ABSTRACT

Social Welfare Policy refers to the set of government

actions and programs designed to promote the well-
being and quality life of individuals and communities,
particularly those in need.

SOCIAL WELFARE
AINAH U. ABDULCAHAR, RSW
POLICIES, Instructress

PROGRAMS AND
SERVICES NAME: _______________________________

CLUSTER: _____________________________
SW 130

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SW 130 - SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES, PROGRAMS AND
SERVICES
WHAT IS SOCIAL WELFARE?
- Covers practically everything that men do for the good of society.
- According to Gertrude Wilson characterizes social welfare as an organized concern of all
people for all people.
- Walter Friedlander defines it as the organized system of social services and institutions,
designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health.
- According to Elizabeth Wickenden, social welfare includes those laws, programs, benefits
and services which assure or strengthen provision for meeting social needs recognized as
basic to the well-being of the population and better functioning of the social order.

- In the United States, social welfare is an organized system of social services and
institutions, designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of
life and health and personal and social relationships that permit them to develop their
full capacities and promote their wellbeing in harmony with the needs of their
families and communities.

- In the Philippines and other countries similarly situated, social welfare refers to an
aggregation of specialized programs, institutions and services intended to meet
certain residual needs (like food, shelter and clothing) not serviced by other types of
sectoral action, and receiving some degree of financial support, supervision, or
recognition from either the public or private sectors or both.

- The Social Welfare Act of 1968 which created the Department of Social Welfare is
more specific. It states that the function of the DSW is “to provide a comprehensive
program of social services designed to ameliorate the living conditions of
distressed Filipinos particularly those who are handicapped by reason of poverty,
youth, physical and mental disability, illness and old age, victims of natural
disasters including assistance to members of cultural communities to facilitate
their integration into the body politic”. This is where social welfare stands today.

[(HISTORY OF SOCIAL WELFARE/SOCIAL WORK IN THE PHILIPPINES)]

❖ THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD

Social welfare work in those times centered on mutual protection and economic survival.

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❖ THE SPANISH PERIOD
The Spaniards brought the teaching, to do good to others for the salvation of their souls,
and which for many years was the underlying philosophy behind all social welfare activities.
1565 – Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, established the first hospital in Cebu for the purpose
of attending to the wounded and the victims of diseases.
1882 – Hospicio de San Jose, was founded to house the aged and orphans, the mentally
defective and young boys requiring reform, but later limiting admission to children who were
discharged, later to adopted or employed.
1885 – Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, an asylum for girls was established, offering religious
instruction, primary education, and training in housework in its inmates. The hospitals,
asylums, orphanages and schools were maintained using subsidies and grants from the
Spanish government. However, these where not sufficient donations from philanthropic
individuals were also solicited.
❖ THE AMERICAN PERIOD
1899 – Americans occupied the country and introduced a new educational system, new
health methods, and religious freedom.
1902 – The Civil government created an agency, the Insular Board, to coordinate and
supervise private institutions engage in welfare work.
February 5, 1915 – The American government created the Public Welfare Board with the
passage of legislative Act no. 2510, essentially to coordinate the welfare activities of various
existing charitable organizations.
January 1917 – The first government entity to operate as a welfare agency, and an initial
step in child welfare services, was set up.
1900 – Attempt was made to alleviate the condition of Deaf children at the Philippine
Normal School.
1910 – A school for Deaf and Blind was organized.
1905 – The Philippine Chapter of the American Red Cross was established to take charge
of disaster relief in the country and to administer Red Cross funds from the United States.
1907 – La Gota de Leche was established to furnish child-caring institutions with fresh cow’s
milk from dairy farm in Pasay, Manila, supervised by veterinarian. This agency later opened
free consultation clinic for mothers.
1913 – Associacion de Damas Filipinas was organized by civic-spirited women to help
destitute mothers and their children.

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1921 – Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner was created. It absorbed the functions of
the Public Welfare Board which, while charged with coordinating and intensifying the
activities of child welfare organizations and agencies, was unable to cope with the mounting
problems in the health field, which was manifested by the high infant mortality rate in the
second decade of the century.
1922 – The Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner prepared solicitation forms which it
required the public to demand of any person appealing for donations and charities. This was
done to protect the public and organizations from unscrupulous persons collecting funds.
This practice, however, was not legally sanctioned until 1933.
1924 – The Associated Charities had become independent agency under the supervision of
Public Welfare Commissioner, and was partly financed by the government, and partly by
private contributions.
▪ The Philippine Legislature passed a law (Philippine Legislative Act No. 3203) relating
to the care and custody of neglected and delinquent children and providing probation
for them.
1933 – The administration of social welfare in the Philippines was marked by significant
developments when Frank Murphy became the Governor General Scholarship grants for
professional training in social work in United States were made available were made
available.
▪ The legislature appropriated funds for the operations of government child and
maternal health canter's which was established in every town with at least two
thousand populations.
▪ The economic depression in the 1930s created serious economic problems.
The Associated Charities were unable to cope with the number of applicants for relief
and other social services, despite appropriations made by the Office of the Public
Welfare Commissioner, under its director, Dr. Jose Fabella.
Josefa Jara Martinez who obtained a diploma in social work in 1921, worked for the Public
Welfare Board where she started to introduce the scientific approach in social work.
Murphy administration’s social welfare programs marked the first time the government
assumed full responsibility for the relief of the distressed due to any cause.
❖ THE COMMON WEALTH PERIOD
1940 – The Office of the Commissioner of Health and Public Welfare was abolished and
replaced by a Department of Health and Public Assistance Service, which took over the
activities that used to performed by the Associated Charities which, by then, had ceased to
exist.
❖ THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

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Social Welfare activities during the period consisted mainly of giving medical care and
treatment, as well as food and clothing, to the wounded soldiers, prisoners and civilians.
❖ THE POST-WAR YEARS
1946 – The Bureau of Public Welfare re-opened but lack of funds limited its operations.
October 4, 1947 – The Bureau became the Social Welfare Commission and was placed
under the Office of the President.
August 1948 – President Quirino creates the President’s Action Committee on Social
Amelioration. It is a comprehensive program of health, education, welfare, agriculture, public
works and financing.
1946 – The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was
created by the United Nations General Assembly to further maternal and child health in
economically underdeveloped country.
1948 – UNICEF became active in the Philippines, establishing basic health care services to
mothers and children, consisting of medical care, feeding programs and health education.
January 3, 1951 – The Social Welfare Commission and the President’s Action Committee
on Social Amelioration were fused into one agency called the Social Welfare Administration.
❖ THE SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION
Division of Public Assistance
Assistance was given in the form of maternal aid like food, financial aid, transportation
aid, medical aid, institutional care and work relief.
Service was rendered in the form of rehabilitation services and administration and
supervision of rehabilitation projects and workshops.
Child Welfare Division
Casework and guidance services for children are under this unit.
Division on Rural Welfare
▪ This was created by Administrative Order No. 7, on September 5, 1951.
▪ It deals with the mounting social problems in the rural areas.
▪ “Self-Help” became the underlying philosophy for the rural community development
projects.
1965 – Republic Act 4373, “An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work and the operation
of Social Work Agencies in the Philippines.”

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▪The law requires completion of Bachelor of Science in Social Work degree, one
thousand hours of supervised field practice, and the passing of a government board
examination in social work for licensing or registration as a social worker.
▪ It is the formal recognition of social work as a profession in the Philippines.
❖ THE SEVENTIES
September 8, 1976 – The Department of Social Welfare became the Department of Social
Services and Development shifting emphasis on the traditional, often institution-based
social welfare to community-oriented programs and services.
June 2, 1978 – President Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1397, converting
Departments into Ministries thus the Ministry of Social Services and Development. The
organizational structure, functions and programs remains the same.
▪The Sixties and Seventies marked the existence of voluntary organizations and
establishment of even more agencies.
❖ THE EIGHTIES
The Self-Employment Assistance was upgraded to make it more responsive to its client’s
needs. Case Management System was launched. Social Welfare Indicators monitor the well-
being of the MSSD service users.
January 30, 1987 – President Corazon C. Aquino signed Executive Order No. 123,
reorganizing MSSD and renaming it Department of Social Services and Development. The
Department was evolving from mere welfare or relief agency to the greater task of
development. The approach taken by agency during this period is described as preventive
and developmental, participative and client managed.
❖ THE NINETIES
The DSWD continued the five program areas of concern during the early nineties. It also
gave priority attention to Low Income Municipalities (LIMs) and other socially-depressed
barangays. The aftermath of Mt. Pinatubo eruption was the use of Crisis Incident Stress
Debriefing (CISD), a form of crisis intervention used with victims of disasters and other crisis
situation.
October 10, 1991 – R.A. 7160 Local Government Code was passed. Implementing
functions together with its programs and services were devolved to its local government unit.
The Department, however, retained its specialized social services consisting of four
categories:
(a) Center/institution-based services;
(b) Community-based programs and services;
(c) locally-funded and foreign-assisted projects; and
(d) Disaster relief and rehabilitation augmentation.

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▪ Today, countless agencies, organizations and institutions under private and
sponsorship are engaged in the provision of many different social services.
▪ NGOs play a very important role in supplementing the needs of the rising
disadvantaged sectors in our society.
▪ R.A. 4373 (Social Work Law, 1967) provides that no social welfare agency shall
operate and be accredited unless it shall first have registered with the Social Welfare
Administration which shall issue the corresponding certificate of registration.
▪ R.A. 5416 (Social Welfare Act, 1968) empowers the Department to
(1) set standards and policies
(2) accredit public and private institutions and organizations, and
(3) coordinate government efforts in social welfare work to avoid duplication, friction
and overlapping of responsibility in social services.

❖ WHAT IS POLICY?
• A definite course or method of action
• Selected from among alternative and in light of given conditions
• To guide and determine present and future decisions
(Meriam Webster)
• The explicit or implicit standing plan that an organization or government uses as
guide for action.
(Barker, 2003)

• Policy establishes a specific set of programs procedures (Baumheler & Schour,

1977)
• It includes all public activities (Zimmerman, 1979), and considers resource
distribution and its effect on “peoples’ social well-being” (Dear, 1995)

The primary function of policy is to create a plan of action, it also, writes, directs
attention to “definite problems” (Titmuss, 1966)
• Reflection choices of a government or a non-governmental agency
• These are tied to and build values, beliefs and principles.

❖ WHAT ARE SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS?

- There are plans of action of a certain services or activities.
- Society is committed to support the social welfare of its members.
- Social Welfare is a social condition which exist when families, communities and
societies experience a high degree of well-being. (Midgley postulates)
- A social welfare program is a group of activities maintained over a period of time
aimed at producing specific types of services devoted to the achievement of an
objective or set of objectives. (Leonora De Guzman)

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❖ PURPOSE OF PROGRAMS
Some authors have identified four (4) major purpose of social programs which
are follows:
1. SOCIALIZATION
It is deemed by necessary for the members of a society to acquire knowledge and
develop skills that will facilitate their socialization to the norms and behaviors of their social
milieu to become fully participative in the community affairs.
2. SOCIAL CONTROL
In a society, there are some people who have disruptive behavior to be identified and
removed from situation in which they become a threat to the safety or well-being of others.
Such persons can be found in mental hospitals, correctional institutions and rehabilitation
centers.
3. SOCIAL INTEGRATION
These are persons who tend to become alienated from the rest of society such as the
disadvantaged, disabled, violators of existing law. They require counselling, therapy, and/or
rehabilitation to enable them more involved in the world around them.
4. SOCIAL CHANGE
The inherent transformative nature of social welfare is expressed through social
provisions that stimulate changes and enhancement of the overall quality of life.
❖ CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS
1. SOCIAL SECURITY – refers to the whole set of compulsory measures instituted to
protect the individual and his family against the consequences of an unavoidable
interruption or serious diminution of the earned income disposable for the maintenance of
a reasonable standard of living.
Examples are compulsory employer liability (with or without insurance), provident
funds, and social insurance.
2. PERSONAL SOCIAL SERVICES – refers to service functions which have more bearing
upon problems, individual situations of stress, interpersonal helping people in need, and the
provision of direct services in collaboration with workers from government and voluntary
agencies.
Examples are programs for counseling, therapy and rehabilitation; programs for
providing access; information and advice; institutional services; child protective services;
and programs for treatment of deviants.

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3. PUBLIC ASSISTANCE – refer to material/ concrete aids/ supports provided, usually by
government agencies, to people who have no income or means of support for themselves and
their families for reasons such as loss of employment, natural disasters, etc.

“IN INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL VIEW”

MORALES describe the three (3) categories of social Programs, namely; social
provisions, social services and social action programs.
1. SOCIAL PROVISIONS.
These are given directly to persons with limited resources. The assistance provided
may include financial and in response to crisis, temporary shelter to transients and the
homeless; food and clothing for the emergency needs, shelter for battered and abused wives
and children. This program entails large budgetary requirements, hence the necessity of
collaboration and coordinative efforts of both government and private sector in the pursuit
of its goals.
2. SOCIAL SERVICES.
As defined by Siporin, are comprised of individualized, direct, organized activities or
base interventions aimed at helping the individuals or a collectively and the environment
toward a mutual adaptation. They are services that they benefit and are of use to others and
they are helping the realization of the goals desired by other people rather than oneself
Romuanyshyn views social services not only as an effort to restore, maintain and enhance the
social functioning of individuals and families but also efforts to assure the functioning of
collectivities such as small groups, work groups, other organizations and communities.
Siporin states further that social services may take several forms according to their
functions;
A. ACCESS SERVICES which include information giving, referral, advocacy and legal
services.
B. THERAPY helps rehabilitation which includes social protection, substitute care as in
counselling agencies, child welfare, school, and medical social work correctional programs
and protective care for the elderly.
C. SOCIALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES as in day care center, family planning,
community center, family life education programs social services constitute and also provide
needed resources to help people improve social competencies which are the ideal goal, to be
able to effect behavior and identity change resolve adjustment problems they directly
support, supplement and substitute for the functions of other institutions
Examples; the economy, education, law, health, care and especially the family.

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3. SOCIAL ACTIONS.
These are efforts to create a more adjust and supportive environment, enable and
empower people to deal with an unjust society, help change conditions causing problems,
provide leadership to broaden efforts to eliminate these problems. Efforts involved in social
action comprise the following;
a. Fact finding
b. Analysis of community needs
c. Research
d. Dissemination and interpretation of information (consciousness) and awareness-
raising
e. Organizing mobilization of support in behalf of existing or proposed social programs

❖ WHAT ARE SOCIAL SERVICES?

Refers to the programs, services and other activities provided under various
auspices, to concretely answer the needs and problems of the members of the
society.
Examples: Concrete Services – income support or material aid, and
institutional placement.

❖ WHAT IS WELFARE?
Used in three main senses:
1. Welfare commonly refers to “well-being”
o The state of being happy, healthy and successful
2. Refers to the range of services which are provided to protect people in a number of
conditions, including childhood, sickness, and old age.
3. Refers specifically to financial assistance to poor people (e.g. Temporary Aid to Needy
Families).

{WELFARE AS COLLECTIVE PROVISION}

HUMANITARIAN: Concerns about poverty and need have been central to many
developments.
RELIGIOUS: Several of the world’s major religious make charity a religious duty.

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MUTUAL SELF-INTEREST: Many welfare systems have developed, not from state
activity, but from a combination of mutualist activities, gradually reinforced by
government.
DEMOCRATIC: Social protection has development in tandem with democratic rights.
PRACTICAL: Welfare provision has economic and social benefits. Countries with
more extensive systems of social protection tend to be richer and less poverty.
Example: 4p’s

{SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY}

• Subset of Social Policy Arena.
• Focuses on specific disadvantaged sector groups.
• Rooted in the principles and theories of justice.

❖ WELFARE STATE
It means different things in different countries.
1. An ideal model: the state accepts responsibility for the provision of comprehensive and
universal welfare for its citizens.
2. State Welfare: Welfare provided by the state, “(US)".
3. Social Protection: A system of social protection not delivered only by the state, but by
combination of government, independent, voluntary, and autonomous public services
(Western Europe and Scandinavian countries)

❖ MODELS OF WELFARE
1. RESIDUAL WELFARE
- Welfare provision is often seen as being for the poor.
- This was the dominant model in English - Speaking Countries; The English poor law
(1601-1948) was exported to many other countries. - Welfare is a safety net, confined to
those who are unable to manage otherwise.
Example: Disaster.
2. SOLIDARITY WELFARE
- Welfare in much of Europe is based on the principle of solidarity, or mutual
responsibility.
- Responsibilities which people have to each other depend on their relationships.
- Welfare is a safety Net, confined to those who are unable to manage otherwise.
- People in Society are part of solidaristic social networks.
- Not part of such networks is said to be “excluded.”

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3. INSTITUTIONAL WELFARE
- Needs are accepted as a formal part of social life.
- Provided for the population as whole.
o in the same way as a public service like needs or schools might be.
- Welfare is not just for the poor: it is for everyone.
Example: PhilHealth.
4. INDUSTRIAL ACHIEVEMENT/PERFORMANCE
- Welfare has often been seen as a ‘hand maiden’ to the economy.
- Helps employers, by preparing and servicing the capacity of the workforce.

❖ JUSTICE MODEL & SOCIAL WELFARE

o Policy incorporates a justice theory through one of four models (Maiese, 2003):
1. Distributive
2. Procedural
3. Retributive
4. Restorative
1. [DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE]
o A fair-share model that expresses its concern for the welfare of a community’s
members.
o Central ideas are equity, equality and need (Maiese, 2003).
2. [PROCEDURAL JUSTICE]
o Considers processes in which decisions are made.
o Recognizes that people feel vindicated
o If the proceedings result in fair treatment no matter the outcome (Deutsch, 2000).
3. [RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE]
o Commonly referred as the “just desert” approach
o People should be treated in similar manner as they treat others, with the response
proportional to the originating act (Maiese, 2004).
Example: Eye for an eye.
4. [RESTORATIVE JUSTICE]
o Is multifaceted, with a focus on the victim, the offender, and the community
o The emphasis rests with the victim (Maiese, 2003).
Example: Counselling

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❖ IMPORTANT GOALS OF SOCIAL WELFARE
Why do we need social welfare?
Why should people mind other business?
These are the reasons:
1. HUMANITARIAN AND SOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL
This goal of social welfare is rooted in the democratic of social justice it is based on
the belief that the human being has the potential for self-actualization except that physical
/biological, social, economic psychological and other factor sometimes prevent or block such
self-actualization. This concept of submits that it is only right and just for human being to
help another human being hence, the provision of social services. This goal involves the
identification of the most afflicted, the most dependent the most neglected and those least
able to help themselves and making them and the priority target for the investment of scarce
resources. Historically, the roots of organized social welfare can be traced to a humanitarian
orientation, and today individual and group initiatives in providing systematically organized
social services responsive to unmet human needs continue to be motivated by the same
orientation.
2. SOCIAL CONTROL GOAL
This goal is based on the recognition that needs deprived or disadvantaged groups of
in a society are capable of striking out individually or collectively against what they consider
to be an alienating or offending party. Therefore, society has to secure itself against the
threats to life, property, and political stability in the community posed by those who are
deprived resources and opportunities to achieve and satisfying life. Social services to
dissidents and juvenile and adult offenders exemplify the social control goal of social welfare.
3. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT GOAL
This economic development goal places priority of those programs designed to
support increases in the production of goods and services and other resources that will
contribute to the economic development. The immediate beneficiaries of such programs may
be the able-bodied, relatively better-off members of the community.
Examples of the social services which pursue economic development goals are:
o Social Services which directly contribute to increased productivity among individuals,
groups and communities, such as counselling services for the youth and for the
adjustment of workers to industrial settings; labor welfare services and facilities;
services for the rehabilitation of handicapped workers; skills training for the
unemployed and the under employed, integrated social services for farmers.

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o Social Services which prevent a relieve the burden of dependents on adult workers of
such dependents as the very young as well as the very old, the sick and the disabled
etc. which could hamper their productivity.
Examples of these are Daycare Centers, Old age homes, Health clinics and Rehabilitation
center.
o Social Services which prevent are counteract the disruptive effect of urbanization and
industrialization on family and community life, and help identify and develop local
leadership in communities.
Examples of these are Family life education services, leadership training programs and
various types of community services. Which enhance or develop self-reliance, therefore,
promote people’s own capacities for problem solving.

❖ PUBLIC POLICY
- The principled guide to action taken by the administrative executive branches of the
state.
- With regard to a class of issues, in a manner consistent with law and institutional
customs.
- A system of “courses of action.”
- Regulatory measures, laws, and funding priorities concerning a given topic
promulgated by a government entity or its representatives.
- Commonly embodied in constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial decisions.”

❖ SOCIAL POLICY
- Set of laws and administrative rules
- Defines the purposes of public social welfare
- Authorize organizations to accomplishment of those purpose.
(Compton, Galaway & Counoyer, 2004)
- The study of social services and the welfare state.
- In general terms;
o It looks at the idea of social welfare
o And its relationship to politics and society.
o It is an academic discipline

CONSIDERS:
• Including policies for health,
• Housing,
• Income maintenance,
• Education and social work; -
• Needs and issues affecting the users of services
• Including poverty, old age, health, disability, and family policy; and
• the delivery of welfare

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SOCIAL POLICY: POINTS TO CONSIDER
• It is the strategy for the development of the mass.
• It is the policy of governments for the welfare purpose.
• It is the legislative output of the welfare actions.
• It is concerned for economic welfare.
• It is the right ordering of network between men and women.
• It is the practice of social intervention.

CONCEPT OF POLICY
▪ An idea or guide to follow.

▪ A workable and operable concept of policy is important.

▪ In the field of social welfare and in the campaign against poverty you to have to match
intention with action.

▪ You have to translate needs and problems and link them to resources, organized
services and people who are directly involved in the formulation and implementation
of social welfare policies.

▪ A concept should not only tell you what the desired intention but it should tell you
WHAT and HOW a person or institution can do such purpose.

▪ A standing plan (Kahn); substance of planning choices (Rein): a definite course of

action; guide and determines present and future decisions (Mangum).

▪ Rule for action, manifesting or clarifying specific organization goals, objectives, values
or ideas and often prescribing the obligatory or most desirable ways and means for
this accomplishment.

▪ Purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors in dealing with a

problem or matter of concern (Dye: 1987).

▪ Focuses attention on what is actually done as against what is proposed or intended. It

differentiates a policy from a decision which is a choice among competing
alternatives. (Anderson:1990)

▪ Such a rule for action established for the purpose of framing, guiding, directing
organizational action including decision making, intend to provide relative stability,
consistency, uniformity, and continuity in the operation of the organization.

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▪ Translating needs and problems and link them to resources, organized services and
people who are directly involved in the formulation and implementation of social
welfare services.

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE SYSTEM

Community demands and resources are the basis for an agency to consider, process
and develop a policy. It shows that the performance of such a policy is constantly evaluated
and information is being fed to the community and the agency concerned. Thus, agencies are
required to developed specific program activities to benefit the clients. At the same time,
these activities are constantly evaluated to make them more responsive to the needs.

POLICY CATEGORIES
POLICY DEMANDS

• Demands of claims made upon officials of government and private agencies by other
actors, private or official in the political system for action on some perceived problem.

POLICY STATEMENT

• Formal expressions or articulation of policy.

• Includes legislatives statutes, board resolution, executive orders and decrees, admin
rules and regulation, court opinions.

• Statements and speeches of officials indicating the intentions and goals of

organizations and what will be done to realize them are also considered policy
statements.

• Written documents (black and white) are your evidences that your demand is being
answered.

POLICY DECISION

• Made by officers of organizations that authorize or give direction and content to

policy action included are decision to enact statuses, issues, executive orders and
abroad resolutions.

• Also includes the promulgation of administrative rules and judicial interpretation of

law.

POLICY OUTPUT

• Tangible manifestations of policies.

• Things actually done in pursuance of policy decision and statements.

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• These are what organizations do, as distinguished from what actual number of
services delivered measures of policy output.

• Concrete manifestations of what policies can produce to respond to needs and

problems.

GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND APPROACHES

GOALS OF SOCIAL POLICY

• There is only one overriding purpose of Social Welfare Policy-the enhancement of life
of the disadvantaged and marginalized sector of society.
• This means redressing their deplorable condition of poverty and making them
participative, productive and self-reliant members of society.
• Thus, the primary goal of Social Welfare Policy is the DEVELOPMENT of the poor.
• More concretely, the goals is to move people from the survival to subsistence and
make them self-reliant members of the society.
• Institutionally, the goal of Social Welfare Policy is to maximize the partnerships of the
private sector (NGOs) and the public sector (GO’s) in fighting poverty and bringing
about change in the lives of people.

OBJECTIVES

1. REDUCE POVERTY

“You cannot totally eliminate poverty; you can only reduce it.”

5 MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE NATURE OF POVERTY

A. Poverty as a problem of deprivation

This means that people do not have means (i.e. financial) to live as human beings and so
you have to provide them with the resource so that you can bring them to the minimum level
of human existence.

B. Poverty as a Problem of Individual Shortcoming

This implies that it is the fault of the person why she/he is poor. Maybe he/she is lazy or
lacks of motivation to succeed. And so the solution is to provide the person with value
orientation and counselling to change and improve his/her attitude towards work as the case
maybe.

C. Poverty as a problem of lack of access to government services

This connotes that government services are not being felt by the people this maybe
because these services are not delivered where they are most needed, say depressed

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barangays in far areas. With this problem, it is therefore necessary for government to bring
the services closes to the people who need them most.

D. Poverty as problem brought about by the Development process

This means that there are people who are left out because of development. These are the
people who as a result of industrialization and mechanization of the production process,
suddenly find themselves with no more jobs to support their families.

E. Poverty as a problem of unequal distribution of the wealth of society.

This simply means that there are poor people because only few or 10% of society own
and control the resources and the means of productivity distribution. The rest or 90% of the
population have to struggle and fight for the remaining share. Because of this problem,
radical changes have to be made so that wealth (i.e. land) is redistributed. Agricultural and
industrial reforms have to be in place to address this basic problem of society.

2. MAXIMIZE WELFARE

▪ Welfare is a human right.

▪ Preferential treatment is given to the disadvantaged.

▪ Romanyshyn (1971) argued that people are entitle to welfare benefits because they
are part of their citizenship rights. He quoted J.A. Marshall (1970) who said that
citizenship consists three sets of rights and duties –civil, political, and social

▪ The notion of citizenship right to welfare benefits can be seen as part of the long
process of transforming an even larger group of people from subjects to citizens.

▪ Romanyshyn further notes that the rise of the middle class in the 18th century saw the
establishment of civil rights: liberty. Freedom of speech, equality before the law and
the right to own property.

▪ Social rights make up the dominant theme of the latter part of the century. The
question involves citizen rights to economic security, education and access to benefits
and obligations that accompany full participation of society.

▪ Welfare as a right also implies that every institution of society has the responsibility
to address the welfare needs of its constituents.

3. PURSUE EQUALITY

A related but also equally important objective in the maximization of welfare in the
pursuit of equality. This means that no person shall be deprived of welfare services. Every
citizen is entitled to welfare services regardless of one’s status, color, sex, need, beliefs,

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etc. in other words there should be no discrimination regards to the delivery of welfare
services.

APPROACHES TO SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY

1. Safety Net Approach

2. Community Approach

3. Welfare State Approach

1. SAFETY NET APPROACH

This approach holds that individuals, families and local communities are (and ought
to be) the primary source of social care. State provisions should be kept to the minimum,
complementary to what informal networks in the community provide, lest undermine both
their capacity and their moral resolution to “care for their own”. This approach simply tells
you to prepare the so called “Net” which will catch the people who fail to meet basic minimum
needs. In other words, public welfare interventions should only be used as a last resort. In
the Philippines, this is shown by the fact that the first line of defense against poverty is the
family and other relations.

2. COMMUNITY APPROACH

This assumes that lay people have more potential, ability and commitment to care to
each other than is assumed by the welfare state approach. Power and decision making in
social services ought to be devolved as far as possible to communities. Skilled social workers
continue to be necessary, but policy should aim, first and foremost, to give informal local
networks resources and support.

3. WELFARE STATE APPROACH

The fundamental assumption of this approach is that the state has an obligation to
provide comprehensive services to respond to the problems of poverty, old age, and disability
whatever their cause.

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OTHER SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES AND RPOGRAMS

SELECTED SOCIAL LEGISLATION

A. Children

P.D 603 “The child and Youth Welfare Code”

(June 10, 1975)
The code defines “child and youth” and their rights and entitlements
including services that should be provided for their wholesome
development.
R.A. 6972 “Barangay-Level Total Development and Protection of Children
(Sept. 14, 1990) Act”
An act establishing a Day-Care Center in every barangay
R.A. 7610 “Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation
(Feb. 7, 1992) and Discrimination Act”

An act providing for stronger deterrence and special protection against

child abuse, exploitation and discrimination, providing penalties for its
violation
R.A. 7658 An act prohibiting the employment of children below 15 years of age
(Nov. 9, 1993) in public and private undertakings.
R.A. 8043 “Inter-country Adoption Act of 1995”
(June 2, 1995)
An act establishing the rules to govern inter-country adoption of
Filipino children.
R.A. 8044 “Youth in Nation-Building Act”
(June 2, 1995)
An act creating the National Youth Commission, establishing a national
comprehensive program on youth development.
E.O. 340 Executive Order directing national government agencies and
(Jan. 22, 1997) government-owned and controlled corporations to provide day care
services for their employees’ children under five (5) years of age
R.A. 8552 “Domestic Adoption Act of 1998”
(Feb. 25, 1998)
An act establishing the rules and policies on the domestic adoption of
Filipino children.
R.A. 8990 “The Early Childhood Care and Development Act”
(Dec. 5, 2000)
An act promulgating a comprehensive policy and a national system for
early childhood care and development.
R.A. 9231 An act providing elimination of the worst forms of child labor and
(Oct 14, 2003 & affording stronger protection for the working child, amending for this
Oct. 13, 2003) purpose R.A. 7610, as amended, otherwise known as the “Special

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Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and
Discrimination Act”
R.A. 9255 An act allowing illegitimate children to use surname of their father,
(Jan. 21 2004 & amending for the purpose Art. 176 of Executive Order No. 209 (“Family
Feb. 4, 2004) Code of the Philippines”)
R.A. 9344 “Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006”
(Mar. 22, 2006)
An act establishing a comprehensive juvenile and welfare system,
creating the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council under the Department
of Justice.

B. Women

R.A 6525 An act strengthening the prohibition on discrimination against women

(April 27, 1989) with respect to terms and condition of employment.
R.A. 6955 An act unlawful the practice of matching Filipino women for marriage
(May 15, 1990) to foreign nationals on a mail-order basis and other similar practices
R.A. 7192 “Women in Nation-Building Act of 1992”
(Dec. 11, 1992)
An act promoting the integration of women as full and equal partners
of men in development and nation-building.
R.A. 7877 “Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”
(Feb. 14, 1995)
An act declaring sexual harassment unlawful in the employment,
education or training environment.
R.A. 8353 “Anti-Rape Law of 1997”
(Sept. 31, 1997)
An act expanding the definition of the crime of rape, reclassifying the
same as a crime against persons, amending R.A 3815 (Revised Penal
Code)
R.A. 8505 “Rape Victims Assistance and Protection Act of 2003”
(Feb. 5, 1998)
An act providing assistance and protection for rape victims,
establishing the purpose of Rape Crisis Center in every province and
city.
R.A. 9208 “Anti-Trafficking in Person Act of 2003”
(May 12, 2003)
An act to institute polices to eliminate trafficking in persons especially
women and children, establishing the necessary institutional
mechanisms for protection and support, providing penalties for its
violation and for other purposes
R.A. 9262 “Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004”
(Jan. 29, 2004 &
Feb. 2, 2004)

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An act defining violence against women and their children, providing
for protective measures for victims, prescribing penalties, therefore,
and other purposes.

C. Older Person/Person with Disabilities.

R.A. 344 “Accessibility Law”

(Feb. 25, 1983)
An act to enhance the mobility of disabled persons by requiring certain
buildings, institutions, establishments, and public utilities to install
facilities and other devices
R.A. 7277 “Magna Carta for Disabled Person”
(Jan. 22, 1992)
An act providing for the rehabilitation, self-development and self-
reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the mainstream
of society
R.A. 7432 “Senior Citizen Act of 1992”
(Feb. 7, 1992)
An act to maximize the contribution of senior citizens to nation-
building, grant benefits and special privileges, and for other purposes
R.A. 7876 An act establishing a Senior Citizen Center in all cities and
(Jan. 31, 1995) municipalities
R.A. 9257 “Expanded Senior Citizen Act of 2003”
(Dec. 16, 2003)
An act granting additional benefits and privileges for senior citizens
amending for the purpose R.A. 7432.

D. Family

E.O. 209 “Family Code of the Philippines”

(Aug. 4, 1988
The law revises provisions in the Civil Code of the Philippine pertaining
to marriage and family relation to bring them closer to Filipino
customs, values and ideals and reflect contemporary trends and
conditions.
R.A. 8187 An act granting paternity leave of seven (7) days with fully pay to all
(June 8, 1996) married male employees in the private and public sectors for the first
four (4) deliveries of legitimate spouse with whom he is cohabiting.
R.A. 8369 “Family Courts Act of 1997”
(Oct. 28, 1997)
An act establishing family courts, granting exclusive original
jurisdiction over child and family cases, amending Batas Pambansa
Bilang 129 (Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980)
R.A. 8972 “Solo Parents Welfare Act of 2000”
(Nov. 7, 2000)

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An act providing for benefits and privileges to solo parents and their
children.

E. Health

R.A. 7875 An act instituting a National Health Insurance Program for all Filipino
(Feb. 7, 1995) and establishing the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation for the
purpose
R.A. 7883 An act granting benefits and incentives to accredited barangay health
(Feb. 20, 1995) workers.
R.A. 8344 An act penalizing the refusal of hospitals and medical clinics to
(Aug. 25, 1997) administer appropriate initial medical treatment and support in
emergency or serious cases, amending for the purpose Batas
Pambansa Bldg. 702, otherwise known as “An Act Prohibiting the
Demand of Deposits or Advance Payments for the Confinement pf
Patients in Hospitals and Medical Clinics in Certain Cases”.
R.A. 924 An act amending R.A. 7875, otherwise known as “An act instituting a
(Oct. 15, 2003 & National Health Insurance Program for all Filipino and establishing the
Oct. 14, 20003) Philippine Health Insurance Corporation for the purpose”.

F. Labor/Employment

P.D. 442 “Labor Code of the Philippines”

(Nov. 1, 1974)
An act which revises and consolidates all previous labor and social laws
based on the principal of social justice.
R.A. 7655 An act increasing the minimum wage of house helpers, amending
(June 4, 1993) Article 143 of Presidential Decree No. 442, as amended
R.A. 7877 An act declaring sexual harassment unlawful in the employment,
(Feb. 3, 1995) education or training environment.
R.A. 8042 “Migrant Workers Benefits and Incentives Act of 1995”
(June 5, 1995)
An act to institute the policies of overseas employment and establish a
higher standard of protection and promotion of the welfare of migrant
workers and their families and overseas Filipinos in distress
R.A. 8282 An act further strengthening the Social Security Program amending
(April 30, 1997) R.A. 1161 (The Social Security Law) which provides covered
employees and their families protection against the hazards of
disability, sickness, old, age, and death.
R.A. 8291 An act amending Presidential Decree No. 1146 expanding and
(May 29, 1997) increasing the coverage and benefits of the Government Services
Insurance System.

G. Other

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R.A. 7160 “The Local Government Code of 1991”
(Oct. 10. 1991)
An act that developed implementing functions and programs of
national agencies to local governments, including social welfare
services that used to administered by the Department of Social Welfare
and Development.
R.A. 8371 “Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997”
(Oct. 22, 1997)
An act recognizes, protect, and promote the rights of indigenous
cultural communities/indigenous peoples, creating a National
Commission on Indigenous Peoples, establishment implementing
mechanisms and appropriating funds for the purpose
R.A. 8425 “Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act of 1997”
(Dec. 9, 1997)
An act institutionalizing the Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation
Program, creating for the Anti-Poverty Commission and defining its
powers and functions.

SOME GOVERNMENT AGENCIES/ORGANIZATIONS

A. The Overseas Workers Welfare Administration

- An agency attached to the Department of Labor and Employment.
- Began operations in 1982
- Two-fold mandate: (1) to provide welfare assistance to registered overseas workers and
their dependents, and (2) ensure the viability of the Overseas Workers Welfare Fund.
- Offers both local as well as overseas programs and services for Filipino contract workers
and their dependents.

B. The National Housing Authority

- Created under Presidential Decree No. 757 in 1975
- Agency’s mandate: develop and implement a comprehensive and integrated housing
program in the country.
- Efforts are focused on providing housing assistance to the lowest 30% of the urban
population
- Resettlement programs, the community Mortgage program, the Sites and Services
Development Program
- Also provides technical and other forms of assistance to local government units in
implementing their urban development and housing programs

C. Public Attorney’s Office

- Under the Department of Justice and used to be known as the Citizen’s Legal Assistance
Office
- It represents indigent persons or the immediate members of their families, in all civic,
administrative, and criminal cases were, after due investigation, the interest of justice will
be served.

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- It has offices in each of the administrative regions of the country and offers mainly legal
assistance and counselling to indigent persons.

SOME PRIVATE AGENCIES AND NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

A. The Philippine Business for Social Progress

- Private, non-profit organization established on December 16, 1970 to serve as private
enterprises’ implementing arm for social development.
- Starting 50 it now has 154 member-companies which contribute funds that are channelled
to self-help community projects nationwide.
- The programs include institutional building, enterprise development promotions,
community organization and empowerment, technology development, and women in
development.

B. The SOS Children’s Village

- A private child caring agency founded by Dr. Herman Gmeiner in Austria after World Wall
II

- Six (6) “villages” today in the cities of: Lipa, Tacloban, Calbayog, Cebu, Davao and
Greater Manila.
- Outside of adoption, it is the only agency which implements Alternative Parental Care

C. The Women’s Crisis Center

- Established for the purpose of helping eliminate all forms of violence against women
- Major programs: crisis intervention, feminist counselling, medical assistance advocacy,
temporary shelter, survivors’ support groups, education and advocacy, training and
education, research, documentation and publication, consultancy services
- It operates HAVEN, hospital-based crisis center for women survivors of a violent
environment and also coordinates with NGOs

D. The Center for The Prevention and Treatment of the Child Sexual Abuse
- Established to help children and their families, who are victims of sexual abuse.
- It offers protective services, prevention and treatment services, training and other services.

E. The Cribs Philippines, Inc

- Serves as receiving home for abandoned, neglected, surrendered infants, and abused female
minors.

F. The Norfill Foundation, Inc.

- Services abandoned, neglected, and dependent children; unwed pregnant women and girls;
mentally retarded/physically handicapped children and youth; needy and disadvantage
families.

G. The Tribal Development Foundation in The Philippines

- Addresses the needs of tribal communities in different parts of the country

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SITUATING POLICY PRACTICE AND PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIAL
WORK PRACTICE

1) Policy and program development – is considered as the macro-practice of social work.

2) It is also considered as secondary form of practice as compared to direct practice.
3) The dual focus of social functioning and the person-in-environment perspective shows that
the SW intervenes not only with the person but the environment.
4) The sustaining environment of the person includes the general community, media, political
systems, economic resources, the educational system, social welfare institutions and the
larger community.
5) Policy and Program Development is the government’s ways of intervening in the human
condition and affecting social welfare.
6) In promoting social justice, SW need to work for social and economic justice and needed
reforms in ways that recognize and consider these legitimate differences of opinion as they
maintain respect for those who disagree with their ideas as to how to attain social justice.
7) The Social workers role as system developer, as a program developer, policy and procedure
developer, and as an advocate.

OVERVIEW OF POLICY PRACTICE

• SOCIAL POLICY – is a decision, made by public or government authorities regarding the

assignment and allocation of resources, rights, and responsibilities and expressed in laws
and governmental regulations.

DEFINITIONS
✓ A guide for settled course of action composed of collective decisions directly concerned
with promoting the well-being of all part of the population.
✓ Rules that govern people’s lives and dictate expectations for behavior

Categories of Social Policy

Policy Demands
• These are demands or claims made upon officials of government or private agencies by
other sectors, private of official in the political system for action on some perceived
problems.

Policy Decisions
• Are made by officers of organizations that authorize or give direction and content to policy
actions. Included are decisions to enact statutes, issues, executive orders, administrative
order and broad resolutions.

Policy Statements
• Are formal expression or articulation of policy.
• These include legislative statutes, broad resolutions, executive orders and decrees,
administrative rules and regulations and court opinions.

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Policy Output
• Are the tangible manifestation of policies.
• Things actually done in pursuance of policy decisions and statements.
• These are what the organizations do as distinguished form what they say
• The actual number of services delivered and the number of people served are the
quantifiable measure of policy outputs.
• Are the consequences for a client system, intended or unintended that result from action or
inaction by an agency.

SOCIAL WELFARE PROJECT PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

Social Welfare Project/Programs: structured intervention aimed at improving the well-being of

individuals, families, and communities, especially marginalized and vulnerable groups.
The purposed is to address social problems (poverty, abuse, homelessness, etc) through planned,
goal-oriented activities.

Project vs. Program

ASPECT PROJECT PROGRAM

Definition A temporary, focused intervention A coordination of related projects, or
designed to achieve specific objectives ongoing activities aimed at achieving
within set of time frame and budgets. long-term social outcomes.
Scope Narrow in scope, address specific issues Broad in scope; addresses complex or
or problems. interrelated issues over time.
Duration. Short-to medium-term; clearly defined Long-term or ongoing; may span
start and end dates. several years and evolves over time.
Focus Deliver specific outputs and outcomes. Achieve strategic, often policy-level
goals and sustained social impact.
Example 1. Social Amelioration Program 1. Pantawid Pamilyang
(SAP) – emergency cash Pilipino Program (4P’s) –
assistance during covid-19 conditional cash transfer for
pandemic. health and education of poor
Duration: implemented over 2-3 months households.
per tranche. Duration: Ongoing since 2008 now
2. Provision of Livelihood institutionalized (RA 11310)
Assistance Grants (LAG) – 2. Sustainable Livelihood
financial aid for micro-enter Program (SLP) – provides
prise development post-disaster livelihood training and
or pandemic. assistance.
Duration: processing and disbursement Duration: Ongoing; project cycles
within 3-6 months. run 6-12 months, but overall program
3. Cash for Work (CFW) – is continuous.
temporary employment for 3. Assistance to Individuals in
disaster-affected communities. Crisis Situation (AICS) –

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Duration: 15-30 days depending on financial support for
project. individuals in crisis (e.g.
4. Listahanan (NHTS-PR) – medical, burial).
gathers socio-economic data to Duration: Ongoing, as part of regular
identify poor households. DSWD assistance.
Duration: Conducted every 4-5 years; 4. KALAHI-CIDSS-NCDDP
fieldwork lasts 6-12 months. – community driven
infrastructure and
development projects.
Duration: started in 2003;
implemented in phases, with each
cycle lasting 1-2 years
Management Managed by a project manager with a Overseen by a program manager who
focused team. coordinate project teams and
stakeholders.
Resources Limited resources allocated for a Larger pool of resources, often with
specific goal. multiple funding sources and broader
partnerships.
Flexibility Less flexible due to defined objectives More flexible; can adapt and
and timeline. incorporate new projects or
strategies.
Success Success is measured by completion of Success is measured by long-term
Measurement deliverables, outputs, and short-term outcomes, impact, and sustainability.
outcomes.
Risk Level Typically, lower risk due to limited Higher risk due to complexity and
scope. scale, but with greater potential for
systemic change.

Social work administration – it is a method of social work concerned with the provision and
distribution of societal resources so as to enable people to meet their needs and fulfil their
potentials towards empowering their lives.
• The keystone for maximizing the effectiveness of social work program in the solution of
social problems.
• Provides the framework for social work practice that relates it to the other agency function.

Social Planning
• is the process of anticipating goals, or target and preparing plan for reaching them. A
process of mapping out one’s activities towards accomplishment of goals.
• Is a process that helps communities identify strengths and weaknesses and determine ways
to improve the quality of life in the community.

According to REX SKIDORE, the reason for planning are:

Efficiency: to achieve goals with minimum of cost and effect
Effectiveness: to achieve the desired result which is to help the people in need.
Accountability: for evaluation and accountability to the public, to families and client.

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Morale: every staff needs to understand what to do and how to do the job.

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PLANNING

1. Goal or WHAT Action

2. Resources, means, procedures, methods or the HOW; Working
3. People involved in achieving the goal or the WHO together

4. Methods of evaluation and review; and Care

5. Condition under which the plan will be implemented.
Social
STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS MODEL Planning
inclusion
citizen
1. Define strategy engagement

2. Determine mission
3. Identify goal community
4. Understand internal factors Learnin development

5. Understand external factors g

6. Perform SWOT analysis

CHARACTERISTIC OF EFFECTIVE PLANNING

1. Clear and well-defined objectives or goals;

2. Simple and easily understood
3. Flexible;
4. Easily analysed and classified;
5. Maximize existing or limited resources: funds and personnel

PROJECT PLANNING
• Is a part of project management, which relates to the use of schedules such as Grant charts
to plan and subsequently report progress within the project environment.
• The inputs of the project planning include the project charter and the concept proposal. The
outputs of the project planning phase include the project requirements, the project schedule,
and the project management plan.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS- are collection of 17 global goals designed to be a

“blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”.
• The SDG’s, set in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly and intended to be
achieved by the year 2030, are part of a UN resolution called “The 2030 Agenda”.

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THE (17) SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

No poverty Reduced inequalities

Zero hunger Sustainable cities and communities
Good health and well-being Responsible consumption and production
Quality education Climate action
Gender equality Life below water
Clean water and sanitation Life on land
Affordable and clean energy Peace, justice and strong institutions
Decent work and economic growth Partnerships for the goals
Industry, innovation and infrastructure

PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT
Seeks to give the poor a part in initiatives and projects that are designed by outside
organizations in the hopes that these projects will be more sustainable and successful by
involving local communities.
Seeks to engage local populations in development projects. Participatory development has
taken a variety of forms since it emerged in the 1970s, when it was introduced as an
important part of the “basic needs approach” to development.

ESSENTIAL REASONS OF PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT:

1. It strengthens civil society and the economy by empowering groups, communities and
organizations to negotiate with institutions and bureaucracies, thus influencing public
policy and providing a check on the power of government; and
2. It enhances the efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability of development programmes.

IMPORTANCE OF PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT

Gow and Vansant (1983) identified four affirmations that summarize the importance of
participatory in development:
 People organize best around problems they consider most important
 Local people tend to make better economic decisions and judgements in the context of their
own environment and circumstances.
 Voluntary provision of labor, time, money and materials to a project is a necessary
condition for breaking patterns of dependency and passivity.
 The local control over the amount, quality and benefits of development activities helps
make the process self-sustaining (cited in (Botchway 2001).

CHAALLENGES IN PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT

 Involvement of local people – local empowerment,

 Lack of focus – dealing with a broad range of issues,
 Enhancement of local democracy – promotion of,
 Visibility trap – concentration on the most visible,

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 Support to local governance – promoting subsidiary,
 Dependency – developing dependency on external.

GOAL ORIENTED PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Goal Directed Project Management (GDPM) is pragmatic, light-touch, non-bureaucratic

and people-based approach originally introduced in the 1980s by a group of project
management consultants.
It is not only improving effectiveness, but also increases the chance of project success
through the use of a few simple techniques, templates and a small documentation set.

In GDPM define the:

• What will be done through other projects?

• What is this project team responsible for?
• What will NOT be done?
• What has already been done?
• What will be done after this project?

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Is a development approach that focuses on the roles of both women and men in society. It
looks at how gender relations shape individuals’ access to resources, opportunities, and
power in a given society.
GAD goes beyond simply integrating women into development programs (as in the earlier
Women in Development (WID) approach) to addressing the power imbalances between
genders.

GENDER EQUALITY VS. GENDER EQUITY

• Gender Equality: treating everyone the same, regardless of gender.
• Gender Equity: providing fair treatment and opportunities that account for the different
needs and challenges face by each gender.

INTERSECTIONALITY
• The recognition that people’s experiences of gender are influenced by other factors such as
race, class, age, disability, and ethnicity.

POWER RELATION
• GAD emphasizes addressing power imbalances that create and perpetuate gender
inequality.
• This includes challenging traditional gender roles and stereotypes in society.

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❖ IMPORTANCE OF GAD

• Economic empowerment: ensuring both women have equal access to resources and
opportunities, leading to better economic outcomes for individuals and communities.
• Social Justice: achieving GAD contributes to social justice by promoting equal rights
and opportunities for all genders.
• Inclusive Development: by integrating gender analysis into development, GAD ensures
that development programs are more responsive to the needs of all members of society.
• Improved Quality of Life: gender equality leads to better health, education, and well-
being outcomes for both women and men.

❖ ISSUES IN GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Access to Education – women and girls often face barriers to education, especially in
rural areas. Educating girls benefits society as whole by breaking cycles of poverty and
improving economic growth.
2. Economic Participation – women are often underrepresented in formal labor markets
and face wage gaps compared to men. Promoting economic equality benefits both
families and societies.
3. Gender-based Violence – includes physical, sexual, and emotional violence and is a
significant issue in many parts of the world. Ending GBV is essential for achieving
gender equality and human rights.
4. Health and Reproductive Rights – women’s services, family planning, and material
healthcare is critical to improving life outcomes for women and children.
5. Political Participation – women are often underrepresented in political leadership and
decision-making roles. Encouraging gender-inclusive political participation helps
create more balanced policies.

❖ STRATEGIES FOR ACHIEVING GAD

1. Gender Mainstreaming – this involves integrating a gender perspective into all

policies, programs, and activities across sectors, ensuring that gender equality is
considered in all development efforts.
2. Capacity building – training and empowering individuals, communities, and
institutions to understand gender issues and develop skills to address them.
3. Policy Reforms – governments must pass laws that promote gender equality, including
equal pay for equal work, anti-discrimination laws, and laws to protect against gender-
based violence.
4. Inclusive participation – ensuring that all genders have a say in decision-making, from
community level to national governments, is critical for GAD’s success.

❖ CHALLENGES IN GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Cultural and Social Norms – in many societies, deeply rooted cultural norms can
perpetuate gender inequality and resist change.

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2. Lack of Political Will – political leaders may not prioritize gender equality, and
resources for gender-sensitive programs may be limited.
3. Limited Resources – gender development programs often suffer from insufficient
funding or support, which affects their long-term sustainability and impact.
4. Resistance to Change – gender roles and stereotypes are deeply entrenched. Changing
these perceptions takes time, awareness, and persistent advocacy.

❖ EMPOWERMENT AND RESILENCY MODEL

Empowerment model – focus on competence rather than deficits in individual or social

functioning, supports resourcefulness and the development of skills to remove social barriers for
individuals and communities.
Resiliency model – ability to cope when things go wrong, or ability to bounce back from
adversity and successfully adapt to the demands of stressful situation.

Therefore:
EMPOWERMENT builds on resilience to provide the bridge that connects individual power to
social power, changing the world around the individual and local community.
PRINCIPLE OF SELF-EMPOWERMENT
SOURCES OF RESILIENCE:
• Personal Factors • Stresses the clients’ rights and responsibility in
• Biological factors the development of human empowerment.
• Environmental-systematic factors • “People empower themselves: social workers
INDICATORS OF RESILIENCY: should assist” (Boehm,450).
• Behavioral
• Emotional
• Educational
Creating
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS IN EMPOWERMENT
Solutions
• Increase pro-social bonding
• Set clear and consistent boundaries Problem
• Teach life skills Solving
• Provide caring and support EMPOWER
• Set and communicate high expectation MENT
• Provide opportunities for meaningful participation
MODEL
❖ STRENGTH BASED APPROACH Developing
Managing
Performance People
“The strength-based perspective is a dramatic Providing
departure from conventional social work practice. Teaching &
feedback
guiding
Practicing from strengths orientation means
everything you do as social worker will be EMPOWERMENT MODEL
predicated on helping to discover, explore,
and exploit clients’ strengths and resources
in the service of assisting them to achieve

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their goals and realize their dreams”
(Rankin, 5).

PRINCIPLES OF STRENGTHS BASED-PERSPECTIVES:

1. Everyone has strengths

2. Trauma, abuse, illness, and struggle can also be bases for challenges and opportunity.
3. Collaboration with client works best
4. Every environment is full of resources
5. Care, caretaking context.

Strength can be drive us forward to alleviate the impacts of the problem. But they can also act as
“Shadow strength” that could be perpetuating the problem or not allowing other strengths to be
potentially developed and implemented.

EXAMPLE

Caution and restraint can be useful, especially in times of intense emotional distress, however, the
dichotomy of these strengths can be indecision and missed opportunities when taking responsibility for
life choices.

STRENGTH BASED EQUATION

Problem Strengths Possibilities

❖ RIGHT BASED APPROACH

➢ A human rights-based approach is about empowering people to know and claim their rights
and increasing the ability and accountability of individuals and institutions who are
responsible for respecting, protecting and fulfilling rights.

PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS

➢ Universality and Inalienability – human rights are universal and inalienable. All people
everywhere in the world are entitled to them.
➢ Indivisibility – human rights are indivisible. Whether they relate to civil, cultural,
economic, political or social issues, human rights are inherent to the dignity of every human
person.

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➢ Interdependence and interrelatedness – each one contribute to the realization of a
person’s human dignity through the satisfaction of his or her developmental, physical,
psychological and spiritual needs.
➢ Equality and Non-discrimination – all individual are equals as human beings and by
virtue of the inherent dignity of each human person. No one, therefore, should suffer
discrimination on the basis of race, colour, ethnicity, gender, age, language, sexual
orientation and religion.
➢ Participation and Inclusion – all people have right to participate in and access
information relating to the decision-making processes that affect their lives and well-being.
➢ Accountability and Rule of Law – states and other duty bearers are answerable for the
observance of human rights. In regard, they have to comply with the legal norms and
standards enshrined in international human rights instruments.

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

What is project management in social work?

➢ PROJECT MANAGEMENT has become increasingly important in social work and
social care. Topic such as managing resources, assessing risks, and measuring outcomes
are covered, as well as how to start and end a project.

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIAL WORK

➢ The idea behind community development is simples: residents take collective action to
generate solutions to common problems. In working together to improve the quality of their
lives, residents also address the socio-economic barriers that often lead to poverty, crime,
poor health, low property values, underperforming schools, and so on.
➢ Plam
➢ Plan and administer program/projects designed to help people with their immediate needs
as well as those with more enduring benefits to the larger community.

SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAM

➢ any of a variety of governmental and non-governmental programs designed to protect

citizens from the economic risks and insecurities of life.
➢ Examples of welfare programs include cash assistance, healthcare and medical provisions,
food assistance, housing subsidies, energy and utilities subsidies, education and childcare
assistance.

SOCIAL WELFARE PROJECT

➢ Aims to empower communities through participation in local governance and involvement

in the implementation of poverty reduction.
➢ Examples are: social protection support project such as;

✓ Disaster response and management project

✓ Listahanan

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✓ Housing project for calamity victims, etc.

ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION IN SOCIAL WORK

ADMINISTRATION – is an important area in organized human activity. It has been considered

a process, a method, or a set of relationships between and among people working towards common
objectives in an organization.
As the process of defining and attaining the objectives of the organization through a system
of coordination and cooperative effort. (Herman Stein)
Is a continuous process that leads to organizational growth and development.

▪ Administration as a method of practice revolves primarily on the following activities;

1. Determination of goals and/or setting of objectives
2. Formulation of policies
3. Maintenance of an organization
4. Formulation of plan
5. Securing of resources
6. Selection of technologies necessary for operations
7. Design of programs and services
8. Optimization of organizational behavior
9. Evaluation of results for the improvement of services; and
10. Accounting for resource utilization

▪ Elements of Administration
 Organization – is the setting up of the framework or structure of the different units of the
system to carry out or perform distinct task for the attainment of the goals of administration.
 Management – is the activity that allocates and utilizes resources to achieve the goals of
the organization.

SOCIAL SYSTEM – is a whole with each part bearing a dynamic relation to every other part and
all are interdependent.
• A system according to William Link, is “a purposeful organized interrelationship of
components in which the performance of the whole exceeds the individual outputs of all
the parts.”

▪ Basic Component of Social System

1. Input – the input into the system may be human resource, work method, or set of beliefs
from the environment. They find a way of relating with each other within the system. A
change in one input may affect the entire system.
2. Output – the output represents what the system is doing in relation to its goals.
3. Throughput – this refers to the conversion process of inputs to outputs.

ORGANIZATION – is defined in various ways by different authorities. It is basically both a

structure and a process. A structure is like the skeleton of the human body or the framework of a
house.

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The organizational structure – is a pattern or network of relationships between the various
positions and the individuals holding such positions.
According to Davis and Filley, “an organization structure is the set of formal, planned
relationships between the physical factors and personnel required for performance of these
functions.
As a process means the setting up of the individuals and functions into productive
relationships and aimed towards the accomplishment of certain common objectives.

❖ TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Formal organizational structure – refers to one which is established by law. Bye-laws or
constitution and activities are consciously coordinated.
Informal organizational structure – refers to the one established unconsciously by the
spontaneous groupings of persons and consists of rules, sentiments, traditions, and
customs.

❖ KINDS OF FORMAL ORGANIZATION

1. Line organization – the line authority here is from top to bottom or the supervisor-
subordinate relationship.
2. Functional organization – this is focus on the functions or activities in each unit with a
functional specialist or staff supervising the activities of single subordinate.
3. Line and staff organization – this is made up of line and staff units exerting authority over
their own subordinates.
4. Committee type of organization – this is not common as the above but it is also recognized
as a type of formal organizational structure wherein a group of persons act as a body and
perform functional, staff, or line duties.

❖ THERE ARE THREE CONCEPTS OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL STRUCTURE

a. Line of authority
b. Channels of communication
c. Dimension of power

❖ MODEL OF ORGANIZATION
1) Bureaucratic
2) Democratic
3) Adhocracy
4) Collegial or professional team model

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART – is a pictorial presentation of the form which the

organization structure takes. It shows how work is divided, what work each person, unit,
section, etc. is responsible for, who directs the work or the line of authority, and to whom one
is report.

❖ KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

A. Vertical chart
B. Horizontal chart
C. Circular chart

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PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION

A. Work specialization or division of work F. Hierarchical or Scalar Principles

B. Unity of command G. Line and staff principles
C. Span of control H. Division of labor
D. Homogenous assignment I. Short chain of command
E. Delegation of authority J. Balance

STAFFING – is the art of acquiring, developing, and maintaining a competent workforce in such
a manner as to accomplish with maximum efficiency and economy the functions and objectives of
the organization.

PROCESSES/ELEMENTS OF STAFFING/PERSONNEL
MANAGEMENT/ADMINISTRATION

1) Effective recruitment, selection, and hiring

2) Placement
3) Orientation or induction and training
4) Performance appraisal or rating
5) Promotion
6) Transfer
7) Employment benefits and services
8) Wage and salary administration
9) Discipline
10) Turnover, Separation, and Retirement

DIRECTING – is the process of implementing the total plan and bringing into being all the
necessary and available resources to achieve the objectives.
CONTROLLING – refers to the work of constraining, coordinating and regulation action in
accordance with plans for the achievement of specified objectives.
COORDINATING – as the process of interrelating the various parts of the work of an agency so
that it functions as a whole.

READ ME!☺
To my future social worker students,

Your journey ahead is one of the compassion, resilience, and impact. As you step into the realm of social work, remember that your
dedication to helping others will shape communities, transform lives, and create a more just society. Embrace the challenges that come your way, for
they are opportunities for growth and learning. Stay true to your values, advocate for those in need, and never underestimate the power of listening
ear or a helping hand. Your commitment to making a difference is a beacon of hope in a world that often feels dark. Believe in yourself, trust in your
abilities, and know that your work as a social worker will leave a lasting legacy of kindness and change. The road ahead may be tough, but your passion
and determination will light the way. Stay strong, stay inspired, and never forget the profound impact you have the potential to make.

Always remember that, the world needs your empathy, your courage, and your unwavering commitment to social justice. Embrace the
challenges, celebrate the victories, and always believe in the transformative power of your work. You are the future of social work, and your dedication
will shape a brighter tomorrow for all.

Stay motivated, stay inspired, and never lose sight of the incredible difference you are destined to make.

Best wishes on your journey ahead!

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