THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

M 531 - Functional Analysis

Worksheet 1 ©January 2025

1. Show that in an inner product space, x y if and only if we have

x y x y

for all scalars .

2 2
2. Show that the operator T : defined by
Tx j cjxj
where c c1, c2, c3, . . . is linear and bounded.
3. Let T be a bounded linear operator from a normed space X onto a normed space Y.
If there is a positive constant such that
Tx x
1
for all x X, show that then T :Y X exists and is bounded.
4. Let C a, b be a linear space of functions continuous on the interval a x b with
the norm defined by
f max fx .
a x b

Let K x, y be a fixed function of two variables continuous on the square a x b,

a y b, and let T be the operator defined by
b
gx Tf x K x, y f y dy.
a

Prove that T is a continuous bounded linear operator mapping C a, b into itself.

5. Consider the mapping T : C 0, 1 C 0, 1 defined by
Tf x xf x for all f C 0, 1 and for each x 0, 1 .

1
Show that T is a bounded linear operator.
6. Show that the Triangle Inequality for a norm x on a vector space X implies that
y x y x .

7. (a) If two norms 1 and 2 on a vector space X are equivalent, show that
convergence in X, 1 implies convergence in X, 2 ..

(b) Show that the converse in (a) is also true. That is, convergence in X, 2
implies convergence in X, 1 .

8. If X 1 , 1 and X 2 , 2 are normed spaces, show that the product vector space
X X with the following two algebraic operations
x1, x2 y1, y2 x1 y1, x2 y2
and
x1, x2 x1, x2
becomes a normed space if we define
x max x 1 1, x2 2

with x x1, x2 .
9. If 1 and 2 are equivalent norms on X, show that the Cauchy sequences in
X, 1 and X, 2 are the same.

10. Let c 0 be the set of all sequences x j j 1 of real numbers which converge to 0.
Addition and scalar multiplication of sequenes can be defined componentwise:
If x xj j 1 and y yj j 1, then

x y xj yj j 1

and if is a scalar, then

x xj j 1

With these operations, c 0 is a vector space over . Showthat c 0 becomes a normed

space if we define
x sup |x j |.
j

11. (a) If two norms 1 and 2 on a vector space X are equivalent, show that
xn x 1 0 implies that x n x 2 0.

(b) Show that the converse in (a) is also true. That is,
xn x 2 0 implies that x n x 1 0.

12. Let C 0, 1 be the set of all continuous real-valued functions f : 0, 1 .

Addition and scalar multiplication of functions can be defined pointwise:

2
If f and g are real-valued functions on 0, 1 , then
f g x fx gx for all x 0, 1 .
If is a scalar, then
f x fx for all x 0, 1 .
With these operations, C 0, 1 is a vector space over . Show that C 0, 1 becomes
a normed space if we define
f sup |f x | for all f C 0, 1 .
x 0,1

13. Let 2 be the set of all sequences x j j 1 of real numbers which are
square-summable, that is,

x 2j .
j 1

Addition and scalar multiplication of sequences can be defined componentwise:

If x xj j 1 and y yj j 1, then

x y xj yj j 1

and if is a scalar, then

x xj j 1
2 2
With these operations, is a vector space over . Show that becomes a normed
space if we define
1
2

x x 2j .
j 1

14. Let X be a normed linear space. If x n is a Cauchy sequence in X and there exists a
subsequence x n k k that converges to x X, then x n converges to x.
15. If T n : H H n 1, 2, are normal linear operators, and T n T, show that T is
a normal linear operator.
16. If X is a compact metric space and A X is closed, show that A is compact.
17. Prove that a normed space X is induced by an inner product space if it satisfies the
following parallelogram equality
2 2 2 2
x y x y 2 x y .

18. Show that in a Banach space X, an absolutely convergent series is convergent.

2
19. Consider the normed vector space of all square summable infinite sequences of
complex numbers, with norm

3
1
2

x x 2j
j 1

Let c c1, c2, c3, be chosen and fixed, and consider a mapping
T: 2 2
, where for every x x1, x2, x3, , we have T x c1x1, c2x2, c3x3, .
Show that T is a bounded linear operator.
20. Consider the mapping T : C 0, 1 C 0, 1 defined by
Tf x x 2 f x for all f C 0, 1 and each x 0, 1 .

(a) Show that T is a bounded linear operator.

(b) If I : C 0, 1 C 0, 1 denotes the identity operator
I f f for each f C 0, 1 ,
show that I T 1 T .
2
21. Consider the normed vector space of all square summable infinite sequences of
complex numbers with norm
1
2
2
x xj .
j 1

Let c c1, c2, c3, . . . , be chosen and fixed and consider a mapping
T: 2 2
where for every x x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , . . . we have
Tx c1x1, c2x2, c3x3, . . . .
2 2
Show that T : is a bounded linear operator.
22. Show that a bounded linear operator T : H H on a complex Hilbert space H is
normal if and only if T x Tx for all x H. Using this, show that for a normal
linear operator,
2
T T2 .

23. Suppose a, b and a b. Consider the normed vector space L 2 a, b of all

complex valued Lebesgue measurable functions that are square integrable on a, b
with norm
1
b 2 2
f ft dt .
a

Let C a, b be chosen and fixed, and consider the operator

T : L 2 a, b L 2 a, b where for every f L 2 a, b , the function T f L 2 a, b is
defined by
Tf t t f t for every t a, b .

Prove that T is a continuous bounded linear operator mapping L 2 a, b into itself.

4
24. Let H 1 and H 2 be Hilbert spaces and T : H 1 H 2 a bounded linear operator. If
M1 M 2 and M 2 H 2 are such that T M 1 M 2 , show that M 1 T M2 .
25. If the Parseval relation
2
x | x, e k | 2
k

holds for any x in a Hilbert space H, show that for any x and y, we have
2
x y |x y, e k | 2 .
k

26. A subset A of a vector space X is said to be convex if x, y A implies

M z X:z x 1 y, 0 1 A
M is called a closed segment with boundary points x and y; any other z M is
called an interior point of M. Show that the closed unit ball
B 0, 1 x X: x 1
in a normed space X is convex.
27. Show that x n x, and y n y as n implies that x n y n x y as n .
Show that n and x n x as n implies that n x n x as n .
28. Show that the functionals defined on C a, b by
b
f1 x x t y 0 t dt y0 C a, b
a

f2 x xa xb , fixed
are linear and bounded.
29. Show that for a sequence x n in an inner product space the conditions x n x
as n and x n , x x, x as n imply convergence x n x as n .
30. Let H be a Hilbert space, M H a convex subset, and x n a sequence in M such
that x n d as n , where d inf x . Show that x n converges in H.
x M

31. Let A and B A be nonempty subsets of an inner product space X. Show that
(a) A A (b) B A (c) A A .
32. Let M be a subset of a Hilbert space H, and let v, w H. Suppose that v, x w, x
for all x M implies v w. If this holds for all v, w H, show that M is total in H.
33. If z is any fixed element of an inner product space X, show that f x x, z defines a
bounded linear functional f on X, of norm z .
34. If T n is a sequence of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space and T n T,
show that T n T as n .
35. Show that the norms 1 and 2 satisfy

5
1 x x x
1 2 1
n
where
1
n n 2

x 1 |x j | and x 2 |x j | 2 .
j 1 j 1

36. If x y in an inner product space, show that

2 2 2
x y x y .

37. If S and T are normal linear operators satisfying ST T S and TS S T, show that
their sum S T and product ST are normal.
38. If X is a compact normed space and K X is closed, show that K is compact.
39. Let S and T be linear operators on a Hilbert space H. The operator S is said to be
unitarily equivalent to T if there is a unitary operator U on H such that
1
S UTU UTU .
If T is self-adjoint, show that S is self-adjoint.
40. Verify by direct calculation that for any elements in an inner product space,

z x 2
z 1 x y 2 2 z 1 x y 2.
y 2
2 2
Show that this identity can also be obtained from the parallelogram equality.