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Complex Numbers

This document discusses complex numbers. It defines complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers of the form a + bi, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. It covers the algebraic properties of complex numbers including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also discusses the geometric representation of complex numbers in Cartesian and polar forms. Other topics include De Moivre's theorem, roots of complex numbers, and examples.

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Atib Shaikh
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93 views

Complex Numbers

This document discusses complex numbers. It defines complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers of the form a + bi, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. It covers the algebraic properties of complex numbers including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also discusses the geometric representation of complex numbers in Cartesian and polar forms. Other topics include De Moivre's theorem, roots of complex numbers, and examples.

Uploaded by

Atib Shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPLEX NUMBERS COMPLEX NUMBERS

In this unit we will discuss


Introduction and basic definition of Complex numbers.
Algebraic properties of Complex numbers.
De Moivres theorem and its expansion.
Exponential form of Complex numbers.
Logarithm of a Complex numbers.
Hyperbolic and Inverse hyperbolic functions.
DEFINITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
i = 1
Complex number Z = a + bi is defined as an
ordered pair (a, b), where a & b are real numbers
and . a = Re (z) b = im(z))
Two complex numbers are equal iff their real as well as
imaginary parts are equal
Complex conjugate to z = a + ib is z = a - ib
(0, 1) is called imaginary unit i = (0, 1).
ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Addition and subtraction of complex numbers is defined as
i d b c a di c bi a ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( + = + +
Multiplication of complex numbers is defined as
i ad bc bd ac di c bi a ) ( ) ( ) )( ( + + = + +
Division of complex numbers is defined as Division of complex numbers is defined as
i
d c
ad bc
d c
bd ac
di c
bi a
2 2 2 2
) (
) (
+

+
+
+
=
+
+
Relation between z and z
( (( ( ) )) ) ) Z (
Z
Z
Z
Z
; Z Z Z Z
, z z z ; z z ; z ) z (
i
z z
z Im ,
z z
z Re
0
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
2
= == =








= == =
= == = = == = = == =

= == =
+ ++ +
= == =



GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
If z = a + ib, is a complex
number than in cartesian form
it is as good as (a, b)
For polar form, let us take
a = r cos and b = r sin
z = rcos + i rsin
= r(cos + i sin ),
= r cis

b
tan

b a r
< << < = == = = == =
= == = + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + = == =

- ,
a
Arg(z)
... 2......... 1, 0, K k, 2 Arg(z) arg(z)
, z
1
2 2
Geometrically, IzI is distance of point z from origin.
is directed angle from positive X axis to (0, 0) (a, b)
between - < < is called principal argument and
denoted by Arg (z)
The absolute value or modulus o the number z = a + bi is
denoted by |z| given by
2 2
b a z + =
2 1 2 1
) inequality triangular ( z z z z + ++ + + ++ +
ABSOLUTE VALUE & DISTANCE
Distance between the points z
1
= a
1
+b
1
i and z
2
= a
2
+b
2
i is
denoted by
2
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
) ( ) ( b b a a z z + =
1 2 1 2
z z z z
An important interpretation regarding multiplication
given by polar form of complex number
z
1
= r
1
(cos
1
+ i sin
1
)
z
2
= r
2
(cos
2
+ i sin
2
)
z
1
z
2
= r
1
r
2
(cos
1
+ i sin
1
) (cos
2
+ i sin
2
)
=r
1
r
2
(cos
1
cos
2
- sin
1
sin
2
)+i(sin
1
cos
2
+cos
1
sin
2
)
= r
1
r
2
[cos(
1
+
2
)+i sin (
1
+
2
)] = r
1
r
2
cis (
1
+
2
)
The modulus of the product is product of the moduli
The argument of the product is sum of the argument
|z
1
z
2
|=|z
1
|| z
2
|
arg (z
1
z
2
)= arg z
1
+ arg z
2
z
1
z
2

1
+
2

1
z
1
z
2
EXAMPLES
Q. Find the complex conjugate of
i
i

+ ++ +
1
2 3
Q. Determine Region in z plane represented by
)
z
z
( arg and ) z z ( arg
, i z and i z If
2
1
2 1
2 1
3 2 2 3 1

+ ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
Q.
1<|z-2|<3
Q. Express the
complex number
in polar form
and find the
principle argument.
i + ++ + 3
Q. Express the
complex number
in polar form
and find the
principle argument.
3 1 i + ++ +
De Moivres Theorem
If n is a rational number than the value or one of the
values of (cos + i sin )
n
is cos n + i sin n.
In particular, (cos + i sin )
n
= cos n + i sin n
for n = 0, 1, 2 .
For any complex number z = r e
i
and n = 0, 1, 2 ., we have z
n
= r
n
e
i n
Q.
90 90
3 1 3 1 ) i ( ) i ( Evaluate + ++ + + ++ +
sin i cos
) sin i (cos ) sin i (cos
) sin i (cos ) sin i (cos
that ove Pr 7 7
5 5 3 3
2 2
3
1
2
2
3
2



+ ++ + = == =

+ ++ +
Q.
Examples - De Moivres Theorem
) sin i (cos ) sin i (cos 5 5 3 3
Q.
4
3 1 1
3 1 1
5 8
4 6
i
) i ( ) i (
) i ( ) i (
that ove Pr = == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ +



Q.













= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ +
2 4 2 4
2 1 1
1
n n
cos

) cos i sin ( ) cos i sin (
n n n
Cos
n
Roots of a complex number
n

sin i
n

cos ) sin i (cos


n
+ ++ + = == = + ++ +
1
If n is a positive integer than is one of the root of
that is
n

sin i
n

cos + ++ +
n
) sin i (cos
1
+ ++ +
n n






+ ++ +
+ ++ +






+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ +
n
k
sin i
n
k
[cos
)] k sin( i ) k [cos( ) sin i (cos
n
n
2 2
2 2
1
1

Remaining roots can be obtained by periodic nature of sine and cosine
It gives all roots of for K = 0, 1, 2, 3, (n 1)
n
) sin i (cos
1
+ ++ +
Examples:
Q. Solve Z
4
+ 1 = 0
) i ( ), i ( ), i ( ), i ( + ++ + + ++ + 1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
Q. Find fifth root of i + ++ + 3 Q. Find fifth root of i + ++ + 3






+ ++ +






+ ++ +






+ ++ +






+ ++ +






+ ++ +
30
53
30
53
2
30
41
30
41
2
30
29
30
29
2
30
17
30
17
2
6 6
2
5 1
5 1 5 1
5 1 5 1

sin i

cos
,

sin i

cos ,

sin i

cos
,

sin i

cos ,

sin i

cos



Q. Solve the equation x
4
x
3
+ x
2
x +1 = 0 using De
Moivres theorem.
( (( ( ) )) )




+ ++ + + ++ +






+ ++ +






+ ++ +
7 7
2 2
5
3
5
3
2
5 5
2
5 1 5 1
5 1 5 1
,

sin i

cos , sin i cos


,

sin i

cos ,

sin i

cos


( (( ( ) )) )






+ ++ +






+ ++ + + ++ +
5
9
5
9
2
5
7
5
7
2 2
5 1
5 1 5 1

sin i

cos
,

sin i

cos , sin i cos




sin i
z
z , cos
z
z 2
1
2
1
= == = = == = + ++ +
Expansion of De Moivres Theorem
sin ) i (
z
z , cos
z
z
n n n n
n
2
1
2
1
= == =






= == =






+ ++ +
n sin i
z
z , n cos
z
z
n
n
n
n
2
1
2
1
= == =








= == =








+ ++ +
z z

Examples:
Q. Express Cos
6
in terms of cosines of multiples of .
Let z is a complex number, then e
z
is called
exponential function
e
z
= e
x + iy =
e
x
e
iy
For each y R , complex number e
iy
is defined as
Known as Eulers formula y i y e
iy
sin cos + =
EXPONENTIAL FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBER
Known as Eulers formula y i y e
iy
sin cos + =
) sin (cos , y i y e e e e e iy x z For
x iy x iy x z
+ = = = + =
+
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) y sin e e Im , y cos e e Re
x z x z
= == = = == =
) z Re( e e ), z ( im y ) e arg(
x z z
= == = = == = = == = = == =
LOGARITHMIC FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBER
z Log w z e , C w , z If
e
w
= == = = == =
w ) z ( Log
I k , ki w ) z ( Log
z e , Now
e
i k w
= == =
+ ++ + = == =
= == =
+ ++ +

2
2
i k ) iy x log( ) iy x ( Log
re iy x z As
i
2 + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ +
= == = + ++ + = == =


i k ) iy x log( ) iy x ( Log 2 + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ +
i k tan i ) y x log(
i k i y x log
i k ) e log( ) r log(
i k ) re log(
i
i
2
2
1
2
2
2
1 2 2
2 2
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =

x
y






x
y
m
1 2 2
2
2
1

+ ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + tan k )] iy x ( Log [ I ), y x log( )] iy x ( Log Re[
Examples:
Q. Prove that
2 2
2
b a
ab
ib a
ib a
log i tan

= == =






+ ++ +


Q. Find general value of log (-3) and log (- i).
Q. Separate real and imaginary parts of
1) log (1+i)
2) log (4+3i)
Circular functions of complex number
i
e e
x sin ,
e e
x cos
ix ix ix ix
2 2


= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
Hyperbolic functions Hyperbolic functions
x x
x x x x x x
e e
e e
x tanh ,
e e
x sinh ,
e e
x cosh


+ ++ +

= == =

= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
2 2
HYPERBOLIC AND CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
sin h (ix) = i sin x
cos h (ix) = cos x
tan h (ix) = i tan x
cosec h (ix) = -i cosec x
sec h (ix) = sec x
cot h (ix) = -i cot x
HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES
1
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
= == =
= == = + ++ +
= == =
z h ec cos z h cot
z h tan z h sec
z h sin z h cos



1 = == = z h ec cos z h cot
INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS




+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =



x 1
an
os

ln ) x ( h t
) x x ( ln ) x ( h c
) x x ( ln ) x ( h sin
1
1
1
1
2 1
2 1




= == =

x - 1
an ln ) x ( h t
2
1

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