Assignment 4

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Analysis I (Fall 2024, Semester I)
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Deadline: December 04, 2024

November 14, 2024

1. Let G be a locally compact topological group. A left Haar measure (respectively right
Haar measure) on G is a nonzero regular Borel measure µ on G such that µ(gA) = µ(A)
(respectively µ(Ag) = µ(A)) for all g ∈ G and all measurable subsets A of G. In the
remainder of this problem we will assume that µ is a left Haar measure on G.
R
(a) Show that µ(U ) > 0 for all open U ⊂ G and also that G f dµ > 0 for any
nonnegative f ∈ Cc (G) that is not identically 0.
(b) Show that there always exists a nonnegative ϕ ∈ Cc (G) that is not identically 0.
(c) Show that Cc (G) ⊂ L1 (G).
(d) Show that G f (hg)dµ(g) = G f (g)dµ(g) for all f ∈ L1 (G, B(G), µ) and h ∈ G.
R R

(e) Consider a function ϕ ∈ Cc (G) that is not identically 0 and a left Haar measure
ν (not necessarily equal to µ). Now define, for any f ∈ Cc (G),

f (g) ϕ(hg)
Ff (g, h) = R .
G
ϕ(kg)dν(k)

Show that Ff ∈ L1 (G × G, B(G)⊗2 , µ ⊗ ν).

F (h−1 , gh) dµ(g)dν(h)
R R R
(f) Show that G f dµR
= G×G
F f (g, h) dµ(g)dν(h) = G×G f
f dµ
and deduce that RG
ϕdµ
is independent of the choice of µ.
G

(g) (Uniqueness of Haar measure upto scaling) Conclude that any left Haar measure
ν satisfies ν = aµ for some a > 0.
HINT: Use the Riesz representation theorem.

2. Let Y be a closed subspace of a Banach space X.

1
(a) Show that if X is separable, then Y and X/Y are separable.
(b) Show that if Y and X/Y are separable, then X is separable.

3. Let (X, k · kX ) be an infinite-dimensional separable Banach Pspace and {eγ }Pbe an

algebraic basis for X. Define a new norm k · k on X by kxk = |xγ | for x = xγ e γ .
Show that k · k is indeed a norm on X and prove that it is not equivalent to k · kX .

4. Let X be a Banach space and f be a linear functional on X.

(a) Show that f ∈ X ∗ if and only if f −1 (0) is closed.

(b) Show that if f is not continuous, then f −1 (0) is dense in X.

5. Show that if X is an infinite-dimensional Banach space, then X admits a discontinuous

linear functional. Conclude that a Banach space X is infinite-dimensional if and only
if it has a subspace that is not closed.

6. Let H be a Hilbert space. Show that there exists an abstract set Γ such that H is
isometric to `2 (Γ)

7. Let C 1 [0, 1] be the normed space of all real-valued functions on [0, 1] with a continuous
derivative, endowed with the supremum norm. Define a linear map T from C 1 [0, 1] into
C[0, 1] by T (f ) = f 0 . Show that T is closed. Prove that T is not bounded. Explain
why the closed graph theorem cannot be used here.

For the remaining problems, assume the underlying scalar field to be C

unless mentioned otherwise.

8. Let H be a Hilbert space and T ∈ B(H). Then T is hermitian if and only if hT x, xi ∈ R

for all x ∈ H.

9. Let H be a Hilbert space and T ∈ B(H). Show that there exist unique self-adjoint
operators T1 , T2 ∈ B(H) such that T = T1 + iT2 . T1 and T2 are called the real and
imaginary parts of T respectively.

10. Let H be a hilbert space and T ∈ B(H). T is called normal if T T ∗ = T ∗ T . Show that
the following statements are equivalent:

(i) T is normal.
(ii) kT xk = kT ∗ xk for all x.
(iii) The real and imaginary parts of T commute.

2
11. Let (Ω, F, µ) be a measure space and k ∈ L2 (Ω × Ω, F × F, µ × µ) be a kernel. Given
f ∈ L2 (Ω, F, µ), define the function Kf on Ω as follows:
Z
(Kf )(ω) = k(ω, ω 0 )f (ω 0 )dµ(ω 0 ).

(a) Show that K is a bounded linear operator on L2 (Ω, F, µ) with kKk ≤ kkk2 .
(b) Let {ei : i ∈ I} be an ONB for L2 (Ω, F, µ) and
φij (ω, ω 0 ) := ej (ω) ei (ω 0 )
for i, j ∈ I and ω, ω 0 ∈ Ω. Show that {φij : i, j ∈ I} is an ONS in L2 (Ω × Ω, F ×
F, µ × µ) and that hk, φij i = hKei , ej i where the inner products are L2 in their
respective measure spaces.
(c) Show that there are at most a countable number of i and j such that hk, φij i =6 0.
0
Let us denote them as {ψk` : 1 ≤ k, ` < ∞} and ψk` (ω, ω ) = ek (ω) e` (ω 0 ). Now
define Kn = KPn + Pn K − Pn KPn where Pn is the orthogonal projection onto
span{ek : 1 ≤ k ≤ n}. Deduce that Kn is finite-rank.
(d) Show that X
kKf − Kn f k2 ≤ |hk, ψk` i|2
n+1≤k,`<∞
2
for any f ∈ L (Ω, F, µ) such that kf k ≤ 1.
(e) Deduce that kK − Kn k → 0 and conclude that K is a compact operator.
12. Let (Ω, F, µ) be a σ-finite measure space. For any φ ∈ L∞ (Ω, F, µ), consider the
multiplication operator Mφ : L2 (Ω, F, µ) 7→ L2 (Ω, F, µ) by Mφ f = φf .
(a) Show that Mφ is bounded and kMφ k = kφk∞ .
(b) No nonzero multiplication operator on L2 [0, 1] is compact.
13. Let H be a Hilbert space and T ∈ K(H). Let S be an invariant subspace for H, i.e.,
T S ⊂ S. Show that T|S is compact.
14. (Hilbert-Schmidt operators) Let H be a separable Hilbert space. An operator T ∈
B(H) is called a Hilbert-Schmidt operator if there is an ONB {en }∞n=1 of H such that
2
P
kT en k < ∞.
(a) Show that if {fm }∞ kT en k2 = kT fm k2 .
P P
m=1 is another ONB of H, then
(b) The number kT kHS = ( kT en k2 )1/2 is called the Hilbert-Schmidt norm of T .
P
Show that kT kHS ≥ kT k·
(c) Show that the operator K considered in Problem 4 is in fact a Hilbert-Schmidt
operator. Find its Hilbert-Schmidt norm.
15. Show that every Hilbert-Schmidt operator T on a Hilbert space H is compact. Find a
compact operator that is not a Hilbert-Schmidt operator.