Module 1 1924: Associated Charities became an independent

Fields of Social Work-Social Work Evolution agency

AMERICAN PERIOD
 Supervised by the Public Welfare Commissioner
1900 – Attempt was made to alleviate the condition of deaf  Funded by both government support and private
children at the Philippine Normal School. contributions
1910 – A school for the deaf and blind was organized.
1924: Philippine Legislative Act No. 3203 was passed
1905: Philippine chapter of the American Red Cross
established  Funded by government and private sectors
 Trained social workers in casework and social
investigation
 Managed disaster relief efforts in the country
 Introduced Balik Probinsya Program
 Administered Red Cross funds from the United
 Focused on care and custody of neglected and
States.
delinquent children
 Provided probation officers for juvenile cases
1907: La Gota de Leche established
1926: Welfareville Institution established
 Provided fresh cow’s milk to child-caring
institutions, sourced from a dairy farm in Pasay,
 Provided residential and rehabilitation services
Manila, Supervised by a veterinarian
for orphans, delinquent children, and the
 Later opened a free consultation clinic for
elderly
mothers
 Operated until 1968
 Used the "congregate system" (wards housed in
February 5, 1915 The government created the Public separate cottages)
Welfare Board with the Passage of Legislative Act no. 2510,  Supervised by the Division of Dependent
essentially to coordinate the welfare activities of various Children of the OPW
existing charitable organizations.  OPW also oversaw government-funded child-
caring institutions
Charitable Institutions

1905 - Philippine Chapter of American Red Cross 1933: Governor-General Frank Murphy introduced key
social welfare developments
1907 - La Gota de Leche
 Scholarship grants provided for social work
1910 - Philippine Normal School for Deaf and Blind training in the United States

1913 - Assosacion de Damas Filipinas to help destitute 1933: Legislature funded government child and
mothers and their children; maternal health centers

1910 - Philippine Anti- Tuberculosis Society

 Established in towns with at least 2,000 people
 Aimed to improve maternal and child health
1912- Office of the Public Welfare Commission
services
1905- Philippine Chapter of American Red Cross
coordinated disaster relief 1930s: Economic depression caused serious economic
problems
1926- Settlement House patterned after Chicago’s Hull
House  Associated Charities struggled to meet rising
1917- Associated Charities of Manila started concept of demand for relief and social services
community chest; fused with American Red Cross in 1919  Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner, led
and 1921; by Dr. Jose Fabella, provided funding but was
insufficient
January 1917 – The first government entity to operate as a
welfare agency, and an initial step in child welfare services, 1921: Josefa Jara Martinez earned a Social Work
was set up. diploma

1921: Creation of the Office of the Public Welfare

 Worked for the Public Welfare Board
Commissioner
 Introduced the scientific approach in social
 Took over functions of the Public Welfare Board
work
 Aimed to coordinate and enhance child welfare
efforts
 Addressed rising health concerns, including high Murphy Administration: First to assume full
infant mortality rates government responsibility for relief efforts
1922: Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner
introduced solicitation forms  Provided aid to the distressed, regardless of
 Required for fundraising appeals to protect the cause
public from fraud
 Practice was not legally recognized until 1933
Commonwealth Period o Young Women’s Christian Association
o National Federation of Women’s
Commonwealth Period: Filipinos took over government Leagues
leadership  Hospitals providing care:
o Philippine General Hospital
o St. Luke’s Hospital
 Health and welfare programs expanded and
o Mary Johnston Hospital
improved
o North General Hospital
 New services organized, including:
o Rural charity clinics
o Quarantine services Other Relief Agencies during the Japanese
o Homes for the mentally ill, defective Occupation:
children, and the aged
o Welfareville established for rehabilitation  Emergency Relief Office
and care  Emergency Commission Administration
 Philippine Civil Affairs Unit
President Manuel L. Quezon advocated for social  Philippine Relief and Trade Rehabilitation
justice Administration (PRATRA)
 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
 Persuaded the National Assembly to pass Administration (UNRRA)
several key laws:
o Anti-usury laws POST WAR
o 8-hour labor law
o Laws establishing minimum wages 1946: Bureau of Public Welfare reopened, but limited by
(₱1.00 in provinces, ₱1.25 in cities) lack of funds
o Laws related to insurance, pensions,
and women and child labor October 4, 1947: Reorganization led to the creation of the
Social Welfare Commission
1940: Office of the Commissioner of Health and Public
Welfare abolished
 Placed under the Office of the President
 Offered three categories of services:
 Replaced by the Department of Health and 1. Child welfare work
Public Welfare 2. Public assistance
3. Coordination and supervision
1941: Executive Order established the Bureau of Public
Welfare War Relief Office was placed under the control of the
Social Welfare Commission
The Japanese Occupation
Child welfare work included:
World War II (1942-1944): Brought death and
immeasurable suffering to the Philippines' population  Probation and parole services
 Institutional care for various groups
 Lasted for 3 years
Public Assistance: Provided relief and casework
Social welfare activities during WWII: Focused on services to:
providing
 Indigent war victims
 Medical care and treatment for wounded  Physically handicapped and infirm individuals
soldiers, prisoners, and civilians
 Food and clothing to those affected by the war Coordination and Supervision: public welfare
activities
Bureau of Public Welfare reorganized by the Executive
Commission after the war outbreak January 3, 1951: The Social Welfare Commission
(SWC) and the President’s Action Committee on Social
 Tasked with attending to the general welfare of Ameliorations (PACSA) were merged into a single
residents agency, called the Social Welfare Administration (SWA).
 Provided food and comfort to released
prisoners from concentration camps After the merger, the Social Welfare Administration
(SWA):
Japanese Occupation (1942-1944):
 Established a staff development service
 Social welfare activities focused on providing:  Started accepting social work field practice
o Medical care and treatment students from newly opened social work schools
o Food and clothing for wounded soldiers, in the Metro Manila area
prisoners, and civilians  Conducted surveys and field studies on:
 Relief work by private organizations: o Income
o Philippine Red Cross o Housing needs
o Needs of special groups, such as the 1988, it became the National Council of Social
handicapped Development (NCSD)

Other activities of the newly merged public welfare  Community Chest of Greater Manila was also
agency (SWA): organized.

 Establishment of the Welfare Home for Women Purpose of the Council:

and Girls
 Setting up of employment and related services  (a) Study and define social welfare problems
under the Public Assistance department and human needs
 (b) Develop a coordinated plan of action to
1948:President’s Action Committee on Social address these needs
Amelioration (PACSA) created by President Quirino to  (c) Improve the standards of social services
address social unrest and insurgency  (d) to serve as the National Committee for the
International Conference on Social Welfare
o Chaired by Asuncion Perez, who became
the Social Welfare Commissioner 1965 RA 5416 “Social Welfare Act” elevated the SWA to
o Provided a comprehensive program the Department of Social Welfare programs;
covering:
 Health (a) preventive and remedial programs/services for
 Education individuals, families, and communities;
 Welfare (b) protective remedial and developmental welfare
 Agriculture services for children;
 Public works (c) vocational rehabilitation convicts and individuals with
 Financing special needs;
 After 1948, the UN International Children’s (d) trainings, research and special projects
Emergency Fund (UNICEF) began providing
basic health services for mothers and children. R.A. 4373 (the Social Work Law, 1967)

The Social Welfare Administration (SWA): provides that no social welfare agency shall operate and
be accredited unless it shall first have registered with the
 January 3, 1951: The Social Welfare Social Welfare Administration which shall issue the
Commission (SWC) and President’s Action corresponding certificate of registration.
Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA)
merged, leading to a more professional R.A. 5416 (1968)
administration of public welfare programs empowers the Department to :
through:  set standards and policies;
o Staff development  accredit public and private institutions and
o Social work students' internships organizations; and
 Division of Public Assistance:  coordinate government efforts in social welfare
o Provided general and special work to avoid duplication, friction and overlapping
assistance in the form of: of responsibility in social services
 Material aid
 Rehabilitation services for THE SEVENTIES
employable disabled
individuals September 8, 1976: Department of Social Welfare
 Skills training, education, and renamed Department of Social Services and
health services Development (DSSD)
 Welfare Division:
o Offered casework and guidance to  Shifted focus from institution-based welfare to
children community-oriented programs and services
o Provided child protection services
o Conducted case studies for delinquent
children June 2, 1978: Presidential Decree No. 1397 issued by
 Division of Rural Welfare: President Marcos
o Created by Administrative Order No. 7
(Sept. 5, 1951)  Converted departments into ministries
o Provided services to:  DSSD became the Ministry of Social Services
 Land settlement areas and Development (MSSD)
 Christian groups, victims of  Organizational structure, functions, and programs
dissidents, and natural disaster remained the same
survivors
1960s-1970s:
1954: The Social Welfare Administration (SWA) was
reorganized.  Rise of voluntary organizations
 Establishment of more social welfare agencies
1949: The Council of Welfare Agencies of the
Philippines was formally organized in 1952
THE EIGHTIES THE NEW MILLENIUM

 Self-Employment Assistance program upgraded 2006 DSWD Year-End Report:

to better serve clients.
 Case Management System launched.
 Social Welfare Indicators introduced to monitor  Intensified implementation of pro-poor
the well-being of MSSD service users. programs

Reorganization under President Corazon C. Aquino: NEDA’s Definition and Classification of NGOs:

 January 30, 1987: Executive Order No. 123  NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) are
signed private, non-profit, voluntary organizations
o Ministry of Social Services and  Classified based on levels of operation:
Development (MSSD) renamed 1. Primary NGOs – Also called people’s
Department of Social Welfare and organizations (POs) and self-help
Development (DSWD) groups
o Shifted from welfare/relief agency to a 2. Secondary/Intermediate NGOs –
development-focused organization Support and coordinate efforts of primary
o Adopted a preventive, developmental, NGOs
participative, and client-managed 3. Tertiary NGOs – Larger organizations that
approach provide policy advocacy, research, and
funding
THE NINETIES
Key Terms:
Early 1990s: DSWD continued its five program areas of
RA 4373 - An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work in
concern
the Philippines (June 19, 1965)

 Focused on Low-Income Municipalities (LIMs) “Social work is the profession which is primarily concerned
and socially depressed barangays with organized social service activity aimed to facilitate and
 Introduced Crisis Incident Stress Debriefing strengthen basic social relationships and the mutual
(CISD) after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption to assist adjustment between individuals and their social
disaster victims environment for the good of the individuals and of society
by the use of social work methods.”
October 10, 1991: Republic Act 7160 (Local
Government Code) was passed Social Worker

 Devolved the implementation of social welfare “a practitioner who by accepted standards of training and
functions, programs, and services to local social work professional experiences, possesses the skill to
government units (LGUs) achieve the objectives as defined and set by the social work
 DSWD retained specialized social services profession through
under four categories:
1. Center/institution-based services Social Welfare
2. Community-based programs and - The organized system of social services and institutions
services designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying
3. Locally-funded and foreign-assisted standards of life and health.
projects - Walter Friedlander
4. Disaster relief and rehabilitation
augmentation Social Welfare

1991 – RA 7160 (Local Government Code): - Organized social arrangements which have direct and
primary objective the well- being of people in a social
 Devolved basic social services to local context; includes the broad range of policies and services
which are concerned with various aspects of people’s
government units (LGUs)
lives. - International Conference on Social Welfare
 Shifted DSWD’s role from "rowing" (direct
service provider) to "steering" (policy-making
and oversight) Social Welfare
- A nation’s system of programs, benefits and services that
helps people meet those social, economic, educational and
1999 – Philippine Council for NGO Certification
health needs are fundamental to the maintenance of the
(PCNC):
society.
- Ashman, 2007; Zastrow, 2010
 Launched by the country’s NGO network to
certify and accredit NGOs
PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIAL WELFARE
Objectives of Social Welfare:
Residual Social Welfare:
 Improve people’s quality of life
 Eliminate inequalities and impoverishment
 Views social welfare as temporary and provided
 Help individuals achieve satisfying roles in life
mainly during emergency situations
and personal relationships
 Interventions are seen as short-term solutions
 Enable people to develop their full capacities
 Services are withdrawn once the regular social
and promote well-being
systems (e.g., family, economic system) are
 Ensure harmony between individual well-being
functioning properly again
and the needs/aspirations of families and
 Aims to fill gaps when the usual support systems
communities
are unable to meet needs
Scope of Social Welfare:
Social welfare promotes the well-being of all members of Institutional Social Welfare:
society, addressing their:
 Physical well-being  Views social welfare as a normal, legitimate
 Mental well-being function of modern society
 Emotional well-being  Recognizes that some individuals may not be able
 Social well-being to meet all their needs, and this is considered a
 Economic well-being normal condition
 Spiritual well-being  Sees helping agencies (both public and private)
as regular, integral social institutions
Society’s Response to Unmet Needs:  Social welfare is seen as part of the ongoing social
structure designed to ensure the well-being of all
1. Individual or group efforts within the community members of society
2. Major societal institutions fulfilling their roles
and responsibilities in meeting human needs SOCIAL SERVICES
3. Social agencies (both public and private)
providing organized services .Improve people’s
 Eliminate quality
inequalities andlife
impoverishment
 Refers to the programs, services, and activities
designed to address the needs and problems of
Social Welfare
 Categories
.Improve
“achievepeople’s
Eliminate quality
inequalities
satisfying and life
rolesimpoverishment
in life and society’s members
personal relationships”
 Can take various forms, including:
Social Security: o Services to individuals and families
o Services to groups
 A set of compulsory measures designed to o Services to people with special
protect individuals and their families problems (e.g., disabilities, mental health)
 Aims to mitigate the effects of unavoidable o Community services aimed at improving
interruptions (e.g., illness, disability, the well-being of the broader population
unemployment, old age)
 Ensures the maintenance of a reasonable Goals of social welfare/services:
standard of living despite life’s uncertainties
 “achieve relationships”
personal satisfying roles in life and
Personal Social Services: Humanitarian and Social Justice Goals:

 Focus on addressing personal problems and  Rooted in the democratic ideal of social justice,
individual situations of stress emphasizing equality and fairness
 Involve interpersonal helping and assisting  Based on the belief that every individual has the
people in need potential to realize themselves, though various
 Provide direct services in collaboration with factors (physical, social, economic, psychological)
government and voluntary agencies may hinder or prevent this realization
 Aimed at improving individual well-being through  Advocates for the belief that it is right and just
tailored support and intervention for man to help man, which is the foundation of
social services
Public Assistance:  Focuses on identifying the most afflicted,
dependent, and neglected individuals
 Prioritizes those who are least able to help
 Refers to material or concrete aids provided to
themselves, aiming to provide targeted support
individuals or families in need
and investment in their well-being
 Typically offered by government agencies
 Aimed at people who lack income or means of
support due to reasons like: Social Control Goal:
o Loss of employment
o Natural disasters  Recognizes that needy, deprived, or
o Other emergency situations disadvantaged groups may react individually or
collectively against a society they perceive as
alienating or offensive
 “… develop
promote their their
well- full capacities and to
 Aims to secure society against threats to life, what is; possible= what could be; valuable= what ought to
property, and political stability that can arise be)
from groups lacking resources and opportunities
 Social services act as a mechanism to prevent It is necessary to analyze conditions and possibilities and
social unrest and address the needs of those at choose the most valuable. Then program objectives
risk of social discontent should be set that focus on changing people and
 Examples of the social control goal in practice conditions to be most valuable and possible.
include services provided to dissidents, as well
as juvenile and adult offenders, to prevent 3. People need to recognize the gap between the actual,
further harm to societal order and stability the possible and the desirable, and place value on
attaining the desirable before they become motivated to
Economic Development Goal: change.

People tend to passively resist change. Reluctance to

 Focuses on programs that support the increase in change is not altogether due to a natural resistance but to
production of goods, services, and other an apparent lack of interest in change. People tend to feel
resources essential for economic development comfortable with their established ways, even when new
 Aims to enhance overall economic progress by ones are demonstrated. When the status quo is seen as
improving productivity and resource management
the ideal, desirable or satisfactory situation, no need is
 Beneficiaries of these programs may include
recognized.
abled-bodied and relatively better-off members
of the community, who are positioned to contribute 4. Human behavior and the status of things can only be
to the broader economy judged by some standard, and that standard can only be
 The goal is to empower individuals and groups to derived from the concept of what is valuable to attain.
be productive participants in the economy,
thereby fostering economic growth for society as People tend to desire positive and void negative
a whole conditions, hence those on the positive side represents
 promote
“… develop
their their
well full capacities and to conditions most people value as desirable.
MODULE 2
CONCEPT OF NEEDS, PROBLEMS, AND PROVISIONS 3 categories

Physical needs- food, clothing, housing, activity and the

Society responds to a variety of human needs and
problems through the institution of social welfare. like. (Material needs according. to Mendoza, T.)

Social needs - group status, affection, belonging and so

on. (or non-material needs to include also spiritual need,
aesthetic needs, acceptance, achievements)

Integrative needs- the need to relate oneself to

something larger and beyond oneself, a philosophy of life
and so on.

In addition, we also have:

1. Felt needs - felt or consciously recognized needs.

2. Unfelt needs - unrecognized needs; “all needs

must be recognized”

CONCEPT OF PROBLEM
Concept of Needs  The problem is simply a problem in the current life
situation of the help seeker which disturbs or hurt
1. Needs represent an imbalance, lack of adjustment or
the latter in some way.
gap between the present situation or status quo and a  This is the usually a difficulty in person to person or
new or changed set of conditions, assumed to be more person task relationship.
desirable.  Another important perspective of the problem is
partialization and focus. A piece of what is often felt
Need maybe viewed as the difference between what is
of a overwhelming problem is less threatening a
and what ought to be, they always imply a gap. person who has it manageable.

a. Immediate Problem
What is can be determined by a study of situation.
The problem about which the client is most
What ought to be can be determine from research concerned about. This causes the current difficulty
findings and value judgments. The nature and extent of and in term, the clients perceive the need for help
need is an indication of the significance of the problem; the (usually the presenting problem, but not all the
time)
wider the gap, the greater the problem when the subject is
assumed to be important.
b. Underlying Problem
2. People’s needs are identified by finding the actual, the The overall situation created and tends to
possible and the valuable thru situation analysis. (actual= perpetuate the immediate problem
1.) Sources of support
c. Working problem
These are contributory factors that stand in the way of The possible sources of support of an agency are: taxes,
both remedy and prevention and must be dealt with if donations and contributions from individuals and entities, or
change is to take place. a combination of the two.

d.Presenting Problem - It is a problem that is a threat

to the client’s or others’ welfare, and usually stated A.) Public Agencies
or presented as it is being perceived or experienced  Agencies supported from taxes.
by the client.  Also known as Government Agencies.
 Government agencies are created by law (e.g.
Partialization DSWD)
B.) Private Agencies
It refers to the process of separating from so many problems  Agencies which derive their means of support from
identified by the client and/or worker the specific problem or donations and contributions of private individuals or
problems which are to be addressed first, and therefore will groups.
be the focus of the helping relationship. Much related to this  Also known as Non-governmental organizations, or
is prioritizing, which has the added aspect of a problem NGOs.
taking precedence over other problems because of its C.) Semi-government Agencies
importance.  Derive support from the government, usually
through the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes.
CONCEPT OF PROVISION  Best known among these is the Philippine National
Red Cross.
Provision is how society meets the needs of its members.
A. Individual or group efforts 2.) Source of Professional Authority
B. Major societal institutions and their roles and
responsibilities for meeting human needs: A.) Primary Agency/ Setting
> The family, the church, the government, economic  One which carries full authority and responsibility
institutions (labour unions, cooperatives… for its social welfare purpose and functions.
> The forces that bring about change in these  It is manned by social workers, and uses one or all
institutions. the 3 direct methods of social work interventions.
> The social agency as provision for helping people with B.) Secondary Agency/ Setting
their problems, as an integral part of a communities  One which is a part of another human
institutionalized network of services to the people. service or social organization.
 Social workers derive their authority and
Module 3 The Social Welfare Agency responsibility from the host agency (e.g.
schools, jail, hospitals, courts, industries,
o A Social Welfare Agency is a structured etc.)
framework within which the administrative tasks
are carried out. It is an instrument of society, 3.) Agency function or area of concern
establishing through government initiative or  Each agency, public or private, defines certain
through voluntary efforts to achieve a social goal. areas of social need as the particular field in which
to give service and in which it develops expertness
o Peter Ducker outlines how a social welfare of knowledge and applies special resources.
agency in its simplest form comes into being
when “several people see an unmet need, want
to meet that need, get community permission to
meet that need, and accept legal responsibility for
seeing that the resources secured, or made
available, are used for the specific purposes for
which they were given rather than for some other
purposes.

The Social Agency

 The place which assists a person with his social

problem.
 It is this organization which employs social
workers to help the client.

Types of Agencies

Social agencies are classified into 3 according to:

1.) Sources of Support
2.) Source of Professional Authority
3.) Special function or area of concern.
Generic Characteristics common to all social agencies A social role is the sum total of the cultural patterns
associated with a specific behavior and attitudes which a
person assumes in a specific situation in his relationships
with others.

PRESCRIBED ROLE
 It is that which is expected by the norms and
expectations of society.
 Thus, a man as a husband and father is
expected to be the breadwinner and head of the
family. Although this value is now changing.

SUBJECTIVE ROLE

 It is that which the person ascribes (assigns) to

himself in a specific role.

 Thus, if a man believes that as head of the family

he should be the breadwinner, he will act so, and
there will be no conflict between the prescribed and
the subjective roles.

ENACTED ROLE

 It is that which the person performs as that’s what

he thinks the role entails.
 If the person has the capacity to execute his roles
faithfully, then he is functioning adequately.
 Should there be a discrepancy between the
prescribed and subjective roles or the person’s
inner and outer resources to enact these roles, then
there will be an imbalance in his role performance,
which may produce stress.

 Assess behavior within the socio-cultural

context (urban/rural).
 Values significantly influence social role
performance.
 Social workers must recognize traditional values
like hiya (shame), SIR (smooth interpersonal
relationships), and bahala na (fatalism).
MODULE 4 FAMILY SYSTEMS' THEORY AND  Caused the development and expansion of family
CONCEPTS welfare services in the country.

Family Welfare Services

 The family systems perspective aligns with social  Refers to a program or composite interventive
work’s person-in-environment approach. techniques, activities, or measures focused on the
 This perspective is a defining feature of social prevention or resolution of problem of role
work. functioning and relationships that threaten the
 Emphasizes understanding individuals within stability of the family as a social unit.
their environmental context.
 Highlights the influence of family, culture, and Programs and Services
external factors (e.g., religion, gender, sexual  Parent effectiveness
orientation, race, ethnicity) on one’s worldview and  Marriage counseling
self-perception.  Establishments of community supportive programs
 Strengthening of family values and preservation of
cultural heritage
Family systems' makes several assumptions:  Family and environment services
 Livelihood programs
 A change in one family member affects all family  Fertility and family planning
members
 The family is greater than the sum of its parts. Activities in Family Welfare
 Family systems are inclined to balance change and  Engaging the family in a problem-solving process
stability.  Mobilizing existing resources and if possible creating
 Family members' behaviors are best explained by non-existing resources needed by the family
circular causality.  Working with individuals, groups and other entities
 A family belongs to a larger social system and whose support and cooperation are needed to effectively
encompasses subsystems. help a family
A family operates according to established rules.  Continuously/ regularly assessing the adequacy and
effectiveness of existing policies, programs and services
Family structure that relate to the family
Supervising staff in their various activities in relation to the
families being served
 Family structures evolve over time, affecting
Family Culture/Values
family dynamics.
 Validation over judgment: Social workers must
 Traditional (nuclear) family: Defined by Es (2007)
support, not judge, families.
as a married couple and their biological children;
reinforced in dominant society.
 Cultural respect: Acknowledge and honor belief
 Expanding social connections: As children grow,
systems and values.
they engage in outside activities and form bonds
beyond relatives (e.g., friends).
 Example: Avoid misinterpreting behaviors (e.g., lack
 Family structure changes due to factors like
of eye contact may be a cultural sign of respect).
divorce, death, remarriage, adoption, or foster care.
 Building rapport: Adapting to the family’s cultural
norms (e.g., addressing the husband first) fosters
Family Welfare trust and connection.
 It deals with any of the following which confront many
Filipino Families: Enrique et al. (2007), provides the following ideas for
working with families:
 Poverty and its usually accompanying problems of  Avoid stereotyping
ignorance, health, nutrition, sanitation and housing  When introducing innovative ideas, materials, and
problems. more respect the family's need for control
 Unemployment of underemployment  Recognize the parenting styles being utilized, and
 Substance abuse and alcoholism their boundaries
 Family conflicts and destructive relationships  Recognize that everything may be a family affair with
including domestic violence and abuse some families
 Human rights violations  Help families notice their strengths within each other
 Displacements due to armed conflict, cultural Ask for family's input when producing solutions to conflict.
disasters, and housing demolition  Encourage families to plan ways to increase stability
 Lack of parenting skills and security (i.e., bedtime rituals etc.)
 Solo-parent or no-parent families because of  Observe and engage with the family to learn the
overseas employment different dynamics (i.e., male head of the household, or is it
 Lack of access to community resources, and others the female?)
 Provide opportunities for the family to discuss what
Bureau of Family Welfare their beliefs are about children (should they be seen not
 Created in 1968 heard etc.)
 Now called the Department of Social Welfare and Maintain an objective viewpoint when working with conflict
Development within the family system