5 15 8 4.5
32
13 a y = − 1 x −4 + 3 x 2 + c 9
3
2 2
10 18
b y = 5x + 3x −3 + c 11 a (2.5, 6.25) b 18.2
12 12.7 litres
14 a y = − 5 x −1 + 2 x −5 + c
2 7 13 3600 g
2 1 14 a 58 g b 60 g
b y = − x −2 + x −6 + c
3 15 c It suggests it takes forever for all the sand to
fall through / sand is infinitely divisible.
15 a 1 x 4 + 5 x3 + c b 3x 2 − x3 + c 15 18.75
4 3
1 x3 − 1 x 2 − 6 x + c 16 12 x 2 − 83
16 a b 5 x 2 − 1 x3 − 4 x + c x
3 2 2 3 16
17
17 a 3x3 − 6 x − x −1 + c 3
4 x3 − 4 x −1 − 1 x −5 + c 18 af( a ) − A
b
3 5
3 x2 − 2 x + c 5 x 2 − 3x + c
18 a
2
b
2 Chapter 10 Mixed Practice
19 a − x −2 + 7 x −3 + c b − 1 x −1 + 3 x −2 + c 1
x4 + 3 + c
6 2 8 4 x
20 a y = x3 + 6 b y = x5 + 5
2
4 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 5x + c
21 a y = 1 x 4 − 6 x 2 + 10 b y = 3x − 2 x5 + 4 3 2
4 3 0.661
5
22 a y = −3x −2 + 2 x 2 − 4 y = x3 − 4x3 + 6
3
b y = 3x3 + 2 x −1 − 4 5 a=8
4 + 1 +c 6 5.7
23 − 24 y = x3 − 4 x + 7
3t 2t 4 7 a (2, 0), (5, 0) b 6.75
4
25 y = − − x 3 + 10
8 a y = 1.6 x − 3.2 c 1.07
x 9 b 1.5
4 3 2
26 3x − 2 x + 3x − 2 x + c 10 1.5
4 3 2 11 1000 cm3
z 4 z 2 x3 + 2 + c
27 + +c 28 12 21.5 kg
4 2 9 3x
29 a k = 0.2 b 3 kg 13 47
30 a 40 litres b 4 c no 14 a e.g. no energy lost to surroundings.
b 160 calories
Exercise 10B y = 5x + 3
3
15
3
16 0
1 a 97.6 b 2.25
17 6 x + 22
2 a −0.625 b −145.5 x
3 a 4 b 36 18 a (3, 0) b 18
4 a 7.5 b 4.5
472 Answers

Core SL content: b x = −4
d ( −2.85078, −2.35078)
Review Exercise OR (0.35078, 0.85078)
1 a 4 b 83 c 900 e 1
2 a 2 b 2 c 3x + 2 y = 31 f y = −x − 5
3 11 x − 11 y + 112 = 0
3 a y
12 a 1000 b −2
(−1, e)
13 a 8 x − 24 x
7 −2 b 56 x6 + 48 x−3
2 18(1 − r15 )
14 a 18r 3 b
1− r
c 0.315
15 3.6%
16
60
−2 41
x 17 a 12 b 0.0733
c 0.764
18 a −2
c y = −2 x − 3 d (−3, 3)
b y=0 c y ! 2.72
e 20 f 10
4 a a = 2.5; x " 2.5 b f(x ) " 0
19 a i 1295.12 cm3 ii 6
c 18.5
iii I 431cm3
5 a 38.9° b 95.5cm 2
II 4.31 × 10−4 m3
6 a 4.5 b 0.305
b i I 73.5°
c 28.2
II 55.8 m
7 a (−2, 0), (2, 0) b 15.6
ii 55.0 m iii 217 m
8 a 4.5 b 2
20 a i 0.985
c 7 ii strong positive
10
9 a 9.56 cm3 b 88.9 g b y = 260 x + 699
d 52.8° e 30.9 cm 2 c 4077 USD
10 a and c d e.g. 3952 # 4077
y e i 304x
ii 304 x − (260 x + 699)
iii 16
21 a 0.159
b i 0.119
y=2 ii 0.394
22 a 3
3
b 7
x = −4 x
3 4
−2 26
c 8
15
d 172
325
Answers 473

Chapter 11 Prior Knowledge 29 a i 128.4 ii 130

b 1.27%
1 a 1269 b 1360 30 a 329.54 ml b 0.140%
2 a 6420 b 16 31 84.5 cm $ l # 85.5 cm
32 777 g
Exercise 11A 33 a 11.292 # AC # 11.441
b 1.325%
1 a 32.8 b 654.0 34 12.7027 # I # 14
2 a 0.2 b 0.1 35 1.875 # a # 4.25
3 a 32.76 b 654.04 36 a 37.5% b 150%
4 a 0.25 b 0.05 37 a i 0.9
5 a 32.762 b 654.038 ii 1.2
6 a 0.249 b 0.052 iii −0.675
7 a 30 b 700 b ii and iii are wrong. Proportions must be
8 a 0.2 b 0.05 between 0 and 1 inclusive
9 a 33 b 650
38 a 1.445 $ a # 1.455
b 27.86 $ 10a # 28.51
10 a 0.25 b 0.52
c 30 to one significant figure (maximum
11 a 32.8 b 654
significance that includes all possible values)
12 a 0.249 b 0.0517 39 Assuming limiting factor is weight rather than
13 a 110 (2 s.f.) b 12.3 (3 s.f.) e.g. volume or number of trucks available. 9 trucks
14 a 0.16 (2 s.f.) b 3 (1 s.f.) 40 237.5 cm2 $ A # 525 cm2
15 a 12.25 ! x # 12.35 b 0.75 ! x # 0.85
16 a 0.485 $ x # 0.495 b 5.725 $ x # 5.735 Exercise 11B
17 a 55 $ x # 65 b 0.25 $ x # 0.35
1 a $11 037.26 b $831.90
18 a 465 $ x # 475 b 23.5 $ x # 24.5
2 a $9648.31 b $10 598.34
19 a 11.675 $ a + b # 12.685
b 3.575 $ c + d # 3.685 3 a $94 841.43 b $87 410.24
20 a 0.75 $ pq # 3.75 4 a $89 654.86 b $98 150.01
b 2.7225 $ rs # 3.2825 5 a €5742.79 b €1347.86
21 a 3.315 $ a − b # 4.325 6 a €5133.14 b €423.69
b 3.115 $ c − d # 3.225 7 $4414.91
p 8 a 12 b $1013.20
22 a 100 $ # 500
q 9 $1203.38
b 0.1089 $ r # 0.1313 10 a A: €42.03 B: €31.87
s
23 a 0.298% b 0.118% b €105.24
24 a 0.147% b 0.121% c It depends on the utility of the money used
in the payment holiday
25 a 6.25% b 3.66%
11 a 27 months b $186.65
26 a 5.14% b 3.34%
12 a B (€557.48 cf. €592.76)
27 a 46.512 cm 3
b A (€177 828 cf. €200 693)
b i 46.51 cm3 ii 47 cm3
13 Yes: repayments of $300 in first two years leave
28 a r = 2.5 (2 s.f.) b r = 3 (1 s.f.) repayments of $270.29 in remaining three years
474 Answers

Chapter 11 Mixed Practice Exercise 12A

1 a 12.5 b 12 1 a x = 5, y = −2 b x = 34 , y = − 26
23 23
2 19.09%
2 a x = − 5 , y = − 65 b x = −3, y = 4
3 1.01% 19 38
4 £3719.95 3 a x = 17 , y = 16 , z = 39
5 a 1380 m b 743 m c 3.49% 37 37 37
b x = −11, y = 64, z = 88
6 a 1.75
4 a x = −2, y = 1, z = 0
b i x = 2, y = 1, z = 50
ii 1.98 b x = 2 , y = − 1 , z = 52
5 7 35
c 13.1%
5 a a = −3, b = 2, c = −5, d = 1
7 a 0.001 25
61 239 , d = 17
b i 0.0013 ii 0.001 b a = , b = −1, c =
29 29 29
c 60%
8 Age and height in metres 6 a a = 121 , b = 61 , c = 13 , d = − 19
8 8 8 8
9 a 3.1031 # π # 3.1895 b a = 2, b = −1, c = 3, d = 4
b 0.135% 7 a b + g = 60; g = 2b b 40
c 1.52% 8 a 3w + 7g = 14.10; 5w + 4g = 12
10 1.360 # t # 1.474 b $2.70
11 9 9 a = 25, d = −1.8
12 a 27.2% b 300% 10 a = 3.4, d = 0.2
13 a i −0.5 11 t = $10.50, d = $5.25, p = $6
ii 0.149 12 A = $3900, B = $3600, C = $2500
iii 1.22 13 c = 4, f = 5, s = 2
b i and iii are wrong. Probabilities must be 14 £301.75
between 0 and 1 inclusive
15 0.2
14 a 22.7% b $7.39
16 754
15 a 99 months b ¥202.81 17 x = ±1, y = ±3, z = ±4
16 Option B: £343 739 vs £351 486 18 5
17 a $648.96 b $12 500
a €66.61 b 33.2% c 72.4%
18
19 604.75
Exercise 12B
20 a 2.55 $ a # 2.65 1 a x = 0.438, 4.56 b x = −2.14, 1.64
b 354.8 $ 10a # 446.7 2 a x = 1.5 b x=1
c 400 to one significant figure (maximum 3
significance that includes all possible values) 3 a x = −2.09, 0.797, 1.80
b x = −2.21, 0.539, 1.68
4
Chapter 12 Prior 4 a x = −1,
3
b x = −2, 2.5

Knowledge 5 a x = −4.72, −1.16, 0.364, 1.51

b x = −0.798, 0.174, 0.872, 2.75
1 x = 39 , y = − 1 6 a x = −1.30, 2.30, 3 b x = −2,
3
7 7 2
2 a 3x 2 + 11x − 11 = 0 b 3x 2 − x − 4 = 0 7 a No real solutions b No real solutions
Answers 475

8 a x = −1.49 b x = 1.84 18 b 80
9 a x = −4.89, −1.10 b No real solutions c ii Solutions to n2 + n − 4200 are not whole
10 8 cm numbers.
11 r = 2.5, −3.5 19 0.3
12 r = 2 20 24
13 b x = −3.61, 1.11 21 3.28
14 a x 3 − 3x − 1 = 0 22 0.264 or −1.26
b x = −1.53, −0.347, 1.88 23 x = 1, y = −1, z = 2
15 b x = −1.42, 8.42 24 20
c x = 8.42 since length must be positive
16 a 5x 2 + 2 x − 19.8 = 0 Chapter 13 Prior
b x = 1.8 m
17 x = 5 or 10
Knowledge
18 c r = 6.50 cm or r = 3.07 cm 1 y = 7x+8
5 5
19 4
2 1, 0.264, −1.26
20 20
3 x = − 5 , y = 22 , z = 65
21 (4, 5) or (−5, −4) 9 9 9
22 a
1 n( n − 3) b 10 4 1.46
2

Chapter 12 Mixed Practice Exercise 13A

1 4 cm 1 a y = 2x − 6 b y=x+3
2 b x = −3.19, 4.69 2 a y = −3x + 15 b y = −1.5x + 18
3 b x = −3.70, −3, 2.70 3 a y = 0.5x + 0.5 b y = 4x − 16
4 a x 2 + x − 10 = 0 b 2.70, −3.70 4 a y = −2.4x + 9.4 b y = −2x + 4
5 1.65 cm 5 a y = 5x − 11.5 b y = 7 x +1
3
6 a 8s + 6f = 142; s + f = 20
6 a y = −4x + 27.7 b y = −0.4x − 4.82
b 11
7 a i Each year the car will travel 8200 miles.
7 $2
ii The car had travelled 29 400 miles when it
8 39 was bought.
9 a x + y = 10 000 b 39 AUD b 70,400
c 12x + 5y = 108 800 d x = 8400, y = 1600 c Ninth
10 u1 = −11, d = 3 8 a C = 1.25d + 2.50
11 a A = x2 + 2x b $6.50
b x = 9.5 c No, the cost would be $10.63.
c 42 m 9 a i k = 100 ii m = −8
12 8 b 0 $ t $ 12.5
13 0.5 or −1.5 10 a C = −50 d + 670 b £430 000
14 −3 11 a a = 0.225, b = 3.63
15 b x = 2.73 b i The change in weight per week
16 40 or 61 ii The weight of the baby at birth
17 a V = 2 x3 + 7 x 2 + 6 x b 1.5 × 3.5 × 6
476 Answers

 0.12e + 10 for 0 $ e $ 250 8 a x = −3

12 a C= b 0 = 30.25a − 5.5b + c
0.15e + 2.5 for e > 250
0 = 0.25a − 0.5b + c
b £47.50
12.5 = 9 a − 3b + c
13 a i C = 7.5m + 80 ii C = 5m + 125
c a = −2, b = −12, c = −5.5
b m > 18 miles
d y
14 a D ( p) = 1125 − 15 p
b S ( p) = 12 p − 360
c p = $28.33
15 a 1.5 m b i a = 0.18
c 2.1 m ii b = −1.3 11
2 x
d 21.1 m 1
0 2 11
0 $ I $ 12.5
 2
0.2 I − 2.5 12.5 < I $ 50
16 a T =
0.4 I − 12.5 50 < I $ 150
0.45 I − 20 I > 150
b i £4 500 ii £15 500
c £155 556 9 a 1350 = 2500 a + 50b + c
5100 = 40000 a + 200b + c
3100 = 160000 a + 400b + c
Exercise 13B b a = −0.1, b = 50, c = −900
1 a y = x 2 + 5x − 3 b y = 2 x 2 − 3x + 5 c If the business produces no items it will make
a loss of £900 .
2 a y = 3x 2 − 2 x − 4 b y = − x2 + 4 x + 2
d i 250 ii £5350
3 a y = −2 x 2 + 6 x + 5 b y = 0.5x 2 − 3x + 2
10 10.8 cm
4 a y = x 2 + 3.2 x − 5.4 b y = −0.3x 2 − 2 x + 4.1
11 a c = 1.45
5 a y = 4 x 2 − 8 x − 12 b y = − x 2 + 3x + 10
b i 1.4 = − b
6 a y = −2 x 2 + 12 x − 8 b y = 3x 2 + 12 x − 5 2a
8.41a + 2.9b + 1.45 = 0
7 a ( −5, 0)
ii a = −5, b = 14
b b = 3, c = −10
c t = 0.281, 2.52s
c y
12 a 3.88m 2
b Assumes that R is always growing at the same
rate, e.g. ignoring temperature.
x
5 2 c The algae will eventually fill the pond, so its
surface area will no longer increase, but in the
model it continues to grow indefinitely.

10
3
x=
2
Answers 477

Exercise 13C
1 a y b y

y=3
ln 4
x
y= 1
x

2 a y b y

ln 3
1 2
x

y= 2
y=1
x

3 a y b y

6
y=4
x
1

y = 2.5 1.5

x
478 Answers

4 a y 14 a c = 0.0462 b 99.7 hours

15 50 m s−1
16 a 66.6 °C
b i No change
y=2 ii Increase but stay less than 1

1 ln 2 x Exercise 13D
1 a y = 4 x2 b y = 0.5x 4
2 a y = 33 x b y = 1.5 x
3 a y= 5 b y = 23
x x
4 a y = 15 b y = 412
x x
5 a y = x 3 + 2 x 2 − 5x + 4
y
b b y = 3x3 − 4 x 2 − x + 2
y=5
6 a y = 2 x3 + 4 x 2 − 3x − 6
b y = − x3 − 3x 2 + 2
7 a y = −2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 1
2 b y = 0.5x3 − 3x 2 + 0.3x + 10
8 a y = −1.2 x3 + 4 x − 2.5
log2 5
3 ( (
x b y = 3x3 + 2 x 2 − 4.7 x − 3.8
9 a F = 2.4 x b i 9.6 N
ii 8.33 cm
10 a T = 0.2 l b i 1.55 s
ii 16 cm
11 a 5.63 × 106 Watts b 17.0 m s−1
900 000
12 a P= b i 7200 Pa
V
5 a y = 2 × 3x − 1 b y = 4x + 1.5 ii 11.25cm3
6 a y = 10 × 5− x + 6 b y = 6 × 2− x − 5 13 29
7 a y = 1.2x + 3 b y = 4 × 0.5x + 2 14 a −1 = −8a + 4b − 2c + d
8 a y = 5e− x − 2 b y = ex + 4 −8 = − a + b − c + d
2 = a+b+c+ d
9 a 4.68 billion
−5 = 8a + 4b + 2c + d
b 2%
b a = −2, b = 0, c = 7, d = −3
c 5.27 billion
15 a T = −0.00342 d 3 + 0.251d 2 + 1.04 d − 0.265
10 a 1.5mg l −1
b i 11.4 ii 3.88%
b 0.556 mg l −1
c 252 years
c 9 hours and 2 minutes 3
11 a k = 2.5, r = 0.206 b 1 205 000 16 x = kz 2
12 a k = 45.1, a = 1.15 b 27.2 s 17 17.4%
13 a V = 8500 × 0.8t 18 f (5) = 38
b $912.68 19 7 days
c c = 8000, d = 500 20 f ( x ) = kx ( x − 1)( x − 2) + x
Answers 479

Exercise 13E Chapter 13 Mixed Practice

1 a i 3 ii 90 iii y = 2 1 a 16% b 52%
iv 5 v 1 vi (0, 2) c 70 minutes
b i 2 ii 720 iii y = −5 2 a c=3 b 6=− b
2a
iv −3 v −7 vi (0, −5) 12 = 36 a + 6b
2 a i 0.5 ii 1080 iii y = −2 c a = − 1, b = 4
3
iv −1.5 v −2.5 vi 3 a p = 1.5, q = 3.5 b y = 3.5
b i 5 ii 4 iii y = 3 4 a V = 0.4T b V = 117 cm3
iv 8 v −2 vi (0, 8) 5 a m = 90
3 a 3 b 8 c 2 b Change per year in the number of apartments
4 a 4 b 1 c −1 c 60
2
5 a 50 m b 1.8 m c 5m d Number of apartments initially
6 a i 1.68 m ii 0.52 m 6 a −8 p + 4q − 2r = −8
b 300° s −1 p + q + r = −2
c 0.81 m 8 p + 4q + 2r = 0
7 a 152 cm b 0.4 s c 140 cm b p = 1, q = −1, r = −2
8 a p = 40, q = 18, r = 0 7 a i 3 ii 180°
b 10.8 s b i a=2 ii b = 1 iii c = −1
9 13.7 °C c 5
10 3.30 m 8 a $1.00 b $2.00
c 350 ! w # 500

Exercise 13F 9 a a = 4, b = 5 b 2
c c = −1
1 a F y = 2 × 3− x + 1 2
10 36%
b F y = 4 × 3x − 2
11 a i 40 °C ii 20 °C iii 10 °C
2 a C y = x3 − 3x 2 + x + 1
c y
b C y = − x3 − x 2 + 4 x + 2
100
3 a E y = 3cos(180 x ) − 2
b E y = −2cos(18 x ) + 1 80
4 a D y = − sin(0.5x ) + 3
b D y = 10sin(90 x ) + 4 60
5 a P = 67 × 1.01n
b Population growth rate may change over 40
the longer term due to, e.g. changes in
immigration, birth rate, death rate, etc.
20
There might be large errors by the time we get
to 2100.
6 a 0 ! t ! 55 t
1 2 3 4 5 6
b An exponential model so that the rate of decrease p
slows down and the pressure tends to zero. d i 94 = p + q ii 54 = + q
2
7 a 0 °C e p = 80, q = 14 f y = 14
b T = 80 × 0.87t + 20 g i r = −0.878 ii y = 71.6 − 11.7t
h 36.7 i 52.8%
480 Answers

12 a 1.5 b C = 2.5 15 6.85 cm

c 3 hours 19 minutes 16 1.32 cm, 13.7 cm
13 a i 100 m ii 50 m 17 0.219 cm
b ii 2.4 18 per = 16.6 cm, area = 3.98 cm 2
c h 19 x=3
20 r = 23.4, θ = 123
100
21 per = 33.5 cm, area = 78.6 cm

80
Exercise 14B
60 1 a x + 2y = 2 b x − 3 y = 39
2 a 3x − 4 y = −60 b 5x + 2 y = 60
40 3 a 5x − 4 y = 6 b 4 x + 3 y = −13
4 a 12 x + 3 y = 11 b 12 x − 4 y = −41
5 a y = −2 x + 22 b y = −3x + 40
20
6 a y = 3x + 5 b y = −2x + 2
2 4 5
t
10 20 30 40 7 a y = 2x + 1 b y = − 1 x + 53
3 12 2 10
d a = −50, b = 18, c = 50
8 a y = −x − 26 b y = 2x − 16
3 3
Chapter 14 Prior 9 a i A, B, C, D, E ii F, G, H

Knowledge b
iii [FG], [GH]
i A, B, C, D, E, F
iv No finite cells
ii G, H, I, J, K, L
1 a 10.4 b (−0.5, −1) iii [GH], [HI], [IJ], [JG], [JL], [LK], [KI]
2 2 x + 5 y = 27 iv GHIJ, IJLK
10 a i A ii F
Exercise 14A b i B ii C
11 a i B and C ii x = 4
1 a 3.49 cm, 8.73 cm 2 b 9.07 cm, 36.3 cm 2 b i A and B ii y = 3 − x
2 a 6.98 cm, 14.0 cm 2 b 14.7 cm, 51.3 cm 2 c i D and C ii 6 y + 4 x = 25
3 a 33.5 cm, 134 cm 2 b 25.3 cm, 63.3 cm 2 12 a
4 2
a 20.3 cm , 28.4 cm b 4.32 cm 2 , 15.5 cm
5 a 43.3 cm 2 , 34.2 cm b 15.4 cm 2 , 19.1 cm C
6 a 176 cm 2 , 57.1 cm b 8.81 cm 2 , 13.3 cm
7 per = 20.9 cm, area = 19.5 cm 2
8 per = 27.5 cm, area = 47.0 cm 2
9 10.1 cm D
10 a 80.2° b 17.5 cm 2 B
11 40.1°
A
12 15.5 cm
13 a 11.6 cm b 38.2 cm
14 area = 57.1 cm 2 , per = 30.3 cm
Answers 481

b 14 a

C C

D
B D
E
B
A
A

13 a b

C
C

D
D
E

A B A B

b 15 y = 2 x − 2.5
16 a x = 5.5 b 22 °C
C c 1025 mbar d 31 mm
17 a i F, G
ii A, B, G, I
D
b B, C, D, H, I
18 C; highest mean contamination at sites in that
B region
19 a i D ii C iii D
A
b Contains all stores served by distribution
centre A
482 Answers

c y d y

12
11
10
9 B
9
E 8
8
7 7 C
6 6
D E
5
5
4
4
3
D
2
A B x A
5 6 7 8 9 1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
e 412 m
d (14, 1) to B 22 a 3x − 2 y = 1 b D
20 a i y = 2.5 − 0.5x c (9, 13)
ii x = 3 23 a D b (3, 6)
iii y = 4 − x c 2400 m 2 d y = − x + 11
b (3, 1) e y
d y
10
5 C
C B
4 8
3
6
M
2
1 4
A D
A x
1 2 3 4 5 2

e B B
x
21 b (7.83, 5.67) 2 4 6 8 10
c (7, 5) 24 a (25, 5) b 25.5 km
c e.g. the towns have no size − they are just a
point
25 a (31, 29) to be at the vertex furthest from all
towns on a Voronoi diagram
b Moves further away from B (i.e. larger x and
y coordinates)

Chapter 14 Mixed Practice

1 a 27.9 cm2 b 25.6 cm
2 8
3 1.18 m3
Answers 483

4 a y = −7.42 x + 1440 b 142 km e y

5 a 5390 m b 5 6
2
c 4 x + 10 y = 55 5
d It is the same distance from A, C and D. 4
6 a 7 km2, 316 people per km2 3
C B
b 0.194 2
D
c B − cell has the highest probability of cholera 1
A
7 a (15, 25) b 15.8 km x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 a 6 x + 4 y = 29
b y
f 16.7%
7 D 11 a i 23 °C ii 28 °C iii 25 °C
6 b y
5 9
4 C
8
3 B
E B 7
2 A
A 6
1
5
x D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4
E C
3
F G
2
9 25 600
10 a i y =1 1
ii x = 3 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
iii y = 10 − 3x
c (6, 3), to 24 °C
b (3, 1)
12 6 cm
c y 13 4.0cm and 3.4cm
5 14 a 44.0° b 1.18cm 2
15 b 58.3° c 23.9 cm
4
16 a 82.3° b 111 cm
3 17 a 130° b 36.1%
2 C B c 18.2 °C
18 (3.1, 1.9) (although (1.25, 3.75) is also locally
1
stable)
A x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

d (3, 1)
484 Answers

19 a y 5 a Sufficient evidence that the mean is not 2.6

5 b Insufficient evidence that the mean is not 8.5
6 a Sufficient evidence that the data does not
4 come from the distribution N(12, 3.42 )
C B b Insufficient evidence that the data does not
3 come from the distribution N(53, 82 )
7 a i Expected: 25, 50, 25, χ 2 = 7.26
2
ii 2
A D
1 iii p = 0.0265, reject H0
b i Expected: 50, 30, 20, χ 2 = 1.00
x
1 2 3 4 ii 2
iii p = 0.607, do not reject H0
8 a i Expected: 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, χ 2 = 8.00
ii 4
b 8 km iii p = 0.0916, do not reject H0
20 a a2 + b2 = 1 b (1 + a, b) b i Expected: 15, 15, 15, 15, χ 2 = 10.5
c
2 b (
y − b = −1+ a x − 1+ a
2 ) ii 3
iii p = 0.0145, reject H0
9 a i Expected: 66.7, 50, 40, 43.4, χ 2 = 18.7
Chapter 15 Prior ii 3
Knowledge iii p = 0.000320, reject H0
b i Expected: 53.3, 26.7, 32, 48, χ 2 = 7.38
1 18.4
ii 3
2 0.0280
iii p = 0.0606, do not reject H0
3 0.388
10 a χ 2 = 6.81, do not reject H0
4 a 0.662
b χ 2 = 6.43, do not reject H0
b Significant positive (linear) correlation
11 a χ 2 = 10.1, reject H0
b χ 2 = 1.69, do not reject H0
Exercise 15A 12 a χ 2 = 9.13, reject H0
1 a H 0 : µ = 23.4, H1: µ % 23.4, one-tail b χ 2 = 5.12 , do not reject H0
b H 0 : µ = 8.3, H1: µ % 8.3, one-tail 13 a χ 2 = 5.51, in sufficient evidence that they are
not independent
2 a H 0 : µ = 300, H1: µ ≠ 300 , two-tail
b χ 2 = 33.2 , sufficient evidence that they are
b H 0 : µ = 163, H1: µ ≠ 163, two-tail not independent
3 a H 0 : There is no correlation between 14 a χ 2 = 0.695, insufficient evidence that they are
temperature and the number of people not independent
H1: There is a negative correlation between
the two; one-tail b χ 2 = 11.2, sufficient evidence that they are
not independent
b H 0: There is no correlation between rainfall
and temperature 15 a χ 2 = 42.8 , sufficient evidence that they are
H1: There is correlation between the two; not independent
two-tail b χ 2 = 5.19 , insufficient evidence that they are
4 a Insufficient evidence that the mean is greater not independent
than 13.4 16 χ 2 = 12.14, p = 0.00231, sufficient evidence that

b Insufficient evidence that the mean is smaller the age and food choices are not independent
than 26
Answers 485

17 χ 2 = 4.41, p = 0.110 , insufficient evidence that 27 χ 2 = 5.46, p = 0.243, insufficient evidence that
type of insect depends on location the model is not appropriate
18 a 10, 20, 30; 2 b 1.93 28 a χ 2 = 14.0, p = 0.007 33 , sufficient evidence
c Insufficient evidence that the ratio is different that diet and age are dependent
from 1:2:3 b χ 2 = 15.9, p = 0.0141, insufficient evidence
19 a H0: Each course is equally likely, that diet and age are dependent
H1: Each course is not equally likely 29 a χ 2 = 3.37, p = 0.185 , insufficient evidence
b 20, 20, 20, 20; 3 that favourite science depends on gender
c p = 0.001 19, sufficient evidence that each b χ 2 = 10.1, p = 0.00636 , sufficient evidence
course is not equally likely that favourite science depends on gender
20 p = 8.55 × 10−23, sufficient evidence that city and
mode of transport are dependent Exercise 15B
21 χ 2 = 11.6, p = 0.0407, insufficient evidence that
the dice is not fair 1 a t = 0.278, p = 0.395
22 a H0: The data comes from the distribution Do not reject H0
B(3, 0.7) b t = 1.95, p = 0.0492
H1: The data does not come from the Reject H0
distribution B(3, 0.7) 2 a t = −1.63, p = 0.0823
b 5.40, 37.8, 88.2, 68.6; 3 Reject H0
c 3.57 b t = −1.19, p = 0.143
d Insufficient evidence that the data does not Do not reject H0
come from the distribution B(3, 0.7)
3 a t = −2.78, p = 0.0239
23 a Binomial, n = 6, p = 0.5
Do not reject H0
b 9.38, 56.3, 141, 188, 141, 56.3, 9.38
b t = 3.03, p = 0.0163
c χ 2 = 7.82 ; insufficient evidence that the coins
Reject H0
are biased
4 a t = 10, p = 2.46 × 10−10
24 a X ~ B(4, 0.5)
Reject H 0
b H0: The data comes from the distribution
B(4, 0.5) b t = 2, p = 0.0262, reject H0
H1: The data does not come from this 5 a t = −0.232, p = 0.409, do not reject H0.
distribution b t = −0.861, p = 0.202, do not reject H0.
c 4 6 a t = 0.253, p = 0.806, do not reject H0.
d χ 2 = 13.4, p = 0.00948, sufficient evidence b t = −3.35, p = 0.0285, reject H0
that the data does not come from B(4, 0.5)
7 a t = 1.55, p = 0.0781, do not reject H0
25 a 0.440, 0.334, 0.0668
b t = 15.49, p < 10−10, reject H0
b 3
8 a t = −0.885, p = 0.189, do not reject H0
c H0: The data comes from the distribution
b t = −2.30, p = 0.0118, reject H0
N(5.8, 0.82 )
H1: The data does not come from the 9 a t = −2.97, p = 0.00331, reject H0
distribution N(5.8, 0.82 ) b t = 1.34, p = 0.196 , do not reject H0
d χ 2 = 2.82, p = 0.420 , insufficient evidence to 10 t = 0.579, p = 0.290, do not reject H0
reject H0 11 t = −1.49, p = 0.152, do not reject H0
26 a 14.1, 7.09, 7.62, 7.09, 14.1 12 t = −1.229, p = 0.1251, do not reject H0
b 4 13 H : µ = 14.3. H : µ > 14.3
0 1
c 30.7 t = 1.91, p = 0.0330, reject H0
d Sufficient evidence that the times do not 14 a t = 0.314, p = 0.381, do not reject H0
follow the distribution N(23, 2.62 )
b The times are normally distributed.
486 Answers

15 a The amounts are normally distributed. 12 a y

b t = −3.37, p = 0.00213, reject H0
100
16 t = 0.673, p = 0.514 , do not reject H0
17 a The times of two groups are normally
distributed and have a common variance. 80
b H 0: µ1 = µ2 , H1: µ1 # µ2 where µ1 and µ2 are
population mean times of the two groups 60
c t = −2.20, p = 0.0162
i Reject H0 40
ii Do not reject H0
18 a H 0 : µ = 0, H1 : µ > 0 where µ is the mean 20
change in share price
b The changes in price are normally distributed. 0 x
0 2 4 6 8 10
c t = 0.582, p = 0.288, do not reject H0
b Appears non-linear
19 a equal variances
c −0.994, strong negative association
b t = −0.9, p = 0.197, do not reject H0
13 H0: There is no correlation, H1: There is positive
20 a t = 1.90, p = 0.0365, reject H0 correlation, rs = 0.303 . Do not reject H0
b −8, 4, −12, −11, −11, −15, 0, 2 14 0.332; no significant evidence of correlation
c H 0: µ = 0, H1: µ < 0, where µ is the mean between time playing video games and sleep
change in blood pressure 15 a −0.952 b No
d t = 2.68, p = 0.0125 < 0.05 , reject H0 16 a 0.8857
e The differences are distributed normally. b Insufficient evidence of correlation,
f The first test required that the observations rs # 0.886
are independent, which is not true. 17 Insufficient evidence of correlation, rs = −0.505
18 a 0.806 b No c Yes
Exercise 15C 19 a 0.738
b Sufficient evidence of positive correlation
1 a 0.857 b 0.762
20 a Increases
2 a −0.617 b −0.983
b No change
3 a 0.286 b −0.833
c No change
4 a −0.0357 b −0.357
5 a −0.891 b −0.873
6 a −0.593 b −0.593 Chapter 15 Mixed Practice
7 a 0.795 b −0.807 1 a 0.946 b 1
8 a 0.343 b 0 c As c increases V increases, but not in a
9 a B b C perfectly linear pattern
c A 2 a 0.0668
10 a i 0.879 b Sufficient evidence to support claim
ii 0.886 ( p = 0.00186)
b Strong positive correlation 3 Insufficient evidence to reject H0 ( p = 0.681)
11 a 0.929 4 a H0: The dice is unbiased (all outcomes have
b As temperature increases, it appears that the equal probability), H1: The dice is biased
number of people visiting increases. b all = 50 c 5
d Insufficient evidence that the dice is biased,
p = 0.123 % 0.10
Answers 487

5 a 0.857 16 a H0 : All the coins are fair (P(tails = 0.5))

b H0: There is no correlation between hours H1 : (Some of) the coins are biased
of sunshine and temperature, H1: There is a b 6.25, 43.75, 131.25, 218.75, 218.75, 131.75,
positive correlation 43.75, 6.25
c There is sufficient evidence of positive c p = 0.0401, χ 2 = 14.7
correlation. d Insufficient evidence that the coins are not fair
6 Sufficient evidence that the mean time is greater 17 a Mean is 1, which is consistent with the
than 17.5 minutes ( p = 0.0852 # 0.10) claimed B(5,0.2) distribution but does not
7 a H 0: µ = 16, H1: µ # 16 prove it must be that
b Insufficient evidence of decrease b i H 0 : data is drawn from a B(5,0.2)
( p = 0.0538 % 0.05) distribution
8 a H0: The grades are independent of the school H1: data is not drawn from a B(5,0.2)
H1: The grades depend on the school distribution
b p = 0.198, insufficient evidence that grades ii χ 2 = 0.588
depend on school iii p = 0.899
9 H0: The times are the same after training, iv There is no significant evidence to doubt
H1: The times have decreased after training. the manufacturer’s claim.
Insufficient evidence that times have improved
( p = 0.277) 18 a t = −1.70, p = 0.0754
10 H0: The data comes from the given distribution No: there is insufficient evidence to reject H 0
H1: The data does not come from this distribution b i H 0 : There is no correlation
Insufficient evidence to reject claim ( p = 0.465) H1 : There is negative correlation
11 a 791 ii −0.857
b H0: The average weight of a loaf is 800 g, iii Reject H 0 (as age increases there is a tendency
H1: The average weight of a loaf is less than for 100 m time to decrease)
800 g. t = −2.63, p = 0.0137. Sufficient 19 a t = −1.19, p = 0.118 % 0.05
evidence to reject H0 and say the average b χ 2 = 9.79, p = 0.0440 # 0.05
weight of a loaf is less than 800 g. c They could come from a normal distribution
12 a not random (observations may not be with a different mean (or different variance).
independent) d Scores are discrete, normal distribution is
b H 0: µ1 = µ2 , H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 continuous.
c The masses of the eggs of both chickens are 20 a t = 2.51, p = 0.0129. Reject H0 (significant
distributed normally with equal variance. change from 3.3)
d p = 0.666, insufficient evidence that the means b rS = 0.696 , do not reject H0 (no significant
of egg masses for the two chickens are different evidence of increasing frequency with score)
13 a −0.511 c χ 2 = 1.93, p = 0.858, do not reject H0 (no
b H0: no correlation, H1: some correlation significant evidence of non-random pattern)
c Insufficient evidence of correlation
(0.511 # 0.564)
Chapter 16 Prior
14 a t = 1.689, p = 0.103, do not reject H 0
b The lifetimes follow a normal distribution Knowledge
with equal variances.
1 f ′(x ) = 2 x 2 3 3 5.75
15 a B(5, 0.45)
b 5.03, 20.6, 33.7, 27.6, 13.1
c 4 Exercise 16A
d p = 0.0249, sufficient evidence that Roy’s
1 a 8 b 10
belief is incorrect
488 Answers

3.15 hours
b −9
4
2 a −6
2 5 a 40 cm b 100 cm2
3 a 1 b 1 6 a 42 cm 2
b 25.9cm
18 4
7 108 cm 3
4 a −12 b −16
8 a P = 2 x + 72 b 24cm
5 a 0, 2.67 b −1.73, 1.73 x
9 253 m 2
6 a −0.779, 0.178, 0.601 b 0.607
10 b 821 cm3
7 a 1.10 b −0.632, 0.632
11 a h = 460 , S = 2 x 2 + 1840
8 a i max (−0.577, 1.77), min (0.577, 0.23) x2 x
ii 1.77 b 9.73
b i max (0, 5), min (2.67, −4.48) 12 a 4 x 2 + 675
x
ii 5
b 4.39cm × 8.77 cm × 5.85cm
9 a i max (−0.167, −2.99), min (0, −3) 13 b r = 4.30, h = 8.60
ii −2.25
c e.g. doesn’t take into account the neck of the
b i max (0.667, −0.852), min (0, −1) bottle
ii 1 14 b 1210 cm3
10 a i max (0, 1), min (1.58, −5.25) 15 23
ii 1 16 b 39
b i max (−0.707, 1.25), (0.707, 1.25), min (0, 1) 17 a $7
ii 1.25 b It does not predict negative sales when x % 10
11 a i min (0.630, 1.53) c $9
ii 4 18 a 800 − 200 b 0.5 kg
b i local maximum (0,2), local minimum
m m2
(0.750, 1.90) 19 102 000 cm3
ii 4 20 12.9 cm3
12 b = −2, c = 3
13 b = −4, c = 1 Exercise 16C
14 a −0.329, 1.54 b 0.909
1 a 290 b 478
15 (0, 0), (3, 27)
2 a 0.921 b 0.337
16 (−1, −5)
3 a 3.65 b 2.16
17 a (0.180, 7.81) b −32
4 a 1.48 b 1.08
18 108.9
5 a 14.6 b 16.4
19 13.5 ! f( x ) ! 30.7
6 a 1.71 b 5.44
20 f(x ) " −30
7 a 3.57 b 3.47
21 a = 2, b = 5
8 5.15
22 a = 3, b = 6
9 5.82
23 (−1.49, 20.9)
10 13.2
11 a 11.1 m2 b Larger (the tunnel
Exercise 16B is curved)
12 4%
1 $2.5 million
13 137 m2
2 $1726
14 2250 m 2
3 77.1 km h −1
15 a 1.84 b Underestimate
Answers 489

Chapter 16 Mixed Practice 6 a y

1 a (23 , − 43) 3
2
, 81
4
b y

x
3

x
4

A
3
maximum at ( 32 , 814) , mimima in the interval
2 4 at the end points (0, 0) and (3, 0)
,
3 3 b 31.3
7 11.4
8 a h = 44 − w
2 −16 b w = 22, h = 22
3 a c 484cm 2
y
9 65.8 km h −1
10 c 48 x − 18 x 2 d 2.67 m
e 56.9 m3 f 5.33 m, 4 m
g 7
11 ( −1.14, 3.93)
12 a = 3, b = 213
x 13 (−1, 9)
5 5
12 12 14 a 1.06 b 0.982, 8.20%
15 a (0.423, 0.385) b 6
16 −256
17 cylinder, r = 3.63 cm, h = 7.26 cm
18 a V = 20lw
d S

b ± 5 500
12
4 −0.855
400
5 (0.5, 7)
300

200

100

w
5 10 15 20
490 Answers

b 3.48 years
e 4 − 300
w2 c Continues to spread, tending to an upper limit
f 8.66 of 10 000 (which is possibly the full population
g 17.3 of this species) [6]
h 109 cm 9 a 51.8 cm
b 26.8 cm
19 b i 1200 ii A = 2 πx 2 + 1200
x x c 5980 cm3 [7]
dA 1200 10 a H 0: µ A = µ B
c = 4 πx − 2 d 4.57
dx x
H1: µ A ≠ µ B
e 394 cm2
b p = 0.0338
20 (−2.67, 107)
c 0.0338 # 0.05 so reject H0. There is sufficient
21 a T = −0.022t 3 + 0.56t 2 − 2.0t + 5.9 evidence at the 10% level that the mean length
b −21.5 °C; it predicts a much lower temperature of perch in the two rivers is different.
at midnight on the next day than the previous d Both populations are normally distributed.
day
The two populations have equal variance. [8]
22 6.25
11 a 6 x + 8 y = 59
23 a 33 units2 b 20 625 m2
b C as that point is in the Voronoi cell
containing C.
Applications and c (2, 3) [6]

interpretation SL: 12 a a = −0.25, b = 2.25, c = −3.5

b £1560 [7]
Practice Paper 1 13 a dl = 0.28
dt t
1 a 13 cm b 38
b 4m
c 5 [6] c Rate of growth slows but sharks continue
8
to grow throughout their lifetime. [8]
2 a f( x ) > −1.10 b −0.41
c x = 21.1 [5]
3 a a + 9 d = 285 Applications and
25a + 300 d = 9000 interpretation SL:
b a = 60, d = 25 [5]
Practice Paper 2
4 a 80 b 1 c 3 [5]
8 5
5 a AUS 444.89 1 a i −3 ii (0, 6) [3]
2
b AUS 6,693.40 [6] b 2 x − 3 y = 21 [3]
6 a H0: gender and favourite type of wine are c (6, −3) [1]
independent
d i 117 ≈ 10.8 ii 13 ≈ 3.61 [2]
H1: gender and favourite type of wine are not
independent e 19.5 [2]
b p = 0.0935 2 a p + q = 0.27 [1]
c 0.0935 % 0.05 so do not reject H0. Insufficient b 3 p + 4q = 1 [3]
evidence at the 5% level that gender and wine c p = 0.08, q = 0.19 [1]
preference are not independent. [6] d i 0.161 ii 0.467 [3]
7 a k=6 e i 9.3 ii 1.88 [2]
b 806 ! V # 941 [5] f 0.149 [3]
8 a i 500 ii 4220
Answers 491

3 a k = 6, c = 2 [3] f i 2.65 m
3 ii 12.2 m 2 [4]
b y [4] 5 a 0.978 [2]
y = S(x) b Yes, since value of r close to 1 so points lie
near to straight line. [2]
c a = 0.0444, b = 2.56
c = 0.0152, d = 8.40 [5]
y = S 1 (x)
d i 6560 euros
ii 11 400 euros
ii 13 400 euros [3]
e Part i and ii are reliable as within the range
of the given data. Part iii is potentially
unreliable as had to extrapolate. [3]
x 6 a i − 12 [5]
p

( )
c i 0 ! S−1 ! 125
2
ii 0 ! S ! 150 [2] b i Q(2 p, 0), R 0, p
d i 27 ii 2 [4]
ii The volume of the cuboid when the d 2 2 ≈ 2.83 [2]
surface area is 54 [2]
4 a p = 2.3, q = 22.5 [3]
b 1.63 m [1]
c 34.9% [2]
d a = 0.0323, b = −0.531, c = 2.18 [4]
e y [2]

(2, 2.5)
(4, 2.3)

x
8
Glossary
χ 2 statistic In a χ2 test the value that measures how Edges (on a Voronoi diagram) The boundaries of a cell
far the observed data values are from what would be Event A combination of outcomes
expected if the null hypothesis were true
Expected frequencies The frequencies of each
Alternative hypothesis In a hypothesis test, the stated group in a frequency table or for each variable in a
difference from the null hypothesis that is to be contingency table assuming the null hypothesis is true
investigated
Exponent The number x in the expression b x
Amortization The process of paying off debt through
Exponential decay The process of a quantity
regular payments
decreasing at a rate proportional to its current value
Amplitude Half the distance between the maximum
Exponential equation An equation with the variable in
and minimum values of a sinusoidal function
the power (or exponent)
Annuity A fixed sum of money paid at regular intervals,
Exponential growth The process of a quantity
typically for the rest of the recipient’s life
increasing at a rate proportional to its current value
Arithmetic sequence A sequence with a common
Exponential model A function with the variable in
difference between each term
the exponent
Arithmetic series The sum of the terms of an
Geometric sequence A sequence with a common
arithmetic sequence
ratio between each term
Asymptotes Lines to which a graph tends but that it
Geometric series The sum of the terms of a geometric
never reaches
sequence
Axis of symmetry The vertical line through the vertex
Gradient function See derivative
of a parabola
Hypothesis testing A statistical test that determines
Base The number b in the expression b x
whether or not sample data provide sufficient evidence
Biased A description of a sample that is not a good to reject the default assumption (the null hypothesis)
representation of a population
Incremental algorithm An algorithm for building a
Cells (on a Voronoi diagram) The regions containing Voronoi diagram one site at a time
the points which are closer to a given site than any
Indefinite integration Integration without limits – this
other site
results in an expression in the variable of integration
Contingency table A table showing the observed (often x) and a constant of integration
frequencies of two variables
Inflation rate The rate at which prices increase over time
Continuous Data that can take any value in a given range
Initial value The value of a quantity when t = 0
Cubic model A function of the form y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
Integration The process of reversing differentiation
Decimal places The number of digits after the decimal
Intercept A point at which a curve crosses one of the
point
coordinate axes
Definite integration Integration with limits – this
Interest The amount added to a loan or investment,
results in a numerical answer (or an answer dependent
calculated in each period either as a percentage of
on the given limits) and no constant of integration
the initial sum or as a percentage of the total value
Degrees of freedom (v) The number of independent at the end of the previous period
values in the hypothesis test
Interquartile range The difference between the upper
Depreciate A decrease in value of an asset and lower quartiles
Derivative A function that gives the gradient at any Inverse proportion Two quantities are inversely
point of the original function (also called the slope proportional when one is a constant multiple of the
function or gradient function) reciprocal of the other
Differentiation The process of finding the derivative Limit of a function The value that f(x) approaches as x
of a function tends to the given value
Direct proportion Two quantities are directly proportional Linear model A function of the form y = mx + c
when one is a constant multiple of the other
Local maximum point A point where a function has a
Discrete Data that can only take distinct values larger value than at any other points nearby
Discrete random variable A variable with discrete Local minimum point A point where a function has a
output that depends on chance smaller value than at any other points nearby
Glossary 493

Long term behaviour The value of a function when x Significant figures The number of digits in a number
gets very large that are needed to express the number to a stated
Lower bound The smallest possible value of a quantity degree of accuracy
that has been measured to a stated degree of accuracy Simple interest The amount added to an investment
Normal to a curve A straight line perpendicular to the or loan, calculated in each period as a percentage of
tangent at the point of contact with the curve the initial sum
Null hypothesis The default position in a hypothesis test Sinusoidal model A function of the form
y = a sin(bx) + d or y = a cos(bx) + d
Observed frequencies In a χ test the sample values
2

on the variable Sites (on a Voronoi diagram) The given points around
which cells are formed
One-tailed test A hypothesis test with a critical region
on only one end of the distribution Slope function See derivative
Outcomes The possible results of a trial Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient A measure
of the agreement between the rank order of two
p-value Assuming the null hypothesis is correct, the
variables
probability of the observed sample value, or more
extreme Standard deviation A measure of dispersion, which
can be thought of as the mean distance of each point
Parabola The shape of the graph of a quadratic function
from the mean
Period The smallest value of x after which a sinusoidal
Standard index form A number in the form a × 10k
function repeats
where 1 ! a < 10 and k ∈
Perpendicular bisector The perpendicular bisector of
Subtended The angle at the centre of a circle
the line segment connecting points A and B is the line
subtended by an arc is the angle between the two
which is perpendicular to AB and passes through its
radii extending from each end of the arc to the centre
midpoint
t-statistic In a t-test the value that measures how far
Piecewise linear model A model consisting of different
the sample mean is from what would be expected if
linear functions on different parts of the domain
the null hypothesis were true
Polynomial A function that is the sum of terms
Tangent to a curve A straight line that touches the
involving non-negative integer powers of x
curve at the given point but does not intersect the
Pooled sample t-test A two-sample t-test conducted curve again (near that point)
when the two populations are assumed to have
Toxic waste dump problem A problem in which the
equal variance
object is to find the point which is as far as possible
Pooled variance In a two-sample t-test, an estimate from any of the sites
of each of the common variance of each of the two
Trapezoidal rule A rule for approximating the value of
populations formed by combining both samples
a definite integral using trapezoids of equal width
Population The complete set of individuals or items of
Trial A repeatable process that produces results
interest in a particular investigation
Turning point A local maximum or minimum point
Principal The initial value of a loan or investment
Two-tailed test A hypothesis test with a critical region
Principal axis The horizontal line halfway between
on either end of the distribution
the maximum and minimum values of a sinusoidal
function Upper bound The largest possible value of a quantity
that has been measured to a stated degree of accuracy
Quadratic model A function of the form y = ax2 + bx + c
Value in real terms The value of an asset taking into
Quartiles The points one quarter and three quarters of
account the impact of inflation
the way through an ordered data set
Variance The square of the standard deviation
Range The difference between the largest and smallest
value in a data set Vertex (or vertices) of the graph The point(s) where
the graph reaches a maximum or minimum point and
Relative frequency The ratio of the frequency of
changes direction
a particular outcome to the total frequency of all
outcomes Vertices (on a Voronoi diagram) The points at which
the edges of the cells intersect
Roots of an equation The solutions of an equation
Voronoi diagram A diagram that separates an area into
Sample A subset of a population
regions based on proximity to given initial points (sites)
Sample space The set of all possible outcomes
Zeros of a function/zeros of a polynomial The values
Significance level In a hypothesis test the value of x for which f(x) = 0
specifying the probability that is sufficiently small to
provide evidence against the null hypothesis
Index
3D shapes see three-dimensional shapes calculus 282, 404 data points, plotting 332
abstract reasoning xv trapezoidal rule 412–14 decimal places 280
accumulations 256–7 see also differentiation; integration definite integrals 262–4, 412
accuracy Cartesian coordinates 78 depreciation 40
levels of 278–80, 283–4 cell sequences 22–3 derivative function 225, 406
of predictions 309, 334 central tendency 140–2 differential equations 320
chi-squared χ tests 372, 375–9
2
see also approximation; estimation differentiation 222–3, 406
algebra circles, arcs and sectors 344–6 anti-differentiation 258–60
basic skills xxiv–xxv coefficients 325 derivatives 225, 230–3, 240–3, 245–50
computer algebra systems (CAS) xx common difference, arithmetic gradient of a curve 225–7, 231–3,
definition 2 sequences 25–7 245–50, 406–8
exponential equations 7 common ratio, geometric sequences 34–5 limits 224–5
algorithms 279, 297, 353, 414 compound interest 39, 288–90 maximum and minimum points 407
alternative hypothesis 372–3 computer algebra systems (CAS) xx rate of change 227, 257
amortization 287–90 computer algorithms 279 see also integration
amplitude 328–9 cone direct proportion 323–4
angles surface area 94 discrete data 132, 142–3, 202–3
of depression 119 volume 95 discrete random variable 202–3
of elevation 119–20 conjecture x–xi dispersion 143–4
see also triangles; trigonometry contingency tables 378–9 distribution
annuities 289–90 continuous data 132 binomial 207–10
approximation 40, 136, 278, 285 contrapositive statements xvi normal 212–15, 372–3, 377, 385–7
decimal places 280 convenience sampling 134–5 dynamic geometry packages xxi
percentage errors 282–3 converse xvi
rounded numbers 280–3 coordinate geometry e (number) 15
significant figures 280 Cartesian coordinates 78 elevation 119–20
trapezoidal rule 414 midpoint 87 encryption algorithms 297
see also estimation Pythagoras’ theorem 86–7 enlargement symmetry 63
arcs 344 three-dimensional 86–7 equations
area two-dimensional 74–82 defining quantities 299
of a sector 345–6 correlation 159–61 differential 320
spatial relationships 343 cosine 101, 328 linear 298–9
surface 94–5 rule 105–6, 345 normal to a curve 248–9
of a triangle 107–8, 345 cubic functions 325–6 polynomial 297, 301–3
upper and lower bounds 281 cumulative frequency graphs 151–2 quadratic 316
arithmetic sequences 24–9 curves see parabola roots of 67–8, 301–3
applications of 28–9 cycle of mathematical inquiry x simultaneous 298–9
common difference 25–7 solving using graphs 67–8
sigma notation 27 data solving using technology 297
sum of integers 26–8 bivariate 160 of straight lines 76–82, 310
arithmetic series 25 contingency tables 378–9 see also exponential equations
assumptions xvii, 23, 29, 189, 209 continuous 132 error analysis 282–3
see also hypothesis testing correlation 159–61 estimation 283–5
asymptotes 62, 318–19 degrees of freedom 375 exponential
average see central tendency discrete 132, 142–3, 202–3 decay 318–19
axiom xii effect of constant changes 145 equations 7, 17
axis frequency distributions 139, 141, 375–9 growth 318–19
principal 328–9 frequency tables 375–7 models 318–21
of symmetry 315–16 goodness of fit 375 exponents
grouped 141–2 applied to fractions 5–6
base 4 measure of dispersion 143–4 laws of 4–8, 20, 320–1
bearings 118–19 measures of central tendency 140–2 negative 5
bias, in sampling 132–3 modal class 142 simplifying expressions 4–7
binomial distribution 207–10 outliers 133–4, 144
bivariate data 160 patterns in 164 Fermi, Enrico 284
box-and-whisker diagrams 153 presenting 150–3, 159–66 financial mathematics
quartiles 142–3 amortization 287–90
calculations regression 162–4 annuities 289–90
levels of accuracy 278–80 reliability of 132–3 compound interest 39, 288–90
number line 281 summarizing 139–40 depreciation 40
rounded numbers 280–3 validity 133, 144 inflation 40
significant figures 12 see also statistics interest 28–9, 39, 287–90
Index 495

levels of accuracy 278–80 parallel lines 80 lines of symmetry 63

modelling 278–85, 290 period of 328–9 local maximum points 407–8
simple interest 28–9 perpendicular lines 80–2 local minimum points 407–8
forces 257 plotting data points 332 logarithms 14, 20, 52
fractal 63 principal axis 328–9 evaluating 16
fractions, with exponents 5–6 proportion 323 natural logarithm 15–16
frequency distributions 139, 141, 375–9 quadratic models 314–16 logic xv–xvi
frequency tables 375–7 scatter diagrams 159–61, 391 lower bounds, of rounded numbers 281–2
function notation 50 simultaneous equations 82
functions 48 sine 328 mathematical
derivative 406 sinusoidal models 328–9, 332 induction 24
domain 52 sketching 65–7 inquiry, cycle of x
graphical representation 50–1, 53, 55–6 solving equations using 67–8 mean 140–2
inputs 49–52 symmetries 63 median 140
inverse 54–5 tangents 225, 246–7 modal class 142
and mathematical modelling 53–4 turning points 314 mode 140, 142
outputs 49, 52–3 vertices 62, 315 modelling xvii–xix, 22
range of 52 x-intercept 77–9, 315–16, 319, 328 accuracy of predictions 309, 334
zeros of 67 y-intercept 62, 77–9, 315–16, 319, 325, 328 arithmetic sequences 28–9
assumptions xvii, 23, 29, 189, 209
Gauss, Carl Friedrich 26 histograms 150–1 cubic models 325–6
generalizations 22, 24 horizontal asymptote 318–19 differential equations 320
geometric sequences 33–6 hypotenuse 101 exponential models 318–21
applications of 36, 39–40 hypothesis testing 370–9, 385–8, 391–4 Fermi estimate 284
common ratio 34–5 alternative hypothesis 372–3 geometric sequences 36
chi-squared χ tests 372, 375–9
2
financial applications of 39–40 linear 310
geometric series 34–5 null hypothesis 372–3, 375, 378, 385 mathematical model of a process 53–4
geometry 92–3 one-tailed test 373 normal distribution as 214
arcs and sectors 344–6 Pearson’s correlation coefficient patterns 23–4
origins of 118 161–2, 391–3 piecewise linear models 310–11, 332,
perpendicular bisectors 349–54 p-value 374–5, 385 334
spatial relationships 343, 349–58 significance level 373–7, 385–8 quadratic models 314–16
Voronoi diagram 342–3, 349–58 Spearman’s rank correlation 391–4 qualitative and quantitative
see also coordinate geometry; t-tests 385–8 results 230
geometric sequences; two-tailed test 373 representations 308–10
trigonometry sinusoidal models 328–9, 332
Godfrey, Charles 67 implication xvi skills 332–4
gradient of a curve 225–7, 231–3, 245–50, incremental algorithm 353 straight-line models 75
406–8 indices see exponents using equations 297
gradient of a straight line 76–80, 310 infinity, reasoning with xiv variables in 309, 314
Graham’s Number 11 inflation 40 see also financial mathematics
graphical interpretation, of integration modulus sign 282–3
derivatives 230–3 accumulations 256–7
graphical representation anti-differentiation 258–60 Napier, John 14
and data 150–4 definite integrals 262–4, 412 natural logarithm 15–16
functions 50–1, 53, 55–6 trapezoidal rule 412–14 nearest neighbour interpolation 355
solving equations 68 see also differentiation negation xvi
graphs 61–8 interest negative exponents 5
amplitude 328–9 amortization 287–90 negative gradient 76
asymptotes 62 compound 39, 288–90 negative numbers, and the domain of a
axis of symmetry 315–16 simple 28–9 function 52
box-and-whisker diagrams 153 see also financial mathematics neural networks 297
cubic functions 325–6 interquartile range 143 normal distribution 212–15, 372–3, 377, 385–7
cumulative frequency 151–2 inverse normals 248–50
direct proportion 323–4 functions 54–5 notation xv
equations of straight lines 76–82 proportion 324–5 n terms
exponential models 318–19 irrational numbers 15 arithmetic sequences 24–5
finding points of intersection 66–7 geometric sequences 33–5, 321
gradient of a curve 225–7, 231–3, Lagrange’s notation 226 null hypothesis 372–3, 375, 378, 385
245–50, 406–8 large numbers 11 number line 281
gradient of a straight line 76–80, 310 laws of exponents 4
histograms 150–1 Leibniz, Gottfried 225, 259 Occam’s razor xviii, 326
intercepts 62, 77–80 level of significance 373–7, 385–8 one-tailed test 373
intersection of two lines 82 limits 224–5 operations, large numbers 11
inverse proportion 324–5 linear equations 298–9 oscillating patterns 332
parabola 315–16 linear models 310–11 outliers 133–4, 144
496 Index

parabola 315–16 roots 62 Graphical Display Calculator

paradox xv of an equation 67–8, 301–3 (GDC) xix–xx
parallel lines 80 rotational symmetry 63 programming xxi
patterns 23–4, 30 rounded numbers 280–3 terminology xvi
Pearson’s correlation coefficient 161–2, upper and lower bounds of 281–2 tetration 11
391–3 Russell, Bertrand xii–xiii three-dimensional shapes
percentage errors 282–3 finding angles 113–18
perpendicular sample space diagrams 185 surface area 94–5
bisectors 349–54 sampling 132–3 volume 94–5
lines 80–2 bias in 132–3 toxic waste dump problem 356
perspective 119 pooled variance 387 trajectory 75
piecewise linear models 310–11, 332, 334 random 375 translational symmetry 63
point-gradient form 79 representative 375 trapezium 413
Polya, George ix–x techniques 134 trapezoidal rule 412–14
polynomial equations 297, 301–3 see also normal distribution tree diagrams 184–5, 202
pooled variance 387 scatter diagrams 159–61, 391 triangles
positive gradient 76 sector, area of 345–6 area of 107–8, 345
powers see exponents sequences 22–3 in the real world 92–3
predictions standard notation 24 right-angled 101, 113
accuracy of 309, 334 see also arithmetic sequences; see also coordinate geometry
see also modelling geometric sequences trigonometry 92, 101–8, 308
principal axis 328–9 sets xv applications of 113–20
probability shapes, three-dimensional solids 94–5 area of a triangle 107–8
binomial distribution 207–10 Shapiro-Wilk test 214 bearings 118–19
combined events 186–7 sigma notation cosine 101
complementary events 181 arithmetic sequences 27 cosine rule 105–6
concepts in 179–82 geometric sequences 35–6 finding angles 101–2, 113–18
conditional 187–8 significance level 373–7, 385–8 measuring angles 118–19
discrete random variable 202–3 significant figures 12, 280 sine 101
distributions 201–15 simple interest 28–9 sine rule 103–4
events 180 simplifying exponent expressions 4–7 tan rule 106
independent events 188–9 simultaneous equations 82, 298–9 three-dimensional shapes 113–14
mutually exclusive events 187 sine 101, 328 true value 282–3
normal distribution 212–15 rule 103–4, 345 t-tests 385–8
outcomes 180 sinusoidal models 328–9, 332 two-tailed test 373
relative frequency 180 spatial relationships 343, 349–58
sample space 180–1 Spearman’s rank correlation 391–4 upper bounds, of rounded numbers 281–2
techniques 184–5 spreadsheets xx
trials 180 square root 14 validity 133, 144
problem solving ix–xii see also logarithms value in real terms 40
programming xxi standard deviation 143 variables
proportion 323–5 standard index form 11–12 correlation between 391–4
p-value 374–5, 385 standard notation, sequences 24 modelling xvii–xviii, 309
pyramid statistics 130 variance 143
finding angles 115–16 approximation 136 velocity 257
surface area 96 misleading 130, 133 Venn diagrams 184, 186, 188
volume 96–7 outliers 133–4, 144 and sets xv
Pythagoras’ theorem xiii, 86–7, 96, 116 sampling 132–4, 375 vertices 62, 315
validity 133, 144 volume, three-dimensional solids 94–5
Q-Q plots 214 see also data; hypothesis testing Voronoi diagrams 342–3, 350–8
quadratic straight-line models 75, 310
equations 316 stratified sampling 135–6 Watson selection test xv
models 314–16 surface area
quadrilateral 413 three-dimensional solids 94–5 x-axis 62
quantities, defining 299 see also area x-intercept 77–9, 315–16, 319, 328
quota sampling 135 syllogism xvi
symmetries 63 y-axis 62
Ramanujan xiv systematic measurement error 282 y-intercept 62, 77–9, 315–16, 319, 325, 328
random sampling 134, 375 systematic sampling 135
rate of change 227, 257 Zeno’s paradoxes 227
reasoning xv tangents 101, 225, 246–7, 249–50, 406 zero xv, 4, 52, 224
representations 12, 203, 308–10 tan rule 106, 345 of a function 67
representative sampling 375 technology xix–xxi gradient of a curve as 406
right-angled triangles 101, 113 computer algebra systems (CAS) xx of a polynomial 301
see also trigonometry dynamic geometry packages xxi Zipf’s Law 53