SOCIAL WORK REVIEWER: A COMPILATION

Chapter 1
SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIAL SERVICES AND SOCIAL WORK

SOCIAL WELFARE-covers practically everything men do for the good of society

DEFINITION of SOCIAL WELFARE according to the following:

GERTRUDE WILSON-She characterized social welfare as “an organized concern of all people for all people.”

WALTER FRIEDLANDER- defines it as organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid
individuals and groups to attained satisfying standard of life and health.

ELIZABETH WICKEDEN- according to her “social welfare includes those laws, programs, benefits and services
which assure or strengthen provision for meeting social needs recognized as basic to the wellbeing of the population
and the better functioning of the social order”.

PRECONFERENCE WORKING COMMITTEE FOR THE XVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

SOCIAL WELFARE defines social welfare as “all the organized social arrangement which have as their direct and
primary objective the wellbeing of people in a social context”.

In the forgoing definitions essentially we find one idea – that social welfare encompasses the wellbeing of all the
members of human society, including their physical, mental, emotional, social economic and spiritual wellbeing.

Society responds to unmet needs or problems through the following ways:

1. Individual and Group Efforts: these refer to systematic and voluntary efforts undertaken by individuals
and/or groups in response to the unmet needs of people in community.
2. Major Societal Institutions – Social forces that brings changes which can affect the effectiveness of these
institutions in performing their social welfare functions.
3. Social Agency- Whether under Public or Private auspices, a social agency is a major provision for helping
people for their problems.

Two views of Social Welfare:

Residual Formulation- Temporary, offered during emergency situations and withdrawn when the regular social
system is gain working properly.
Institutional Formulation- Social Welfare as a proper, legitimate function of modern society.

Social Welfare Programs categories:

1. Social Security- refers to the whole set of compulsory measures instituted to protect the individual and his
family against the consequences of unavoidable interruption or serious diminution of the earned income
disposable for the maintenance of reasonable standard of living.
2. Personal Social Services – refers to service functions which have major bearing upon personal problems
individual situation stress, interpersonal helping or helping people in need, and the provision of direct
services on collaboration with workers from government and voluntary agencies.
3. Public Assistance – refers to material/concrete aids/supports provided, usually by government agencies to
people who have no income or means of support for themselves and their families for reason and such as
loss of employment, natural disasters etc. In foreign countries, public assistance is simply called as
“Welfare”.

Social Services – refers to the, services and other activities provided under various auspices, to concretely answer
the needs and problems of the members of society.

Richard M. Titmus- sees social problems as structural or basically located in the economy. “Since we cannot name
and blame the culprits and oblige them to make redress, we must either provide social services or allow the social
costs of the system to lie where they fell.” He considers social services as partial compensation for the “socially
generated disservices” and “Socially-caused diswelfare.”
Reason for Providing Social (Welfare) Services:

1. Humanitarian and social Justice Goals- rooted in the democratic ideal of social justice, and is based on the
belief that man has the potential to realize himself except that physical, social economic, psychological and
other factors sometimes hinder or prevent him from realizing his potential.
2. Social Control Goal- based on the recognition that needy, deprived, or disadvantaged groups may strike
out, individually and/or collectively against what they consider to be alienating or offending society.
3. Economic Development Goal- places priority on those programs designed to support increases in the
production of goods and services, and other resources that will contribute to economic development.

SOCIAL WORK – is the profession which is concerned with man’s adjustment to his environment: a person (or
groups) in relation to a person’s (or their) social situation.

SOCIAL FUNCTIONING- is a result from the performance of person’s various social roles in society.

SOCIAL FUNCTIONING ARE CAUSED BY ANY OF THE FOLLOWING:

a. Personal inadequacies or sometimes pathologies;

b. Situational inadequacies; and
c. Both personal and situational inadequacies.

The US Council on Social Work Education has this definition of social work:”Social work seeks to
enhance the social functioning of individuals, singly and in groups, by activities focused upon their
social relationship which constitute the interaction between man and his environment. These activities
can be group into three functions:

a. Restoration of impaired capacity

b. Provision of individual and social resources (DEVELOPMENTAL)
c. Prevention of social dysfunction

JUNE 27, 2001- The International Association of Schools of Social Work and the International Federation of
Social Workers jointly announced this new International definition of social work which, it is believed, is
applicable to social work practitioners and educators in every region and country of the world:

“The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and empowerment and
liberation of people to enhance well- being. Utilizing theories of human behavior and social systems, social works
intervenes at the points where people interact with their environment. Principles of human rights and social justice are
fundamentals to social work”.

1930- Social Work introduced as a systematic method of helping people in the field of public welfare in the
Philippines.

Social Work July 2014 IFSW

Social work is a practice based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development,
social cohesion and the empowerment and liberation of people. Principle of social justice, human rights, collective
responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. Underpinned by theories of social work, social
sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge, social work engages people and structure to address life challenges
and enhances well- being.

CHAPTER 2
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES
THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD

Social Welfare work in those times centered on mutual protection and economic survival.
THE SPANISH PERIOD

The Spaniards brought the teaching, to do good to others for the salvation of their souls, and which for many
years was the underlying philosophy behind all social welfare activities.

1565 – Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi established the first hospital in Cebu for the purpose of attending to the
wounded and the victims of diseases.

1882 – Hospicio de San Jose was founded to house the aged and orphans, the mentally defective and young
boys requiring reform, but later limiting admission to children who were discharged, later to be adopted or
employed.

1885 – Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, an asylum for girls was established, offering religious instruction, primary
education, and training in housework in its inmates.

The hospitals, asylums, orphanages and schools were maintained using subsidies and grants from the Spanish
government. However, these were not sufficient and donations from philanthropic individuals were also
solicited.

THE AMERICAN PERIOD

1899 – Americans occupied the country and introduced a new educational system, new health methods, and
religious freedom.

1902 – The Civil government created an agency, the Insular Board, to coordinate and supervise private
institutions engaged in welfare work.

February 5, 1915 – The American government created the Public Welfare Board with the passage of
Legislative Act No. 2510, essentially to coordinate the welfare activities of various existing charitable
organizations.

January 1917 – The first government entity to operate as a welfare agency, and an initial step in child welfare
services, was set up.

1900 – Attempt was made to alleviate the condition of deaf children at the Philippine Normal School.

1910 – A school for the deaf and blind was organized.

1905 – The Philippine chapter of the American Red Cross was established to take charge of disaster relief in
the country and to administer Red Cross funds from the United States.

1907 – La Gota de Leche was established to furnish child-caring institutions with fresh cow’s milk from dairy
farm in Pasay, Manila, supervised by a veterinarian. This agency later opened free consultation clinic for
mothers.

1913 – Associacion de Damas Filipinas was organized by civic-spirited women to help destitute mothers and
their children.

1921 – Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner was created. It absorbed the functions of the Public Welfare
Board which, while charged with coordinating and intensifying the activities of child welfare organizations and
agencies, was unable to cope with the mounting problems in the health field, which was manifested by the high
infant mortality rate in the second decade of the century.

1922 – The Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner prepared solicitation forms which it required the public
to demand of any person appealing for donations and charities. This was done to protect the public and
organizations from unscrupulous persons collecting funds. This practice, however, was not legally sanctioned
until 1933.
1924 – The Associated Charities had become independent agency under the supervision of the Public Welfare
Commissioner, and was partly financed by the government, and partly by private contributions.

– The Philippine Legislature passed a law (Philippine Legislative Act No. 3203) relating to the care and custody
of neglected and delinquent children and providing probation officers for them.

1933 – The administration of social welfare in the Philippines was marked by significant developments when
Frank Murphy became the Governor-General. Scholarship grants for professional training in social work in
the United States were made available.

– The Legislature appropriated funds for the operations of government child and maternal health centers
which was established in every town with at least two thousand populations.

The economic depression in the 1930s created serious economic problems. The Associated Charities were
unable to cope with the number of applicants for relief and other social services, despite appropriations made
by the Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner, under its director, Dr. Jose Fabella.

Josefa Jara Martinez who obtained a diploma in Social Work in 1921, worked for the Public Welfare Board
where she started to introduce the scientific approach in social work.

The Murphy administration’s social welfare programs marked the first time the government assumed full
responsibility for the relief of the distressed due to any cause.

THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

1940 – The Office of the Commissioner of Health and Public Welfare was abolished and replaced by a
Department of Health and Public Assistance Service, which took over the activities that used to be performed
by the Associated Charities which, by then, had ceased to exist.

THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

Social Welfare activities during the period consisted mainly of giving medical care and treatment, as well as
food and clothing, to the wounded soldiers, prisoners and civilians.

THE POST-WAR YEARS

1946 – The Bureau of Public Welfare re-opened but lack of funds limited its operations.

October 4, 1947 – The Bureau became the Social Welfare Commission and was placed under the Office of the
President.

August 1948 – President Quirino created the President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration. It is a
comprehensive program of health, education, welfare, agriculture, public works and financing.

1946 – The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was created by the United
Nations General Assembly to further maternal and child health in economically underdeveloped country.

1948 – UNICEF became active in the Philippines, establishing basic health care services to mothers and
children, consisting of medical care, feeding programs and health education.

January 3, 1951 – The Social Welfare Commission and the President’s Action Committee on Social
Amelioration were fused into one agency called the Social Welfare Administration.

THE SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION

Division of Public Assistance

Assistance was given in the form of material aid like food, financial aid, transportation aid, medical aid,
institutional care and work relief.

Service was rendered in the form of rehabilitation services and administration and supervision of
rehabilitation projects and workshops.

Child Welfare Division

Casework and guidance services for children are under this unit.

Division on Rural Welfare

This was created by Administrative Order No. 7, on September 5, 1951.

It deals with the mounting social problems in the rural areas.

“Self-Help” became the underlying philosophy for the rural community development projects.

1965 – Republic Act 4373, “An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work and the Operation of Social Work
Agencies in the Philippines”

– The law requires completion of a Bachelor of Science in Social Work degree, one thousand hours of
supervised field practice, and the passing of a government board examination in social work for licensing or
registration as a social worker.

– It is the formal recognition of social work as a profession in the Philippines.

THE SEVENTIES

September 8, 1976 – The Department of Social Welfare became the Department of Social Services and
Development shifting emphasis on the traditional, often institution-based social welfare to community-oriented
programs and services.

June 2, 1978 – President Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1397, converting departments into ministries
thus the Ministry of Social Services and Development. The organizational structure, functions and programs
remains the same.

The sixties and seventies marked the existence of voluntary organizations and establishment of even more
agencies.

THE EIGHTIES

The Self-Employment Assistance was upgraded to make it more responsive to its client’s needs. Case
Management System was launched. Social Welfare Indicators monitor the level of well-being of the MSSD
service users.

January 30, 1987 – President Corazon C. Aquino signed Executive Order No. 123, reorganizing MSSD and
renaming it Department of Social Welfare and Development. The Department was evolving from mere welfare
or relief agency to the greater task of development. The approach taken by the agency during this period is
described as preventive and developmental, participative and client-managed.

THE NINETIES
The DSWD continued the five program areas of concern during the early nineties.It also gave priority attention
to Low Income Municipalities (LIMs) and other socially-depressed barangays. The aftermath of the Mt.
Pinatubo eruption was the use of Crisis Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD), a form of crisis intervention used
with victims of disasters and other crisis situation.

October 10, 1991 – R.A. 7160 Local Government Code was passed. Implementing functions together with its
programs and services were devolved to its local government unit. The Department, however, retained its
specialized social services consisting of four categories: (a) Center/institution-based services; (b) community-
based programs and services; (c) locally-funded and foreign-assisted projects; and (d) disaster relief and
rehabilitation augmentation.

Today, countless social agencies, organizations and institutions under private sponsorship are engaged in the
provision of many different social services. NGOs play a very important role in supplementing the needs of the
rising disadvantaged sectors in our society.

R.A. 4373 (the Social Work Law, 1967) provides that no social welfare agency shall operate and be accredited
unless it shall first have registered with the Social Welfare Administration which shall issue the corresponding
certificate of registration.

R.A. 5416 (1968) empowers the Department to (1) set standards and policies; (2) accredit public and private
institutions and organizations; and (3) coordinate government efforts in social welfare work to avoid
duplication, friction and overlapping of responsibility in social services.

CHAPTER 3
THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION

Social work is a profession that is practiced independently or as part of a team in many different fields, health,
education, corrections, and community development.

Social worker intervene countless problematic situations people find themselves, who needs help in order to function
well socially.

Social Functioning: Social Work’s Focus of Concern

William Schwartz (1961) – states that “Every profession has a particular function to perform in society: it receives a
certain job assignment for which is held accountable.”

The general assignment for the social work profession is to mediate the process through which the individual and
society reach out to each other through a mutual need for self-fulfillment. This presupposes a relationship between
people and their nurturing group which we would describe as “symbiotic” – each needing the other with all the
strength it can command at a given moment. The social worker’s field of intervention lies at the point where two
forces meet: the individual impetus toward health growth and belonging, and the organized efforts of society in
integrate its parts into a productive and dynamic whole.

Wernes Boehm (1958) – Social Work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals, singularly and in groups
by activities focused upon their social relationships which constitutes interaction between individuals and their
environments. These activities can be group into three functions: restoration of impaired capacity, provision of
individual and social resources, and prevention of social dysfunction.

William Gordon (1969) – the central focus of social work traditionally seems to have been on the person-in-his-life-
situation complex – a simultaneous dual focus on man and his environment this focus has been concentrated at some
times on the side of the organism as interpreted by psychological theory and at other times on the side of environment
as interpreted by sociological and economic theory. The mainstream of social work, however, has become neither
applied psychology nor applied sociology.

Harriet Barlett (1970) - Social functioning is the relation between the coping activity of people and the demand
from the environment. This dual focus ties the, together. Thus, person and situation, people and environment, are
encompassed in a single concept which requires that they be constantly reviewed together.

Louise C. Johnson (1989) – Social workers become involved when individuals are having difficulty in relationship
with other people in growing so as to maximize their potential; and in meeting the demand of the environment. The
core of the social functioning which problems are the reason for the worker-client interaction. Thus the ultimate goal
of all social work practice is the enhancement of the social functioning of individuals.

Social Environment – is a network of overlapping social systems and social situations, including ecological systems,
cultures and situations, (including ecological systems, cultures and institutions.)

Social Situation – is an impinging segment of the social environment, smaller, more immediate environment that “has
meaning for the individual land that is uniquely perceived and interpreted by him, in which he has one or more status
– roles identities, is a group member and a role performer.”

The social work job assignment involves:

a. “mediating” (Schwartz) Symbiotic or symbiosis
b. “matching” (Gordon)
c. “Striking a balance between people’s coping ability and situational/environmental demands” (Barlett)

Social Roles- defined as he socially recognized pattern behaviors and activities expected from an individual
occupying a certain position in the society.

CAUSES OF AND RESPONSES TO SOCIAL FUNCTIONING PROBLEMS

Social functioning problems may be caused by factors inherent in the person, factors in the situation or
environmental factors in both the person and the situation or environment.

Social Work Intervention is always directed toward enhancing or improving the individual’s social functioning
through any of the following ways:

1. Change strategies directed toward the individual;

2. Change strategies directed toward both the individual and the environment.

FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK

In 1958 the Commission on practice of the U.S National Association of Social Workers came up with a
statement of what has since been accepted as the three purposes and function of social work.

Restorative/curative/remedial as well as rehabilitative function – assists individuals and groups to

identify and resolves or minimizes problems arising out of disequilibrium between themselves and the
environment.
Curative aspect ??– seek to remove factors which cause the breakdown in the person’s social functioning.

Rehabilitative aspect – tries to put back the person to a normal or healthy state of social functioning.

Preventive function- identify potential areas of disequilibrium between individuals or groups and the
environment in order to prevent the occurrence of this equilibrium.

Developmental functions- seek out, identify, and strengthen the maximum potentials in individuals,
groups and communities. The aim is both to help the individual make maximum use of his own
potentials and capacities as well as to further the effectiveness of available social and community
resources.

SOCIAL WORK AS A PROFESSION

RA 4373, promulgated in 1965 – Social Work officially recognized as a profession with the passage of a law by
Congress.
The five elements as constituting the distinguishing the attributes of a profession, according Ernest Greenwood.
Systematic Body of Theory- skills that characterized a profession flow from and are supported by a fund of
knowledge that has been organized into an internally consistent system called a body of theory.

3 Types of knowledge
a. Tested Knowledge – is knowledge that has been established through scientific study (research)
b. Hypothetical knowledge – still has to undergo transformation into tested knowledge.
c. Assumptive Knowledge – practice wisdom.

Professional Authority - Extensive education in the systematic theory of her discipline provides the professional
with the type of knowledge which the layman does not have.

Community Sanction – the community sanctions a profession’s authority by way of giving it certain power and
privileges.
Regulative Code of ethics – this code serves to check the possible abuses which can arise out of a profession’s
exercise of authority, and tis accompanying powers and privileges.

Professional Culture – the interaction of social rules required by the formal and informal groups generate a social
configuration unique to the profession or professional culture. The culture of a profession consist of the following:

a. Social Values – refer to the basic and fundamental beliefs of a group, practically the reason for its existence.
b. Professional Norms – are the accepted standard of behavior of doing things, which guides the professional in
various situations.
c. Symbols – of a profession are its “meaning-laden items” including emblems, insignias, dress history, its idioms
and vocabulary and its stereo types of the professional, the client and the layman.

Chapter 4
PHILOSOPHICAL AND VALUE FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL WORK

VALUE: Defined as that worth which man attaches to certain things, systems, or persons within the realm
of usefulness, truth goodness or beauty.
KNOWLEDGE: Refers to what, in fact seems to be established by the highest standards of objectivity
and rationality of which man is capable. Concerned with facts and information.
SKILL: Ability, expertness, or proficiency gained from practice and knowledge. Concerned with
application, with doing, but not just doing any which way, but ably, expertly, proficiently.
PROFESSIONAL SKILL: Refers to one’s ability to apply the knowledge and values of one’s
profession in her work with people. Developed not just by understanding of theory but also by practice.
ART: Social Work practice has been referred to us an art with scientific and value foundation. Social
worker has to use her skill in using the relationship between the client and herself to achieve certain
objectives.

The PHILOSOPHY of The VALUES of Social Work Concepts in the values of SW Views about Man
SW
DEMOCRATIC Each person has the right to self- Concepts of Human Potentials Natural vs.
THEORY: Man has fulfillment, deriving his inherent and Capacities. Transcendental
worth and dignity. capacity and thrust toward that
Man as having worth goal.
because he is capable
of reason, of rational
analysis, and choice.
HUMANISM: Each person has the obligation, Concept of Social Man as Social, Asocial
(Howard Mumford as a member of society. Responsibility or Anti- Social
Jones) implies that
every human being by
the mere fact of his
existence has dignity
begins at birth.
CHRISTIANITY: Society has the obligation to Concept of Equal Democracy’s View of
Explains human worth facilitate the self-fulfillment of Opportunities Man
and dignity in terms of the individual and the right to
man’s having been enrichment through the
created in the image of contribution of its individual
GOD. members.
Each person requires for the Concept of access is also
harmonious development of his critical
powers socially provided and
socially safe-guarded
opportunities for satisfying his
basic needs in the physical,
psychological, economic cultural,
aesthetic and spiritual realms.
Increasingly specialized social Concept of Social Provision.
organization is required to
facilitate the individual’s effort
self-realization.

DOMINANT VALUES OF FILIPINO

Social acceptance Defined as being taken by one’s fellows for what one is,
and being treated in accordance with his status, this
value is facilitated by the following intermediate values:

 Smooth Interpersonal Relations(SIR), which is a

facility at getting along with others in such a way
as to avoid outward signs of conflict:
 1. PAKIKISAMA
 2.EUPHEMISM
 3.The use of a GO Between(TULAY)

 AMOR PROPIO
EMOTIONAL CLOSENESS AND Facilitated through the following: sacrificing individual
interest for the good of the family, parental striving to
SECURITY IN A FAMILY give their children an education even at great cost to
themselves, older children sacrificing for the younger
siblings, and mothers especially making sacrifices for the
family.
AUTHORITY VALUE The belief that families will remain close if someone
exerts firm authority, and that such person must be
respected and obeyed. Respect for traditions and rituals
no matter how impractical they have become. Ex.
PANALANGIN, BAHALA NA.

PERSONALISM This value attaches major importance to the personal

factors which guarantees intimacy, warmth, and security
of kinship and friends in getting things done. EX.
TIWALA, KILALA, WALANG PAKIALAM. Choosing
officers for organizations: many will vote for those whom
they know personally.
UTANG NA LOOB Literally means debt of gratitude. It is granted when a
transfer of goods or services takes place between
individuals belonging to too different groups. It compels
the recipient to show gratitude properly by returning a
favor with interest to be sure that he does not remain in
the other’s debt.
PATIENCE, SUFFERING and A cultural belief that a person must suffer before he can
gain happiness, and related to it is that which many still
ENDURANCE believe, that women, particularly, must suffer in silence.
EX. Many suffer poverty and think it is a test and if they
pass it they will be rewarded.

Social Work Principles (APSCWC)

 Acceptance of people as they are

 Participation of the client in problem solving
 Self-Determination as a right of the clients
 Confidentiality
 Worker Self-Awareness
 Client-worker Relationship

Professional Ethics
Ethics: is the science that treats of morals and right conduct.
Professional Ethics: is the system of ethical principles and rules of conduct generally accepted by the members
of a professional group, based on the philosophy, values, and guiding principles of that profession.

Profession code of ethics; the written expression of some of these principles and rules of conduct for the
guidance of the professional group and the unwritten principles and rules of conduct which usually have the
same force as the code.

Code of Ethics

We the members of the Philippine Association of Social Workers, Inc. believing

 In the inherent worth and dignity of all persons emanating from a Supreme Being who directs our
actions of love for one another;
 That every human being has natural and social rights, capacities and responsibilities to develop his full
potentials as a human being.
 In the human being’s capacity to change and recognize the value of unity and diversity, individual
differences and pluralism in society.
 In free men and women living in a free society where poverty, in all its forms, is neither a faith nor
punishment but is a condition that can changed;
 In the family as the basic unit of society and its vital role in the growth and development of the
individual, the family system and the community.
 That the government, the private sector and the public have a joint responsibility to promote social
justice and to ensure the political, economic and social well-being of all people.
 In the role of social workers as agents and advocates of change and in the promotion of professionalism
responsibility and accountability; and
 That our professional practice is deeply rooted in our cultural values.

Standards of ethical conduct:

A. Relative to Self and the Profession

 To conduct myself in a manner consistent with the philosophy, principles, values and beliefs of the
social work profession.
 To act at all times with honesty, openness and transparency in all my professional transactions.
 To constantly work towards my own professional advancement so as to contribute to the
promotion of social work practice
 To contribute time and professional expertise to activities that promotes respects for the integrity
and competence of social workers.
 To contribute time and professional practice wisdom to colleagues and other professionals
 To be vigilant and act to prevent the unauthorized and unqualified practice of social work.
 To support the professional association duly organizes and constituted for the professional welfare
of all social workers
 To respond and volunteer my professional services in times of emergency.
 To uphold and protect the dignity and integrity of the profession
 To promote cultural values that will enhance the practice of the social work profession
B. Relative to Clients
 To uphold the basic human rights of clients and to serve them without discrimination
 To accept primary responsibility and accountability to clients, respecting their right to self-
determination and observe confidentiality in all my dealings with them
 To seek out the marginalized and ensure equal access to the resources, services and opportunities
required to meet basic needs.
 To expand choice and opportunity for all persons, with special regard for disadvantaged or oppressed
groups or persons.

Relative to Colleagues
 To acknowledge and respect the professional expertise of other disciplines, extending all necessary
cooperation that will enhance effective service.
 To bring any violation of professional ethics and standards to the attention of the appropriate
bodies inside and outside the profession and ensure that relevant clients are properly involved.
 To advocate with legislative and policy bodies for the welfare of all colleagues

Unwritten Duties and Obligations Expected of a Professional Social Worker

A. Duties toward clients
 A professional deals with clients openly and frankly
 A professional is patient, tolerant and consideration of the clients point if view
 A professional never use threat or deceit
 A professional never is punctual in keeping appointment and makes no compromises she
cannot keep
 A professional is careful and thorough in dealing with client problems
 A professional never discriminates against any client, giving so-called “hopeless” cases as
much attention as promising ones
 A professional will act in relation to a client’s problems only on the basis of adequate
knowledge of client’s situation
B. Duties toward colleagues and the profession
 A professional is courteous and fair in dealing with co-workers
 A professional cooperates with co-workers in the pursuit of common goals
 A professional should maintain high standards of honor, integrity and morality
 A professional does not exploit her professional membership, and distinguishes between
activities she does as a private citizen and as a member of the profession.
C. Duties toward the agency/organization
 A professional is loyal to her agency
 A professional cooperates in the achievement of her agency’s goals
 A professional seeks opportunities to participate in the formulation of policies without first
discussing the matter with the appropriate persons
 A professional observes established agency rules, channels, and procedures, and advocates
for their change or modification if these are not satisfactory
D. Duties toward the community/public
 A professional responds promptly to requests for assistance
 A professional makes use of appropriate opportunities to interpret her work to the community
 A professional helps bring about a sound and constructive public opinion in matters of social
concern.

Purposes served by a professions Code of Ethics

 It helps check abuses, which can result from the powers and privileges accompanying the
monopoly enjoyed by a profession.
 It provides the community same protection against abuses by members of profession
 It sets forth basic principles which serve as guidelines to members of profession, and which
are helpful in the socialization of future professional
 It sets guidelines for relationships, if not specific duties of members to each other, to their
clients and to other groups
 It is a useful resource for the enrichment or improvement of the professional curriculum

SOME ETHICAL DILEMMAS

1. Manipulation: the matter of influencing clients to act in the way a worker wants them to act in
response to a given situation, or manipulating agency reports to justify budgetary requests.

2. Advocacy: Some promote unnecessary conflict situations, resorting to various machinations,

including the use of insult, embarrassment, distortion of the truth, disruption and violence.

3. Conflicting loyalties: Would loyalty to a client’s cause such as where human dignity or survival is
involved be a justifiable reason for not upholding loyalty to one’s organization or colleague group? This is
where professionals unite against outsider who threaten the privileges and rewards of the group
4. Cultural and other realities: Eg. Personalistic culture calls for the use of personal connections to facilitate
action on a client’s request. This quite often mean that one has to disregard accepted agency rules or channels.
Political influence is when a worker remains on the job only because of political influence and engages and
activities that is not acceptable to the others in the agency.

Important Names to Remember

 Pumphrey states, “Surely there was more ethical than unethical, more value-based than value-defying
social work.
 Justice Ramon San Jose, addressed the successful examinees in the 1963 bar examinations. “The legal
profession, next to priesthood is the most exalted and dignified; it is an apostleship of justice…
 Ross states, “Obligation and freedom are polar opposites: freedom is an absence of constraint, and
obligation and constraining...” “…All social life seems to be based on genuine morality, whose core is
obligation, and whose condition for existence is choice, and so freedom to choose.”

Chapter 6
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
 1967 National Workshop on social Work Education resulted to:
o Dictated that schools teach social work methods based on generics approach
o Develop skills based on generic aspects of the methods used by social worker
 Integrated method of Social Work Practice US = Generalist Social Approach PH
 Against the separation of Methods (Casework, Group Work, Community Organization): Herbert Bisno,
Comptom and Galaway
 Herbert Bisno – the inclusion of a quantitative attribute of the potential transaction unit in the
designation of the method has led to an illicit bond between a given method and a given, but arbitrary
restricted and limiting client system.
 Bisno’s Social work method
1. Adversary
2. Conciliatory
3. Developmental
4. Facilitative-Instrumental
5. Knowledge Development & Testing
6. Restorative
7. Regulatory
8. Rule-Implementing
9. Rule making
 Comptom and Galaway- the traditional model encourages the dichotomous thinking that:
o Community Organizer will work to produce community change, the case worker to produce
individual change, and the group worker either depending on the nature of the groups, instead
on maintaining the primary focus of SW intervention in the person-situation interaction.
o Has led to the training of specialists in each of these methods who tend to see the problems of
their clients in terms of their own methodological preference, rather than in terms of the
complete assessment of the client situation interaction.
 Micro Approaches- focus on the individual
 Macro Approaches- directed towards community or larger social systems
 Micro strategies encompas most of casework, family counseling as done in social work, and group
activities aimed at helping individuals in a group setting
 Macro strategies encompass communtiy organization, policy making, lanning and group work
strategies directed toward change outside of the members themselves
 Filipino clients are multi-problem clients
 The essentials elements in SW practice are:
o Client PERSON
o Worker PLACE
o Problem PROBLEM
o Process PROCESS
 PLANNED CHANGE- a change originating from decision to make a deliberate effort to improve the
system and to obtain the help of an outside agent in making this improvement.
 Client System (CS)- System that is being helped
1. te personality system which consist of related subparts: the conscious, unconscious, the mind and the
body
2. the group: families, committee l, staff, clubs and other smaller social units
3. the organization: any of the larger social system which compise the community: business
organization, welfare agencies, educational inatitutions, religious ssociations, government bureau,
political parties
4. the community: made up of a variety of interacting sub parts, e.g. individul citizens, informal interest
groups, organized occupational or political sub-groups, economic and social strata, geographical units,
etc.
 Outside Agent- professional Agent
 Problem- or situation assessed is the reason of entry of the change agent
 Process- or the development of the helping relationship. It consists 7 phases.
 Change Force- increases the willingness of the CS for change
 Resistance Force-reduces the willingness of CS for change

Chapter 7
The Helping/Problem Solving Process In Social Work

The problem solving process is essentially a cognitive process while SW helping process, involves a
relationship between two parties: the worker and the clients system.
John Dewey book “ How We Think” in 1993 problem-solving behavior is based on reflected thought that begins
with a feeling of doubt or confusion.

In order to solve a problem, a person follows a rational procedure consisting of steps in an orderly sequences.

5phases of (reflecting thinking:)

1) recognizing the difficulty;

2) defining of specifying the difficulty;

3) raising a suggestion for possible solutions and rationally exploring the suggestion, which include data
collection;

4) selecting an optimal solution from among many proposal; and

5) carrying out the solution.

George Polya (1940)- developed a model which intended to be used as a guide for problem solving. Polya’s
Model Phrase of Problem Solving:

1) understanding the problem (situation ,goal ,and the conditions for solving it);
2) devising a plan by which the goal could be attained;
3) carrying out the plan; and
4) evaluation of the plan, its implementation and the results.
PROBLEM-SOLVING FRAMEWORK IN SOCIAL WORK
Helen Harris Perlman – originator of the problem solving problem in social work.

Social Casework: A Problem-solving process – consisting of series of problem-solving operations which can be
summarized as follows: Study – Diagnosis – Treatment

General Problem-Solving Process (7):

1. Recognition/definition of the problem, and engagement with the client system;
2. Data collection;
3. Assessment of the situation;
4. Goal setting and planning for action;
5. Intervention or the carrying out of the action
6. Evaluation; and
7. Termination

SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS (APIET)

1. Assessment
2. Planning
3. Intervention or Plan Implementation
4. Evaluation; and
5. Termination

THE HELPING RELATIONSHIP

The worker-client relationship is such a crucial factor it can spell difference between successful or unsuccessful
problem-solving. All of the worker’s professional relationships should involve self-discipline and self-
awareness.

Emmanuel Tropp (Developmental) – developed an important set of statement that sum up the essential
characteristics of the worker’s presentation of self to each of her clients:
1. Compassion
2. Mutuality
3. Humility
4. Respect
5. Openness
6. Empathy
7. Involvement
8. Support
9. Expectation
10. Limitation
11. Confrontation
12. Planning
13. Enabling
14. Spontaneity and control
15. Role and person
16. Science and art

SELF-AWARENESS may be called for in situation where worker’s values clash with the client values. Many
of these values usually been so internalized that the worker is often not conscious that she is judging other
people’s behavior along these values.

Naomi I. Brill – recognizing the worker’s value system defines her behavior and relationships with other people,
believes that the effective worker must:
1. Be aware that she is a walking system of values
2. Be conscious of what these biases are
3. Strive to evaluate herself and her values objectively and rationally
4. Strive to change those values that, on the basis of this evaluation, need changing

AUTHORITY (and the power that accompanies it) 0 there are 2 sources of a worker’s authority – her position
and corresponding functions in the agency, and her possession of knowledge and experience.
o GODSTEIN points out that is SW relationships, when one seeks something from another person “that
cannot be obtained elsewhere – the relationship cannot be equalized.

COMMITMENT AND OBLIGATION – to bind or pledge one’s self to relationship; to obligate one’s self is to
perform the moral responsibility that goes with a pledge or a promise made

HELPING CONTRACT is frequently used in reference to the expectations and terms of the commitments and
obligations of both client and worker, which are often clearly spelled out.

ASSESSMENT
o Also termed as diagnosis and social study
o A process and a product of understanding on which action is based (Max Siporin)
o Involves the collection of necessary information and its analysis and interpretation
o The ultimate purpose is to provide understanding necessary for appropriate planning.
o The major tasks involved during this stage are data, gathering, and problem definition based on the
agreement between the client and the worker as to the problem-for-work.
o These tasks culminate in the worker’s writing of an Assessment Statement or a Problem Definition

INFORMATION/DATA GATHERING
o CAN BE PRIMARY OR SECONDARY SOURCE
 Existing data
 Worker’s own observations
o The collection, testing and analysis of data obtained usually occur simultaneously.
o It must be stressed that there is no substitute for the worker’s crystallization of her own assessment of
the client’s problem.

The following are suggested principles in data gathering:

1. The client should be the main source of information.
2. Data to be gathered should directly relate to the identified problems.
3. The client should be informed about the source being used for data collection.
4. Data collection is a continuous process.
5. The type of client and the general nature of the problem can guide the worker on the type of data that
should be collected and how much.

THE INITIAL CONTACT(s) WITH CLIENT/INTAKE

Can be:

1. The client initiates the contact

2. Referred by interested or concerned party.
3. The agency

INTAKE PROCESS & THE PRESENTING PROBLEM

o Intake is the process by which a potential client achieves the status of a client.
o Client’s part- presentation of the self and the problem or need.
o SWer’s part-assessment of the client and the problem.
o A good intake interview should provide the client with adequate understanding of the agency and its
policy and program in relation to the need or problem, as well as the responsibilities and obligations
from both the client and worker.
o The intake process may end either with the worker or the client deciding not to proceed.
o Intake may be accomplish in one session with the client.
o Presenting problem- problem that is a threat to the client’s or other’s welfare, and usually stated or
presented as it is being perceived or experienced.
o In working in a small group, a worker does individual or group intake interviews.
o Individual Intake Form: community identifying information, presenting problem and circumstances
relating to this, background data and other pertinent information obtained during the initial contact with
the community.

DEFINING THE PROBLEM

Compton and Galaway- the way you define the problem will define the data collected and will dictate what
are seen as appropriate answers.
 Problem for work- place of beginning together which means problem or part of the problem that:
a. The client system feels is most important or a good beginning place;
b. In the worker’s judgment is most critical;
c. In the worker’s judgment can most readily yield to help;
d. Falls within the action parameters of the helping.
PARTIALIZATION- process of separating from so many problems identified by the client and/or worker the
specific problem or problems which are to be addressed first and therefore will be the focus of the helping
relationship.

PRIORITIZING- the added aspect of a problem taking precedence over other problems because of its
Importance.

WRTING AN ASSESSMENT STATEMENT

Components of an assessment statement by Maria O’niel Mcmahon:
 Opening casual statement- this requires the worker to clearly indicate who has the problem, and why
the problem exists at the time.
1. Who has the problem
2. What the problem is

3. Why the problem exists at this time

 Change potential statement- a statement- a problem’s change potential is dependent on three

interdependent factors: problem, person and environment.
Problems- the worker and the contact system consider the nature of the problem and its change
potential by answering the following questions: can this problem be resolved? is the nature of the
problem irreversible? how long has the problem been going on, who are involved and to what extent?
Person- the worker needs to assess the strenghts and weakneses of the person/s having the problem.
an appraisal of the change potential of a problem in so far as the person factor is concerned should
answer questions like what is his/her/their motivation and capacity for change?
Environment- in considering the environment in which the problem is located the worker should
know the following: what formal or informal resources are available in the environment that can
promote the necessary changes. what restraining forces are, there are stronger than supportive
resources?

 Judgment- about the seriousness or urgency of the problem. B ased on available data, the worker
should be able to answer this questions, to what extent is this a life or death matter for the
persons concerned? life endangering situations require the worker immediate attention even if
in her judgment the change potential for the problem is very low.

Characteristics of Assessment
1. On-going
2. Focuses on understanding the client in situation and providing a base of planning and action.
3. A mutual process between client and worker
4. There is movement within the assessment process
5. Both horizontal and vertical explorations are important
6. Assessment identifies needs in life situations, defines problems, and explains their meaning and
patterns
7. Assessment is individualized
8. Judgment is important in assessment because many decisions have to be made.
9. No assessment is ever complete

PLANNING

The link between assessment and intervention

Planning process translates the content of assessment into a goal statement that describes the desired results and
is also concerned with identifying the means to reach the goals.

2 majors task during the planning stage:

1. Formulating goals that directly relate to the client’s need or problem
2. Defining the specific actions/interventions that are necessary to achieve the goals.
GOALS
 The desired or expected outcomes of an endeavor
 The term interim goals, intermediate goals objectives- refers to specific, short-term goals which
facilitate the achievement of the long term or overall goals.
 Characteristics of goals- SMART

PLANS
 Means to achieve goals
 Consist of the specific actions/steps to be undertaken in order to reach the goals.
 Jointly made by the worker and the client, helping Plan, Action Plan, or intervention Plan
 Systematic review of the client strengths when preparing of intervention plan is one way to avoid
offering an intervention plan without considering alternatives with the client.

UNITS OF ATTENTION
 Intervention or Action/Helping Plan calls for an identification of other persons who, in additions to
client, have to be given attention because they are involved in the situation, and work with them is
essentials to goal attainment
 Systems that are the focus of the change activity.

Strategy defined as an overall approach to change a situation

Factors that influence the plan of action

1. The community in which it is being carried out
2. The agency sanctioning the plan
3. The social problem that the plan is response to
4. The social worker involved in the plan.
5. The client.

The assessment and planning steps in the problem solving process culminates in the workers writing of a case
study that contains the synthesis of the information that has been obtained on the client and his situation, and
assessment statement/ definition of the problem of work and the helping intervention goals and plans.

THE HELPING CONTRACT

After having worked together in assessment and action planning, what should follow is an agreement between
the worker and the client on what needs to be done and who should do it. This is called a “contract” in our
setting and having verbal agreement is common practice.

INTERVENTION

 This phase in the helping process is concerned with the action that would solve the client’s problem
 Involves the rendering of all the specific and interrelated services appropriated to the given problem
and situation in the light of the assessment and planning
 Includes all the goal related activities that the worker will undertake following the agreement forged
with the client based on the problem to be worked on and the plan of action to be pursued.
Compton and Galaway have key apt words for two phases of the helping process:
Deciding what to do (assessment and planning) and Doing the decided (intervention)
ECO-MAP is an assessment, planning and interventive tool. A simple paper and pencil simulation that present
the individual or family and the major systems in the life space, as well as the nature of the individual’s or
family’s relationships with these various systems.

INTERVENTIVE ROLES IN DIRECT PRACTICE

Interventive roles refer to the composite of activities or tasks that she is expected to undertake in order to
accomplish the goals agreed upon with the client.

Resource Provider- engages the worker in the direct provision of material aid and other concrete resource that
will be useful in eliminating or reducing situational deficiencies.

Social Broker- involves the process of negotiating the service jungle for client, whether singly or groups. The
worker links or connects the client to needed service in the community.
 It requires a broad knowledge or community resources and operating procedures of agencies.
 Referral is considered a basic activity in this interventive role.
 Networking- worker’s efforts at establishing and maintaining relationship with other community
entities which have resources that can support and supplement her own agency’s resources

Mediator- person who acts as an intermediary or conciliator between two persons or sides.

Advocate- the worker has to take a partisan interest in the client and his cause. The objective is to influence, in
the client’s interest, another party, usually possessing same power or authority over the client.

Enabler- involves the social worker in interventive activities that will facilitate the clients’ strengths and
resources within themselves to solve problems they experiencing

Counselor/Therapist- the goals of the worker is the restoration, .maintenance of the client capacity to adapt or
adjust to his current reality.

INTERVENTIVE ROLES BEYOND DIRECT PRACTICE

Mobilizer of Community Elite- involves the worker in activities aimed at informing and interpreting to certain
sectors of the community, welfare programs and services as well as need and problems, with the objectives or
enlisting their support and/or involvement in them.

Documenter/Social Critique- worker documents the need for more adequate social welfare policies and
programs based on her knowledge about the inadequacies on deficiencies in these existing welfare policies and
programs as well as on her belief as to how there ought to be, in the light of professional values and goals.

Policy/Program Change Advocate- worker is involved in efforts to change policies and programs on behalf of
particular sectors of the population based on the values of profession.

LIMITATIONS OF WORKER ACTIVITES:

Times- the worker may not be able to give the client unlimited time
Skill- the worker should perform only those activities that are within her competence
Ethics- the worker watch out for activities that might commits her unethical behavior
Agency Function- the worker must be sure that she understand and interprets agency function properly.

EVALUATION

 Collection of data about outcomes of a program relative to goals and objectives set in advance of the
implementation of that program.
 Ongoing evaluation
 Terminal evaluation
 Summative evaluation concerned with outcomes of effectiveness
 Formative evaluation concerned with looking at the process of the work. It forces the worker to find
out whether the implementation plan is being implemented as designed
o Intervention plans can be viewd in 2 levels conceptual level and operational level.
 Professional accountability- SWer and SW agencies must answer for their work, not just to client who
are the direct users, but to the public that supports them.
 2 Aspects of Accountability
o Effectiveness- refers to the questions on whether or not the services or intervention plans are
accomplishing their intended goals;
o Efficiency- refers to the cost of services and intervention plans in money, time and other
resources.

TERMINATION

A social work problem solving relationship does not go on forever.

most common reasons for terminating the client worker relationship

1. when the goals set by the worker and the client have been reached
2. when, after a reasonable period of time, there has been very little movement toward the
attainment of the goals formulated, and the prospect for any change in the situation is held
unlikely,
3. When thw client thinks that the worker has provided sufficient help so that it is now possible
for the client to pursue problem solving on his own,
4. when an agency does not have the resources needed by the client or the worker does not get
her agency's approval to provide the serbices needed by the client,
5. When the systems outside the client make it difficult for the client to continue with the
helping relationship or when these systems influwnce the client to discontinue the relationship
6. When for one reason or another the worker must leave the agency.

TRANSFER- process by which a client is referred by his social worker to another worker,
usually in the same agency, because the former will no longer beable to continue workingwith
the client, or because ahe thinks another worker is in a better position to work with her client's
problem.

REFERRAL- avt of directing a client to another worker/agency because the service that the
client needs is beyond the present agemcy worker competence, or the cliwnt needs the
additional service which the present agency cannot provide.

Chapter 8
SOCIAL WORK HELPING MODELS AND APPROACHES

Helping Proponents and principles/Key Processed/Phases/Activities Target Client

approaches Concepts

The Direct Schniederman: the goal of this Helping Process : APIET A family who’s
Provision Model: model is the enhancement of client Activities: want to take
Involves the direct social functioning through the 1. Case by case involvement of the advantage of the
administration of direct functioning through the client in the study and evaluation government’s
existing programs direct provision of material and process (determination of need Balik Probinsya
of material aid. useful in eliminating or reducing and forms of need-meeting) Program
This should not be situational deficiencies. 2. A determination of eligibility
equated with dole within the administering agency’s
out. Other refers to terms of reference
this as Resource 3. A judgment that the provision of
Provision, where the service or benefits will
resources may be promote the clients best interest
mobilized, created, 4. Recruiting, selecting, training,
directly furnished supporting, collaborating with
where the client personnel offering direct care
may be advised and (e.g. Homemakers, foster parents,
counseled in adoptive parents, helath
making optimal use personnel, trainers, day care
of them. workers)
Intercession- Schneiderman: the utilization of Helping Process: APIET Working women
mediation Model: non-consensual strategies such as Activitiess: Social Workers may need to are defined labor
Involves the direct confrontation, administrative argue debate, bargain, negotiate and benefits by their
process of appeal, and the use of judicial and manipulative the environment on behalf of employers,
negotiating the political systems, as an the client. juvenile offenders
service jungle for appropriate. who are arrested,
clients, whether the illegal
singly or in groups. detained, neglected
The worker prisoners who
connects the client should already
to need services in qualify for parole
the system until he privileges, slum
has availed of them dwellers who are
Social Worker having illegally
takes partisan evicted.
interest in the client
and his cause.
Advocacy efforts
of the social
worker are
frequently directed
towards securing
benefits to which
the client is legally
entitled.
Crisis Intervention Crisis is defined as an upset in a Naomi Golan a treatment offers a Sexually abused
Approach is a state, an emotional reaction on the treatment model that is rooted in the child, battered
Process for actively part of an individual, family or problem-solving theory of casework and wife and victim of
influencing the group to a threatening life event. developed as part of the short-term, task calamity etc.
psycho-social centered approach to practice.
functioning of The theory is based on the idea that 1. Assessment of the situation
individuals and there is no such thing as a invoves mainly an evaluation of 5
groups, during the problem-free state and life is a components:
period of acute series of recurring development a. The hazardous event
disequilibrium. crisis b. The vulnerable or upset state
Involves crisis- c. Precipitating factors or event
oriented, time d. The state of active crisis and
limited work, e. The state of reintegration or
usually 2 or 6 reorganization
weeks in duration. 2. Implementation of treatment )the
To be really middle phase) is about setting up
effective, it should and working out specific tasks
be available within a. Material arrangement tasks
24 to 72 hours after b. Psycho-social tasks
application or
referral for
assistance.

Lydia Rapoport Goals for this Some techniques:

approach: a. Sustaining techniques
 Relief of symptoms reassurance and encouragement
 Restoration to the optimal to lower anxiety, guilt and
pre-crisis level of tension, provide emotional
support.
functioning b. Direct influence procedures
 Understanding of the giving advice, advocating a
relevant precipitating particular course of action,
events that contribute to warning clients of the
state of disequilibrium consequences of maladaptive
 Identification of remedial resolution of the situation
measures that can be c. Direct intervention- used in
taken by the client and the extreme situation such a threats
family of or attempts at suicide
 Recognition of the d. Reflective discussion techniques-
connection between the used as the client becomes more
current stress and past life integrated
experiences and conflicts e. Eclectic orientation- behavioral
 Initiation of new models modification techniques like
of perceiving thinking and positive reinforcement, shaping,
feeling and development modeling and desensitization.
of new adaptive and 3. Termination emphasizes on the
coping Reponses tasks accomplished, the adaptive
Jacobson Two Treatment coping patterns developed and
Approaches the ties build with persons and
 Generic: does not require resources in the community.
assessment of the Stance of the worker: active, purposive,
psychodynamics of the committed, will to take risks.
individual in crisis. Can
be done by
paraprofessional, a non-
mental health
professional, or a
community care giver
 Individual: emphasizes
assessment of the
interpersonal and
intrapsychic process,
deisgned for use by
mental health
professionals.

Problem Solving Helen Harris Perlman Elements of The process: There is no special
Approach- it is the problem solving approach  Identification of the problem target group that is
always the person  The person- a product of  Identification of the person’s addressed by this
is being helped in inherited and subjective experience of the model. Does not
relation to what is constitutional make up in problem. distinguish
focused to be continuous transaction  Idenfication of the causes and between treatment
stressful. The goal with potent persons and effects of the problem and its of environmental
is to help a person forces in life experiences. import and influence upon the problems for
cope as effectively Seen as a product in person in life space psychological
as possible with process of becoming.  Search for the possible means problems.
problems in Personality is an open and modes of solution must be
carrying on social system continuously initiated and considered
tasks and responsive to input and  Choice and decision must be
relationship which feedback from outside made as a result of thinking and
are perceived, felt itself. Partialization is the feeling through
as stressful and recognition that the  Action taken on the bases of
found insuperable person is not just living these considerations will test the
without outside whole; he also has a validity and workability of the
help. biological psychological decision.
social system.
 The problem- is simply a Diagnosis focuses on:
problem in the current life 1. The person’s motivation,
situation of the help- capacity and opportunity
seeker, which disturbs or including as assessment of what
hurts the latter in some factors and forces deter or thwart
way. these;
 The place- the particular 2. The persons in the client’s
organization, agency or problematic role network.
social situation, the
purposes of which define
its functions, services, and
its areas of social concern.
 The process- steps of
Study, Diagnosis and
Treatment (Perlman)
6.Task-Centered Laura Epstein, Professor Emeritus Start up: clients referred by an agency or Client who lacks
Model: and William Reid. client applies independently and the motivation and
A technology for voluntarily interest in
alleviating specific This model is Step 1: Client Target problems identified continuing his
target problems 1.Brief and time limited Step 2: Contract, plans, target problem studies.
perceived by 2.Intervention is concentrated on priorities, goals, practitioner tasks,
clients, that is, alleviating specific problems, duration, schedule, participants
particular problems which the client and the worker Step 3. Problem Solving
clients recognize, expressly contract to work to Step 4: Termination
understand, 3. Work on the problem is Task Centered model with groups
acknowledge and organized around tasks for problem Preliminary interview – problems are
want to attend to. solving actions the client agrees to explored, clarified elicited in individual
A task is what the carry out. interviews
client is to do to
alleviate the Features of the model: Group Composition- SW decides who
problem, which 1. Assessment should be in a particular group, and the
makes the task both 2. Case planning size of the group.
an immediate goal, 3. Implementation
and at the same 4. Tasks Group Formation- The members share the
time the means of problems that they will seek to reduce or
achieving the goal eliminate by formulating and
alleviating the accomplishing agreed-on tasks
problem.
Group processes for task
accomplishments- SW works with the
group so they can help each other to
accomplish the tasks within the time frame
agreed upon.
7.Psycho-social Mary Richmond, Marion Initial phase: understanding the reasons
Approach Kenworthy, Bersey Libbey, for contract, establishing, engaging the
Referred to Gordon Hamilton, Lucille Austin client in the treatment, beginning
organismic and Florence Hollis treatment itself (treatment begins in the
approach and first interview) psychosocial study
diagnostic school 6 Procedures of Intervention (gathering the information needed for the
of thought (Hollis) psychological diagnosis and guidance of
1. Sustaining (supportive the treatment)
A systems theory remarks)
approach 2. Direct Influence Assessment of the client in His Situation;
concerned both the (suggestion and advice) consists of a critical scrutiny of a client-
inner realities of 3. Catharsis and ventilation situation complex and the trouble
human beings and (discharge of pent-up concerning which help is sought or
the social context feelings and emotionally needed.
in which they live. charged memories)
The person being
helped is seen in
the context of
interactions or
transaction in the
internal worlds and
effort are taken to
understand the
segment of the
external world with
which the person is
in the close
interaction.

Treatment is 4. Reflective consideration 3 types of diagnosis

differentiated of the current person-  Dynamic: Examination aspects of
according to the situation configuration the client’s personality interact to
client’s needs, 5. Encouragement of client produce his total functioning,
hence the term to reflect on dynamics of interplay between the client and
differential his response patterns or other systems, dynamics of
treatment. tendencies family interaction.
 Etiology the cause or origin of
The worker must the difficulty usually multiple
engage in fact- factors in the person-situation
gathering and come configuration
with a professional  Classificatory: classifies various
opinion called aspects of the clients functioning
diagnosis or and his place in the world
assessment. The including, if possible, a clinical
help provided in diagnosis (refers to classify based
this approach will on personality disturbance)
enable change to classifying individuals according
occur in the person to socio economic class, race,
or in the situation ethnic background and religion.
or both. Treatment

 Indirect treatment: the worker

intervenes directly in the
environment of ther client by
obtaining needed resources and
modifying the client’s situation
when change in his situation is
necessary
 Direct treatment involves direct
work with the client himself or
what Hollis describes as the
influence of mind upon mind
Behavioral Wilheim Wundt, John Watson, 1. Initial phase- background
modification Ivan Pavlov, Clark Hull, Edward information problem
Approach Tolman, B.F. Skinner, Joseph identification and goal setting
An Approach Wolpe, Albert Bandura and Hans 2. Imlementation phase- plan
intended to Eysenck implementation based on the
approve the social contract and the commitment of
functioning of Decisions that guide the change the worker and the client
individuals, process are made on the basis of 3. Evaluation and termination
families, groups data, not on the basis of Phase- usually periodic
and organizations assumption about why people evaluation and monitor the phase
by helping them behave as they do the helping process
learn new 4. Termination
behaviors and Focus
eliminating  Upon observable responses
problematic ways  More on the fundamentally
of behaving classes of behavior: Emphasizes
Observation, data collection and
Usually used in careful measurement before,
group work to during and after the intervention
shape stabilize,
modify, or alter
clients’s behavior
with the use of
certain techniques
such as
reassurance,
reinforcement etc.
Functional Ruth Smalley, Virginia Robinson, Initial phase establish whether the client
Approach- a Otto Rank, Jessie Taft seems to be able to use the agency
method for services and try to help him/her to use it
engaging the client The effectiveness of the SW
through process is enhanced by the Beginning phase partilization of problem
relationship worker’s conscious use of time for work. To find common base for
essentially one to phases in the process. worker and client to work together toward
one in the use of a a common purpose
social service
toward his her own
and the general
social welfare
The purpose of the The use of agency function gives Middle phase- characterized by others
service being focus, content and direction to taking responsibility. Deepening on the
offered helps to helping process. relationship involved
give sharpness and
focus to the To be effective the Sw Process Ending Phase- termination of the helping
diagnosis or the requires the practitioner’s use of process
understanding relationship to engage the client in
needed for the making and acting on choices or The client and the worker will agree on
particular decisions as central to the what the former can do with the service
pathological accomplishment of a client- that is being made available.
condition for which identified purpose within the
a type of treatment context of agency function
is defined in order
to achieve an
environment goal.
Family Centered Virginia Satir. Salvador Minuchin, Identification of the problem- involves Family-focused
Approach- a jay Haly, Murray Bowen, Nathan data gathering and answer the question treatment is
process of Ackeman, Carl Whitaker, Michael what and why? undertaken with on
achieving better White, Gregory Bateson, Donald the individual
child and family Jackson, john Weakland, William The treatment planning stage- includes family members
well-being Fry, paul Watzlawick and Ross diagnostic assessment (the How), and with the family
outcomes. It is an Speck. interview-involves planning the treatment members involved
approach to child setting up the goals and objectives which in the help a
welfare social work Families are diverse and have the must be based on the worker’s knowledge process,
in which the family right to be respected or their on the nature of the problem, resources for individually and
is seen as the special cultural, racial, ethnic and modifying it, and the motivation and pairs or as group
primary unit of religious traditions. capacities of those involved in it.
attention.
Respecting, Evaluation and termination evaluation
strengthening and There may be some inner resources starts as soon as some gains have been
supportin the member which can be mobilized made as a result of the treatment taking
family- while and used to improve family and place. Termination of work with families
guaranteeing child home conditions for the benefit of takes place after some services have been
safety- are
hallmarks of this the member experiencing difficulty reached.
method. It is also and the family a whole
referred to as Treatment modifies or change the barriers
family casework. in managing the life tasks of the family
Safety of the child and its members
is the first concern
and the family is
the fundamental
resource for the
nurturing children.

Chapter 9
GENERIC TOOLS IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

Most important and commonly used in work with all kinds of client systems are the interview, social work
records, communication, community resources, and program and activities.

INTERVIEWING
A face to face meeting between the worker and client; a direct conversation, an event composed of a sequence
of physical and mental experiences that occur when and where a helping professional practitioner and a client
talk to one another
Usually the first contact person between client and the worker a critical tool communicating with the client,
collecting information, determining eligibility, developing and implementing service plans.

SKILL Required for an Effective Interview

1. Skill in relating with the interviewee
2. Skill in Observing the interviewee
3. Skill in listening
4. Skill in asking questions
5. Skill is answering personal questions
6. Interpreting the client response

Conducting the interview

Practice will help a worker become a more effective interviewer. Below are suggestions for conducting an
interview.
1. Prepare for interview
2. Always start by making the client feel comfortable
3. Use your intuition or sixth sense
4. Exercise care in the use of interview instruments like intake and surveys forms
5. Be conscious of time
6. Do not rush into direct action or help without fully understanding the clients situation
7. The interviewer should have the proper deportment.

Communication Skills

Process of giving and receiving a message 2- way exchange between sender and receiver necessitates that the
receiver gets the intended message as intended by the sender
Involves many skill (or Sub Skill)

Active Listening

Responsive Listening
Combines talking and listening
Indicates that worker heard and understood the client and is responding to his/her message
Involves six separate skills
 Attending- communicating interest in what the client is saying or doing
 Using silence- meaningfully pausing to give client time to think and respond
 Paraphrasing- restating the client’s thought in own words
 Summarizing- condensing the content and identifying essential themes and ideas
 Questioning- probing for information, confirmation understanding the client’s emotional perspectives
and communicating this understanding

Questioning Skills- questions provide a systematic way on understanding and accepting feelings

Direct Types of Questions

 Closed Ended- calls for specific answer
 Open Ended- enables the client to define, discuss or answer the question in any ways she chooses
 Leading- used when it is desirable for the client ti continue to explore the subject at hand.
 Responding- usually follows the lead of the client’s response
 Answer and Agree- the client is expected to answer in such way as to agree with the worker

Paraphrasing
 Worker restates clients words and ideas in own word not (not the same as repeating or parroting what
the client says)
 Defining feature of accurate paraphrasing is on interchangeability with client ideas.
 Focuses on immediate statements without adding to one altering the meaning of the client’s statement.
Overcoming Listening Obstacles
 Be aware of various barriers
 Be conscious of filtering the client’s message
 Be patient
 Encourage trust
 Control noise
 Stay focused
 Avoid making assumptions
 Manage personal reactions
 Remember that listening does not mean agreeing
 Be aware of blind spots

Defining the relationship

Contracting- negotiating the intended purpose of the helping relationship

Using Immediacy- evaluating the quality of the relationship in terms of its contracted objectives

Using workers self-disclosure- reducing and normalizing client’s negative feelings

Recordings

 Serve as tools that guide worker and client proceed with the lack of problem solving
 Useful in evaluation-success or failure in achieving objectives
 For improvement of workers knowledge and skill in helping people
 Provide an account of what have taken place which is needed when one worker must replace another,
or when emergency, one worker must take another.
 Provides important information to make decisions on expanding, changing or terminating programs and
services and for reporting to the community on how funds have been used.
 Supervisory tools.
 Basis for learning and serve an important educational purpose
 Source of statistical information about agency operations and provide data for various research
projects.

Types of records

 Intake forms- face sheet, admission form and application form

 Summary records as part of the information- gathering stage in problem solving
 Survey report- contains findings about the community situation indicating date, place and source of
data
 Case Study- identifying information, a synthesis of the data obtained from various sources
 Summarized process recording- includes reactions and response of both client and worker, followed by
the workers assessment/analysis of what transpired
 Periodic Evaluation summaries- includes statement about the major developments that have occurred
 Transfer summaries- includes recommendations of future course of action
 Final evaluative statement- focuses on the extent to which goals spelled out in the case study.

Community Resource- the programs and services offers by a variety of agencies and organizations. It constitutes
a very important tool in helping people.

The agency may also be placed on an adequacy-inadequacy continuum, in terms of quantity and quality of
services being provided, personnel standards, etc.

Community Resources are almost indispensable to social workers, the intercessor-mediator role of the social
worker is meaningful because there are resources that can be availed.

Social Workers:
 Know their community resources
 Are up to date on their knowledge(because of change of agency’s policies and procedures)
 May also know of resources that are available to the people in a community
 To include in their responsibilities the acting alone with the clients to see to it that resources are made
available to the people
 Should look beyond what is familiar or common knowledge (resource are just waiting to be tapped and
mobilized)
NOTE: when there are particular resources needed that are not available, the worker together with the
client participation may have to create needed resources

Programs and Activities- denote a general class of activities each of which consists of an
interconnected series of social behaviors that usually in infused with meaning and guide by
performance standards from the larger culture.

Activities a SW can use to serve a variety of purposes:

 To establish positive relationship
 To promote/improve communication between clients and worker, or among clients themselves
 To serve as a diagnostic tool
 To provide channels or outlets for otherwise destructive energies
 To serve as educational tools
 To serve the need for socialization, particularly for people who are isolated from social contract, or
who while exposed to people, tend to hide in their own shells
 To provide Catharsis or means for expressing feeling and emotions
 To influence people to act or behave in a certain way like being more objective and perceptive,
learning to be sensitive to the feelings of others, to control impulses, being cooperative
 To develop proper attitudes like economy, industry, self-reliance
 To develop a sense of accomplishment and the corresponding pride and self-confidence that goes with
a completed activity
 To help bring about community change and development by way of the participated process
 To develop awareness of one’s social reality which can be stimulus for change.

Activity Dimensions
 Prescriptiveness- the degree and range of rules or other guides for the conduct of participation in the
activity
 The form and source of controls governing participant activity: whether another person, a fellow
participant, or rules/instructions relevant to the activity
 Provision for physical movement: the extent to which participants are required or permitted to move
about in the activity
 Competence required for performance: the minimum level of ability required to participate in the
activity (some activities require special skill and ability)
 Provision for participant inter-activeness: the way the activity locates and engages participants so that
verbal and non-verbal interaction is required or provoked
 Reward structure: the types of gratification and rewards available (praise, legitimate tension release,
improved skill)
Whittaker points out the need for the workers to evaluate certain individual and group variables which should he
considered in the selection of an activity which clients will engage in.

Individual Variables consist of:

 Skill – the competence to participate in the activity
 Motivation – the willingness to participate in the activity
 “on tap control” – the amount of self-control available to the client at a given time

Group Variables include:

 Group Solidarity – a group that is not yet cohesive may not respond to activities requiring a great deal
of interaction and inter-dependence
 Group Composition – the more homogeneous the group the easier it is to find activities that the
members will participate in and enjoy
 Group mood – the “climate” or how the group is feeling at the moment

Chapter 10
THE FIELD OF SOCIAL WORK

OBJECTIVE AND FUNCTION ACTIVITIES

NATURE
CHILD WELFARE
This field is concerned 2 typed of child welfare services:  Admission interviews with the child,
with the well-being of Direct Service – is rendered in family and/or significant others,
children and youth the form of:  Following through recommendations
through the provision a) Assistance to children in given which institutions if this is what
of programs and their own homes in the is called for assisting the child and his
services for their form of material family in coping with their situation, or
physical, social, assistance, educational assisting youth conducting individual
psychological, spiritual services, sports and counseling or group sessions.
and cultural recreation, health  Conducting individual counseling or
development. services, and etc., group sessions with child and/or his
b) Child placement through family.
The focus is on residential care in an  Interpreting the child’s needs and
strengthening the institution, foster care, problems to the staff/other members of
relationship between or adoption. the helping team.
parents and child, the Indirect Service – is in the form  Following up the adjustment of the
role of the family, and of: child if he is with foster or adoptive
the responsibility of the a) Financing on a national parents.
community in the or international level  Planning appropriate activities with the
child’s development. (sponsorship of youth to meet their individual as well as
programs) group needs
It also includes b) Coordination to  Preparing the child for
supplemental and facilitate and avoid discharge/placement in the case of
substitute child-caring duplication among children in residential homes, or
services to prevent the agencies with similar or helping the child and his family during
child’s suffering from related services the period of probation if this is the
parental deprivation. court’s disposition on the case, and then
helping him prepare to make
satisfactory adjustment in the
community
 Recommending discharge of the client
or closure of the court case if conditions
call for it.

CHILD CARING SERVICES OR CHILD

PLACEMENT
 ADOPTION
 LEGAL GUARDIANSHIP
 FOSTER CARE
 RESIDENTIAL/INSTITUTIONAL
CARE

FAMILY WELFARE
Family welfare is Programs that provided by the  Engaging the family in problem-solving
concerned with the SW agencies are the following: relationship
improvement,  Parent effectiveness  Mobilizing existing resources and
strengthening and  Marriage strengthening crating non-resources needed by the
support of the family in (pre-marriage family
meeting its own needs. counseling)  Regularly assessing the adequacy and
 Establishment of effectiveness of existing policies,
community support programs and services that relate to the
programs family
 Strengthening of family  Supervising staff in their various
values and preservation activities to the families being served
of cultural heritage
 Family and environment
service
 Livelihood programs
 Fertility and family
planning
Health
Concentrated in Medical social services are aimed  Eligibility studies (this is done during
hospitals which provide at the following: admission since there is need to
social services to 1. Better acceptance of and determine whether a patient should be
patients who are more favorable reaction given free or partly free medical
emotional and social to medical treatment treatment)
situations directly or 2. Better understanding, on  Interpretation to patient and his family
indirectly cause, the part of medical of hospital policies and regulations
maintain, or aggravate personnel, of the  Data gathering on patient’s personal
their illness. patient’s illness, and to and social situations to assist medical
enlist the family’s staff to arrive at a more accurate
cooperation in the diagnosis
treatment and  Use of appropriate forms of help to
rehabilitation of the patient and his family during the period
patient of medical treatment, including
3. Health education of the counseling as well as group treatment
patient and their families activities with his family and/or
4. Utilization of together with other patients
community services that  Mobilizing hospital as well as
would facilitate community resources to meet various
rehabilitation and patient needs
prevention of illness  Performing coordinating and liaison
5. Helping the patient and activities between the patients and the
his family to deal the medical staff, the patient and the
psycho-social hospital administration, and the
components of the patients/hospital and the community at
physical illness large
Corrections
Corrections is the Some of the functions of social During the correctional periods the service of the
administration of worker in relation to juvenile correctional agency is viewed as Re:
penalty in such a way probation work are: socialization, in the personal community that
that the offender is 1. Preparation of social will response to his needs as an individual
corrected, that is his case studies to facilitate
current behavior is kept legal decision-making For his re: socialization process to be effective,
within acceptable limits 2. Provision of counseling the offender will have to provided;
at the same time his and other necessary
general life adjustment services to the youth and 1. Significant individual relationships that
is modified. his family throughout allow him to see himself as a person or
the period that the youth worth
It is a process of is on probation 2. Membership in groups that offer
treatment, prescribed 3. Referral and genuine satisfaction through legitimate
by the court for person mobilization of experiences
convicted of offenses community with other 3. Access the normal opportunity
against the law, during groups/agencies which structures of the community, such as
which the individual on are engaged in activities employment, education, recreation and
probation lives in the relating to or affecting religious instruction
community and probationers 4. Remedial services appropriate for
regulates his own life 4. Preparing dealing with his individual problems in
under conditions reports/recommendation social functioning such as vocational
imposed by the court s on the basis for training, psychotherapeutic help or
and is subject to decision making by the medical rehabilitation.
supervision by a courts. Children and adolescence that are not granted
probation officer. probation by family courts because their
While parole is the adjustment cannot be achieved in their own
release of a prisoner homes are committed to reformatory or training
under him might be schools. ( boys- Vicente Madrigal rehabilitation
returned to the Center/ Girl Marilac Hills)
correctional institution
if he violates the
conditions of his
parole.
Schools
Social Worker exist The purpose of social work is to Activities which focus on particular children
primarily to provide provide services they would 1. Group work services
helping service to those achieve any or all of the 2. Consultative services to individual
students whose following: teachers and other school personnel
problems in school usually in the area of human behavior
stem from social and 1. Restoration of impaired and social environment and community
emotional causes which adjustment resources
interfere with their 2. Provision of resources 3. Counseling service to selected children
adjustment and by mobilizing capacities and/or parent
potential academic of individual students,
achievement. their parents, families
and the academic and
larger communities
3. Prevention of
maladjustment