:':-; :T- .--.'.

The four rules

Topics level Key words

Order of operations
@ operotion, brockets, order

e Choosing the correct

operation

o Finding a fraction of a
quantity
quontity, froction

o Adding and subtracting

fractions
proper froction, vulgor froction, lowest terms,
simplest form, denominotor, mixed number,
equivolent froction

e Multiplying and dividing

fractions
numerotor, reciprocol

Whof you need to be oble to do in fhe exominotions¡

FOUNÞATIC¡N
a use the four rules of oddition, subtroction, multiplicotion ond division.
o Use brockets ond the hierorchy of operotions.
a Colculote o given froction of o given quontity, expressing the onswer os o froction.
a Use common denominotors to order, odd ond subtroct froctions.
a Understond ond use unit froctions os multiplicotive inverses.
. Multiply ond divide o given froction by on integer, by o unit frqction ond by o generol froction.

€
Suppose you have to work out the answer to 4 + 5 x 2. You may say the answer is 18, but the
correct answer is 14.
There is an order of operations which you must follow when working out calculations like this.
The x is always done before the +.
ln 4 + 5 x 2 this gives4 + 10 = 14.
Now suppose you have to work out the answer to (3 + 2) x (9 - 5). The correcl attswer is 20.
You have probably realised that the parts in the brackets have to be done first, giving 5 x 4 = 20.
So, how do you workouta problem such as 9 +3+4x 2?

To answer questions like this, you mustfollow the BIDMAS (or BODMAS) rule. This tells you the
order in which you must do the operations'

B Brackets B Brackets
I lndices (Powers) o pOwers or Order
D Division D Division
M Multiplication M Multiplication
A Addition A Addition
s Subtraction s Subtraction

For example, to work out 9 + 3 + 4 x 2:

First divide: 9+3=3 Srvrng 3+4x2

Then multiply: 4x2=B giving 3+B
Then add: 3+B=11

And to work out 60 - 5 x 32 + (4 x 2)

First, work out the brackets: (4x2)=B grvlng 60-5x32+B
Then the index (power): 32 -g giving 60-5x9+B
Then multiply: 5x9=45 giving 60-45+B
Then add: 60+B=68 giving 68-45
Finally, subtract: 68-45=23

ì& O work out each of these.

õ
& a 2x3+5= b 6+3+4= a 5 +7 -2=
çf
ü G! 2xB-5= f 3x4+1=
ft d 4x6+2=
fc
ä s 3x4-1= h 3x4+1= i 12+2+6=
i 12+6+2= k 3+5x2= t 12- 3 x 3 =

D
CHAPIER 3r The foun nules

I work out each of the following. Remember: first work out the bracket.
a 2x(3+5) = b 6+(2+1)= c (5+7)-2=
d 5+(7-2)= G! 3x(4+2)= f 3x(4+2)=
s 2x(B-5) = h 3x(4+l)= i 3x(4_1)=
i 3x(4+1)= k 12+(2+2)= t (12+2)+2=

O Copy each of these and then put in brackets where necessary to make each answer true.
a 3x4+1='15 b 6+2+1=4 c 6+2+1=2
d 4+4+4=5 G, 4+4+4=2 r 16-4+3=4
s 3x4+.1 =13 h 16-6+3=14 i 20-10+2=5
t 20-10+2=15 k 3x5+5=30 I 6x4+2=36
m 15-5x2=20 n 4x7-2=20 o 12+3+3=2
p 12+3+3=7 q 24+B-2=1 r 24+B-2=4

! Ravi says that 5 + 6 x 7 is equal to 77

Is he correct?

Explain your answer.

I three different dice give scores of 2,3,5. Add +t x, + or - signs, and brackets where
necessary, to make each calculation work.

a 2 3 5=11 h 2 3 5=16 c 2 3 5=17

d 5 3 2=4 e 5 3 2=13 f 5 3 2=30

I Which is smaller?
4+5x3or(4+5) x3
Show your working.

! Here is a list of numbers, some signs and one pair of brackets.

2 5 6 'lB x = (

Use all of them to make a correct calculation.

I Here is a list of numbers, some signs and one pair of brackets.

3458+=(
Use all of them to make a correct calculation.

C
Chocrsing the connect openatic:n

When a problem is given in words you will need to decide the correct operaLiorl to use. Should
you add, subtract, multiply or divide?

EXAMPLE I
A parf,y of 613 chilàren anà 59 aàulle are o,oinq on a àay oullo a lheme park.

a How many coachee, eachholàing53 people,willbe neeàeà?

b One aàull gef,ø inlo f,he lheme parkfree lor every 15 chilàren.I'ow many aàultø will
have No pay lo qet' in?

a AlÚoqeÍherthere are 613 + 59 = 672people.

9o the number of coachee neeàeà is 672 * 53 (number of seaNs on each coach)
=12.Ø7...
13 coaches are neeàeà (12will noT'be enouqh)'

b fhiøis aløo a àivieion, 613 * 15 = 40.86 ...

40 aàulf,ø will gex in f ree.
59 * 40 = 19 will havef,o pay.

li*t =?:è
:'{:€ eÈ Ë.-Ì"Ë iirir
=ntc€

Í There are 48 cans of soup in a crate. A shop had a delivery of 125 crates of soup.

a How many cans of soup were in this delivery?

U The shop is running a promotion on soup. lf you buy five cans you get one free.
Each can costs 39 cents. How much will it cost to get 32 cans of soup?

ffi) A school has 12 classes, each of which has24 students.

a How many students are there at the school?
b The student-teacher ratio is 1B to 1 . That means there is one teacher for every 1B students.
How many teachers are there at the school?

ffi A football club is organising travel for an away game. 1300 adults and 500 children want to
go. Each coach holds 48 people and costs $320 to hire'
Tick"ts to the match are $18 for adults and $10 for children'
a How many coaches will be needed?
s The club is charging adults $26 and children $14 for travel and a ticket. How much
profit does the club make out of the trip?

ffi n large letter costs 39 cents to post and a small lelter costs 30 cerrts. I low many dollars will
it cost to send 20 large and 90 small letters?

@
CHAPIER 3: The foun nules

@ Kirsty collects small models of animals. Each one costs 45 cents. She saves enough to buy
23 models but when she goes to the shop she finds that the price has gone up to 55 cents.
How many can she buy now?

Ç[.] lrtichelle wants to save up for a bike that costs $250. She baby-sits each week for 6 hours
for $2.75 an hour, and does a Saturday job that pays $27.50. She saves three-quarters of her
weekly earnings. How many weeks will it take her to save enough to buy the bike?

The magazine Teen Dance comes out every month. ln a newsagent the magazine costs
52.45. The annual subscription for the magazine is $21. How much cheaper is each
magazine when bought on subscription?

@ Paula buys a sofa. She pays a deposit of ß"/" of the cash price anclthen 36 monthly
payments of $12.50. ln total she pays $495. How much was the cash price of the sofa?

ffi There are 125 people at a wedding. They need to get to the reception.
52 people are going by coach and the rest are travelling in cars. Each car can take up to five
people.
What is the least number of cars needed to tal<e everyone to the reception?

t$S Cavin's car does B kilometres to each litre of fuel. He drives 12600 kilometres a year of
which 4 600 is on company business.
Fuel costs 95 cents per litre.
lnsurance and servicing costs $800 a year.
Cavin's company gives him 40 cents for each kilometre he drives on company business.
How much does Cavin pay from his own money towards running his car each year?

a fnaction clf a quantity

To do this, you simply multiply the fraction by the quantity, for example, ] of 30 is the same
aslx30.
Remember: In mathematics 'of is interpreted as x.
For example, two lots of three is the same as 2 x 3.

EXAMÍ'LE 2
Fínàfto1$196,

FirsI, ñnà )Uy aiviainq by 4. Then ñnàfiby multiplyinq your answer by Z.

196-4=49 bhen 49x3=147
The anewer is fi147.

@
GHAPIER 3l The four nules

I Calculate each of these.

I
. lof30
5
b aol
7
J5 c fi
of+B a Lof +0

lQ Calcr-rlate each of these qLrantities.

. J
of $2400 a 21of
320 grams
" fi
of 256 kilograms

a! of $12+ Gr of 78 litres f 1of QO nrinutes

I 4

{D For each pair, which is the larger number?

a= 2 of60orfiof+o b zao or 2eo

5 ]of {aof
. tof 78 or
tof
70 d 5oÍ72or11of6o
612
(D A director receives fr of his company's profits. The company made a profit of $45 600 in
one year. How much did the drrector receive?

CD A woman left $84000 in her will.

She left ] of the money to charity.
How much did she leave to charity?

O 3
of a person's mass is water. Paul has a mass ol 7ïkg. How much of his body
mass is water?

tD . lnformation from the first census in Singapore showed that fi of the population were
lndian. The total population was 10700. How many people were Indian?

b By 1990 the population of Singapore had grown to 3 002 800. Only rt of tlris population
were lndian. How many lndians were living in Singapore in 1990?

{ß Mark rrorrnally earrrs $500 a week. One week he is given a bonus of fr of his wagc
a Find
-a
of $500.
b How much does he earn altogether for this week?

J The price of a new TV costing $360 is reduced by J in a sale.

a Find I of $360.
b How much does the TV cost in the sale?

O
special offer of
(@ A car is advertised at Lion Autos at $9000 including extras but with a
I off this price.
add ] to
The same car is advertised at Tiger Motors for $6000 but the extras
this price.
Which Sarage is the cheaPer?

(D A jar of coffee normally contains 200 g and costs $2'

There are two special offers on a jar of coffee'
Offer A: ] extra for the same Price'
Offer B: Same mass for I of the original price'
Which offer is the best value?
is not the case and we
ln the last exercise the answer was always a whole number' When that
and dividing'
want the answer as a fraction, it is easier to change the order of multiplying

EXAMPLE 3
Finàf;o117, givingNhe answer ae afraction'

WewanNNofrnà17 *3 x2.
Øecause 17 + 3 iø nol a whole number' il' is easier lo change Nhe oràer No

17 xZ * 3 = 34 -- 3= |1tr (34 * 3 = 11 wiÍh1 remainàer)

t d ¡l

fD Tofindf of 75 youcould calculate 75 + 5 x 3 or 75 x 3 + 5'

Show that both give the same answer'

(D Calculate the following, giving your answers as fractions:

. ?úB b 41of 7 . ]dß

3"'"
a !of4 e foto r 5of5
o
5

! Calculate the following, giving the answers as fractions:

åof3
10
ø fioro . frú z

(D Copy and comPlete this table

tr10 6tr

20

C
GHAPIER 3l The foun nules

.|I calculate the following, giving the answers as fractions

^ )of2s
4 ø
-3?of+o
e lor 2+ a z+
fiof
G!
lof zo t f,
of:0

When you add two fractions with the same denominator, you get one
of the following:
o a proper fraction that cannot be simplified, for example:

1,2 3
555
a proper fraction that can be simplified to its lowest terms or simplest
' form, for example:
1,3 4
_f_=_=_ 1

BB82
o a vulgar fraction that cannot be simplified, so it is converted
to a mixed number, for example:
6*2=B=11
7 7 7 '7

o a vulgar fraction that can be simplified before it is converted to a mixed number,

for example:

5,7 _12 _3 _.1

B'B-B-r-'2
When you subtract two fractions with the same denominato you get one
t of the following:
a a proper fraction that cannot be simplified, for example:
3_1_2
55 5

o a proper fraction that can be simplified, for example:

11 514 2
210101010 5

Note: You must always simplify fractions by cancelling if possible.

e
GHAPTER 3: I he Ïoul l'ules

EXAMPLE 4
l5
Finà 2TB

Theee f ra cNione ào nol hav e Nhe øame àenomin aNor,

llowever f = f, eo we can wríNe:

15459 L
2'B-B'8-B B

(D Work out:
3.2- b 52
a
77
-f -+-
99 -
c 31 d -) -) I
F+F
J)
-+-
77
I Work out:
o
=
-
41
^ j-j b t_t
99
G
7 _3 d 92
11 11 13-1

I Work out
5.1
a -+- b å.iõ
BB
c 2.4
9'9
d !^.i
(! Work out:

a z_z b 7 _3
oo 10 't0

c 5_1 d 9 _1
66 10 10

I Work out each of these additions. Use equivalent fractions to make the denominators the
same. Show your working.
17
a ,* b 1.5
10 -+-
2B
.) -)
a1
d 37
4B 4'B
17
e Ã+ã f 15
^LO 36
r.) 3.1
s JZ
6*3 h
42

O
CHAPTER 3: The foun rules

(J Work out each of these additions. Show your working.

o
I a 3.7 b i.i
h BB
 c
1l
i.Ë d L*2
]0 10
=
! Work out each of these subtractions. Use equivalent fractions to make the denominators the
same. Show your working.

d
71 b 7_1
B4 10 5

C!
31 d 5_1
42
---
B4
C!
11 I Z-L
24 B2
cl
91 h 11 _ 3
102
--- 168
Fractions with different denominators can only be added or subtracted after you have converted
them to equivalent fractions with the same denominator.

EXAMÞLE 5
i Finàt+[
Note you can wriNe bofh f racf,íons as equivalenl f racLionø wiNh a àenominaÍor
of15. T hie is Ih e low e el c omm o n mulÍiple of 3 an à 5.

ThisÍhenbecomee:
2x5 , 1xZ _1O 313 ,

3*5- 5x3- 15- 15 15

ä Find22-12

9 ?lir th e c al culali on

Thie Nhen becomee:

inN o
e.z) (.å)
zÉ,
L-t+4-6
-4¿-)

N of e yo u c an w ríI e b oLh f ra cIi on s a s e quiv al enL I r a cli o ne w ibh a à en omin aN o r

oT t¿.
4JlV4l
a 1a\ 4

t¿ tz t¿

=11
12

Õ
CHAPIER 3: The foun nules

:1.{ d -:{}| þn:t(!;;

lp Work out the following. Show your working.

1.1
a -+- b 11
35 1-4
t 11 2,1
E* ro
d j-4
c! -+-31 I 11
4B 36
11 h 1_1
" ,-5 45
..1 1 /J
' 5- ro s-4
n I-f
64
51
6 2

ttt 51
124
n
å.
I9
---
o 13 p s-
7 t-
4B 2
5
q -lo 11
5 15 "lz c'

s 7 -3 f 4_2
G'10 921
IJ
54
627
! Work out the following. Show your working
a z!+tL
714 b a!+t!+zL
1052
7 )
ci tï- r\ d
1B
+2 J
10

lfi
G! s2r* Í .1
t--- 5
B9
s ,+-# h 5
6
7
16
5
a)

7.i.5 1!* z +
3 10- 15
_-f--f-
10 B 6
k 5 .3 5
14
-+ 712 |

O In a class of children, J are Chinese, I are Malay and the rest are lndian. What fraction of
the class are lndian?

T ln a class election, ] the class voted for Aminah, J voted for Reshma and the rest voted
for Peter. What fraction of the class voted for Peter?

b One of the following is the number of people in the class

25 28 30 32

How many people are in the class?

G
, i, r' !. j 3 t \44:! a-:1r:.:z.ir:iÃ49

3.5

what is
l*I, The diagram shows the answer is lo

In mathematics, you always write]

"f I^t+"+
So you know that
;"I=t
To multiply fractions, you multiply the numerators together and you multiply the denominators
together.

EXAMÞLE C¡

Workour)xl.
1..2 1x2 2 1

4"5 4x5 20 10

Sometimes you can simplify by cancelling before you multiply

EXAMPLE 7
Finà ftx 9I
6 1A
; xþ I X5 (3 is afacbor o17.anà 9.)
B Øu
5 (5=1x5)
=
24 Qa=8xZ)

To multiply mixed numbers, first write them as vulgar fractions

EXAMPLE E¡

Finà tflx2|
n3 6
'4 x '24 xá
t_

35

=4¿
'a

o
CHAPIER 3: The four rules

($ Work out the following, leaving each answer in its simplest form. Show your working.

e -x-11 b 1
X
2
z-) 4 5

1"1 d 1*1
42 72
2 ,.4 r lrf
C!
35 35
ct
1 _.6 h tr"2
aa
J/ 45
2"tr 1_.4
34 25

I Work out the following, leaving each answer in its simplest form. Show your working.
5 3 b 9 X 5
a
16X 10 10 12

c U"tr d B6.15
'15 B
-x-
9
621
e -x- f 9..35
730 14 36
C iof Lee's stamp collection was given to him by his sister. Unfortunately ] of these were torn.
What fraction of his collection was given to him by his sister and were not torn?

I Aitat eats J of a cake, and then J of what is left. How much cake is left uneaten?

il! Work out the following, giving each answer as a mixed number where possible. Show your
working.

a 1
4
X
3
b
ft"\
c z)" z) d tlxtZ
43
. 31t
45 11 f ,1" 'tL-))a
s zlxs h 7Lx4
2

I wnich is larger, Jof zlor?rof 6\2.

C
GHAPTER 3: The foun nules

Dividing frqctions
Look at the problem 3 + J

This is equivalent to asking, 'How many Js are there in 3?'

I ^ ^ I. ^a al^ ^ ^l: ^ .^^

LrJUñ dt u rc uldË,r -.,^dl r r.

Each of the three whole shapes is divided into quarters. What is the total number of quarters
divided by 3?

Can you see that you could fit the four shapes on the right-hand side of the = sign into the three
shapes on the left-hand side?

i.e. 3 +1= 4
4

= jrl=3x4-12=4
or 3+f4333
So, to divide by a fraction, you turn the fraction upside down (finding its reciprocal), and then
multiply.

EXAMPLE 9
rinazf 4,'
76A
21
"2 4
2^Z (w rfte 2f a s a v ul g ar I r a cNi on)
_9 4 2
anà 4 have 2 aø a common fachor)
-Er X ,1
Q.

=10
3
o1
3
ThiemeanstharSf 3 ,1
4 'z

n
GHAPTER 3: The foun nules

! Work out the following, giving your answer as a mixed number where possible
Show your working.
1.1 b
11
4=1 5/

c 4.3 d 3.2
5=4 75
G! 5 + 11 i (', + 1!
4 2

s -1
,r= .1,, h 3+1f4
a
5
3
-)
"3 .1
J-= Z-
1
12 6 54
A grain merchant has only 13]tonnes in stock. He has several customers who are all
- ordering J of a tonne. How mãny customers can he supply?

I For a party, Zahar made 12| litres of lemonade. His glasses could each hold
ft of a litre.
How many of the glasses could he fill from the 12!r litres of lemonade?

I How many strips of ribbon, each 3] centimetres long, can I cut from a roll of ribbon that is
52J centimetres long?

I Joe's stride is J of a metre long. How many strides does he take to walk the length of a bus
12 metres long?

J Work out the following, giving your answers as a mixed number where possible.

52z!, +tr4
a 229 x21
10x16
35
b zL,

476 rl1
11 x12 d 1B 15 '"2
25X 16 5

e (3'.J " (å " å) " (å,.å) Í

É"fl.(ú"'tr)

c
Why this chapter matters
Life is full of opposites: up ond down, hot qnd cold, left ond right,
light ond dork, rough ond smooth, to nome o few. One importont
poir of opposites in mqths is positive ond negoTive.

So far yol¡ have worked mostly wifh positive nrrmbers, carrying out calculations with them and
using them in real life problems. But negative numbers are also important, both in maths and
everyday life. Positive and negative numbers are called directed numbers. You can think of the
+ and - showing which direction they move from 0. This is important in many situations:

A negative number on a banl< On the Cetsius temperature scale zero is known as 'frcezing
statement will show how much point'. ln many places temperatures fall below freezing point.
money you have spent above what We need negative numbers to represent these temperatures.
you have in your bank account. t.
FC
tÆ= in
ßo+ 't 41t
"),
n'i in
nii'jt0i.*
o. to:1. '.
?O
üz i .to
) ,a'i.* 1tä
T
'ai tr.n
.*ili a
I
Jet pilots experience
g-forces when their
aircraft accelerates or
5-9--4 When a bigger number is
taken from a smaller one, the
decelerates quickly. result is a negative number.
Negative g-forces can
be felt when an object
accelerates downwards
very quickly and they are
represented by negative
numbers.

ln lifts, negative
Sea level can be
numbers are @) given the value
used to represent
'zero'. Mountains are
floors beìow
described as being
ground level.
'above sea level' and
ocean floors as 'below
sea level'. This means
that depths under the
sea are given using
negative numbers.

As you can see/ negative numbers are just as important as positive numbers and you
will encounter them in your everyday life.