12/28/2021

Transformer Construction and working principle:

Introduction:
 Transformer is a static electrical AC machine which transfer electrical
power from one circuit to another circuit which are electrically
isolated from each other, but they are linked magnetically by a
common magnetic flux.
 The voltage level of two circuit may be different but the frequency of
both circuit remains same.
 It works on the principle of Mutual Electromagnetic Induction.  The main parts of transformer are
 Importance in electrical power system, (HVAC, HVDC):discuss • Magnetic circuit (consisting of core, limbs, yoke ), built up of thin soft
iron or silicon steel lamination.
• Electrical circuit (consisting of primary and secondary windings on
vertical limbs and are insulated from each other and from core.)
• Dielectric circuit (consisting of insulations in different forms and used
at different places)
• Tanks and accessories (conservator, breather, bushings, cooling tubes,
etc.)
Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali
12/28/2021 1 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 2
Campus

 Over all outer parts of commercial Transformer Operating principle and EMF equation:

 The working principle of transformer is based on mutual magnetic induction.

 When one of the coil is (primary winding) supplied by AC voltage, it will
draw an alternating current Io.
 This alternating current through the winding produces a continuously
changing and alternating flux that surrounds the winding.
 This flux links with the second coil (secondary winding) on other limb of the
core through common magnetic path.
 Hence, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, there will be
an EMF induced in the second coil.
 If the circuit of this secondary winding is closed i.e. load is connected, then a
current will flow through it and thus transferring power form first circuit to
second circuit.

Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali
12/28/2021 3 12/28/2021 4
Campus Campus

1
12/28/2021

Operating principle and EMF equation: Operating principle and EMF equation:
Let,
N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bm x A)
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)
now, from Faraday’s law of EMI, emf induced in second coil is
 Current Io lags V1 by 90o
if winding is pure From wave of Φ, he flux rises sinusoidally to its maximum value Φm from 0.
inductive It reaches to the maximum value in one quarter of the cycle i.e in T/4 S
 and the magnitude of Therefore,
flux Φo depends upon average rate of change of flux = Φm /T/4 = 4 Φm/T =4fΦm
Io and is in phase with Now,
Io . Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn
Figure: waveforms of V1, Io, and Φo Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f Φm

Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 5 12/28/2021 6
Campus

Now, we know, Form factor = RMS value / average value • At every instant , the direction of E1 and E2 will be opposite to V1
Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = Form factor X average emf per according to Lenz’s law.
turn. • In real, E1 is always less than V1 due drop in
Also, form factor of a Sine wave = 1.11
the impedance of PW(primary winding)
Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = 1.11 x 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm • and primary current ,Io = (V1 - E1 )/ Z1
• and as Io is practically very small
Now, RMS value of induced emf in whole secondary winding So we can write, V1 =E1
E2 = RMS value of emf per turn X Number of turns in secondary
• At loaded condition, V2 < E2 , due to voltage
winding
drop in secondary.
• But at no load , I2 =0 and no drop,
E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm. -----------------------------(1)
So IV2 I = IE2 I
Similarly, RMS value of induced emf in primary winding (E1) is given as • Hence from emf equation , we can write

E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm ------------------------------(2)
 Hence, we can write

where K is known as Transformation ratio.

Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali
12/28/2021 7 12/28/2021 8
Campus Campus

2
12/28/2021

cases Ideal Transformer:

• If N2 > N1, i.e. K > 1 => V2 > V1, then the transformer is called step-up An idea transformer is an imaginary transformer which has following
properties:
transformer.
 Has purely inductive winding without any resistance.
• If N2 < N1, i.e. K < 1 => V2 < V1, then the transformer is called step-down
 The core has infinite permeability() so that negligible mmf is required
transformer.
to establish the flux in the core.
• If N2 = N1, i.e. K = 1 => V2 = V1, then the transformer is isolation  No magnetic leakage flux i.e. entire flux is confined to the core and
transformer., used in electronics circuit. links both windings.
 The efficiency is 100%. i.e. no losses due to resistance , hysteresis and
eddy current.
Hence, this is a mathematical abstraction and such transformer can't be
made in real practice.
Operation of Transformer:
1. No load operation (Transformer on No Load)
2. Loaded Operation (Transformer on Load)

Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali
12/28/2021 9 12/28/2021 10
Campus Campus

1. No load operation of Transformer:  If the transformer is ideal i.e. it has purely inductive winding then Io
 when secondary winding is open-circuited, which means there is no lags primary voltage V1 by 90o .
load on the secondary side of the transformer i.e. current in the  And in such, active power drawn from source Po= V1 IoCosΦo = 0
secondary will be zero.
 In such case, when primary of transformer is supplied by ac voltage
of rated magnitude, it will draw some small current I0 from source
which is known as no-load current and is 3% to 5 % of rated current.

Fig. Ideal Transformer phasor Fig. Real transformer phasor

Figure: No load Operation of transformer

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 11 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 12

3
12/28/2021

 As practical transformer has not purely inductive winding i.e. it has Note :
some resistance and iron loss (hysteresis loss and eddy current  The iron loss of transformer is constant loss and is dependent on V1
loss)occurs in transformer. i.e. iron loss is proportional to V1 . As E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm and flux is Φm
proportional V1 .
 Hence , no load current Io lags V1 by certain angle Φo which is less
than 90o i.e. Φo < 90o .
 Here , from phasor diagram, I can be resolved into two parts:  From phasor diagram, we can write following relations:
Iw = IoCosΦo = loss component of no load current (in phase with v1)
which is responsible for core loss or iron loss.

Im = IoSinΦo = Magnetizing component of no load current (lags v1 by 90)

which is responsible for maintaining the magnetic flux in core.
 Thus, active power consumed by transformer at no load is
Po= V1 Iw = V1 IoCosΦo , watt
 And Reactive power consumed by transformer at no load is
Qo= V1 Im = V1 ImSinΦo , Var
CosΦo = no load power factor of transformer
Φo = no load power factor angle of transformer
Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali
12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 13 12/28/2021 14
Campus

 Thus, no load equivalent circuit of transformer can be developed as: 2. Operation of Transformer on Load :
 When the secondary of transformer is connected to some load, it is
the loaded condition.
 At no load, the output of transformer
= V2 I2 =0 as I2 =0.
 But the input power is P1 = V1I1
This input power at no load is the power
Loss within the transformer
i.e. Po= V1 Iw = V1 IoCosΦo = iron loss
Now,
 Points to be noted:  When the secondary of transformer is connected to the load some
a) The branch ab is the having two parallel path current I2 will flow in the secondary as shown in the figure.
Ro = core loss equivalent resistance for flow of Iw Now I2 will set some secondary mmf N2 I2 and will result it's own
Xo = Magnetizing reactance for the flow of Im magnetic flux Φ2 whose direction is opposite to the main flux Φo.
b) The no load primary current Io (also called exciting current) is very Also, at loaded condition, P2 = V2 I2 ≠0
small(2% to 5% of full load current) as compared to full load current. So, some additional power will also flow from PW.
c) The no load primary current Io (also called exciting current) is very small(2%
to 5% of full load current) as compared to full load current.
Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali
12/28/2021 15 12/28/2021 16
Campus Campus

4
12/28/2021

The secondary flux Φ2 set up by I2 will oppose men flux Φo set up by Io

according to the Lenz’s law .
Thus it weakens the main flux Φo momentarily, so primary back EMF
E1 tends to be reduced.
Therefore, V1 - E1 gets increased and so more current will flow from
primary winding i.e. from source until the original value of flux Φo
is maintained and thus it again causes the increase in E1 and adjust itself
to the previous value .
Let the additional current in primary winding is I2 ' and its magnetic
flux is Φ2 ‘ so that I Φ2 ‘ I = I Φ2 I => gets cancelled.
therefore, net flux in core is Φo .
 The primary current I’2 is in phase opposition with the secondary
current I2. Thus, it is called primary counter-balancing current.

Proof:
Additional power in PW= V1I2 ‘ and V2I2 = V1I2 ‘ =>
=> N1I’2 = N2I2 -------------------(1)

Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali
12/28/2021 17 12/28/2021 18
Campus Campus

Problem#1:
 And ---------(2) The no load current of transformer is 5A at 0.25 PF when supplied at
235V. The number of turns on the primary winding is 200. calculate
a. The maximum value of flux in the core.
b. The core loss component and magnetizing component of no load
current .
From equation (1) and (2), since reluctance of both circuit is same, we c. The core loss/ iron loss.
can write
Φ2 = Φ2 ‘
Hence, the main flux Φo remains constant for given V1 .
 Therefore, at any load, the EMF equations of primary and secondary
unchanged.
Thus, the net primary current is the sum of Io and I2 ‘ (primary counter
balance current) i.e. I1= Io + I2 ‘ (phasor sum)
And as Io is very small, so I1 ≈ I2 ‘
So P1 = P2 => V1 I1 = V2 I2 =>

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 19 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 20

5
12/28/2021

Phasor diagram of ideal transformer with load (no voltage drop): Equivalent circuit of Actual transformer (Modeling of transformer)
 The equivalent circuit of any device is simply the circuit representation of
the equation describing the performance of the device.
 At no load, the equivalent circuit of transformer is simulated by the shunt
branch parameter R and X
 Also noted that no load power loss(iron loss) is constant loss irrespective of
load.
 No load current is very small (2% to 5% of full load current).
In actual transformer
 (a) Some leakage flux is present at both primary and secondary sides. This
leakage gives rise to leakage reactances at both sides, which are denoted as
X1 and X2 respectively.
b) Both the primary and
secondary winding possesses
resistance, denoted as R1 and
R2 respectively. These
resistances causes voltage
drop as, I1R1 and I2R2 and
also copper loss I12R1 and I22R2.

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 21 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 22

Equivalent circuit of Actual transformer (Modeling of transformer) Transformation of impedances:

 The leakage flux in primary and secondary winding causes self  The simplified equivalent circuit of a transformer is drawn by
induced emfs which are simulated by reactive voltage drop in series representing all the parameters of the transformer either on the
with corresponding primary and secondary winding.
secondary side or on the primary side.
 Thus equivalent circuit of transformer can be modeled as:
1. Equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary side.

The voltage equations of primary and secondary circuits are thus

R’2 = Equivalent resistance of R2 referred to primary side
X’2 = Equivalent leakage reactance of X2 referred to primary side
Also, and

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 23 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 24

6
12/28/2021

 The basic idea behind the transformation is that the value of R’2 Thus, Equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary side.
should be such that it produces same amount of heat on Primary
side as produced by R2 in secondary side.
Now, heat produced by R2 in secondary wining = I2 2 R2
heat produced by R’2 in primary wining = I’2 2 R’2
so, I’2 2 R’2 = I2 2 R2 => I1 2 R’2 = I2 2 R2 , assuming I’2 = I1 as Io is very small
Hence, R’2 = (I2 /I1) 2R2 =R2/K 2

i.e.
Similarly, by equating the reactive power on both sides, we get,
Also, primary equivalent of V2 and E2 is,
V’2 =V2/K and E’2 =E2/K =E1
thus,
R01 = R1 + R’2 = Total equivalent resistance referred to primary side
X01 = X1 + X’2 = Total equivalent resistance referred to primary side
Z01 = R01 + jX01 = Total equivalent impedance referred to primary side
12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 25 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 26

2. Equivalent circuit of transformer referred to secondary side  Phasor diagram

 Similarly, all the parameters of primary can be transferred to
secondary side as follows:
R’1 = K 2 R1 , X’1 = K 2 X1 , R’o = K 2 Ro 2
, X’o = K Xo
V’1 = K V1 and E’1 = K E1
R02 = R2 +R’1 = K 2R01 = Total equivalent resistance referred to secondary side
X02 = X2 + X’1 = K 2X01 = Total equivalent resistance referred to secondary side
Z02 = R02 + jX02 = Total equivalent impedance referred to secondary side.

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 27 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 28

7
12/28/2021

 Phasor diagram Losses and efficiency of transformer:

 The output of transformer is always less than input power, because of
losses occurring in transformer while it transfers power from one circuit to
another circuit.
 So, Power input = Losses + Power output
 The various losses are:

Transformer
Losses

Iron losses or core Copper losses Dielectric and

losses
(Variable losses) stray losses
(constant loss)

Hysteresis Eddy current

loss losses

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 29 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 30

 Iron loss is loss due to heating of core and include hysteresis and  The Efficiency of a transformer can be defined as the output power divided
eddy current losses. (explain yourself) by the input power.
 Copper loss is loss due to heating of PW and SW and main cause is
the resistance of windings. (explain yourself)
 So, copper loss is given by, Pcu=Wcu = I1 2 R1 + I 22 R2 = I1 2 R01 = I2 2 R02
 It is clear that Cu loss is proportional to square of the current, and
current depends on the load. Hence copper loss in transformer
varies with the load.
Stray and dielectric loss:
 The occurrence of these stray losses is due to the presence of
leakage field. The percentage of these losses are very small as Also, we can write
compared to the iron and copper losses so they can be neglected.
 Dielectric loss occurs in the insulating material of the transformer
that is in the oil of the transformer, or in the solid insulations.

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 31 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 32

8
12/28/2021

 Expression and condition for maximum effieciency:  At no load, the output is zero, so efficiency is also zero.
 Clearly, efficiency depends upon the loading condition and also on the
power factor of load.
 so, differentiating above equation w.r.t. I1, we get
The input power Pin= V1 I1CosΦ1 and output power Pout= V2 I2CosΦ2
Also, output power is, Pout= Pin- Ploss => Pout= Pin- Iron loss- copper loss
So, Pout= Pin- Wi- I1 2 R01 ,
where, R01= total resistance of transformer
Now, efficiency of transformer is

 Hence, it is seen that efficiency will be maximum when copper loss at

certain loading condition becomes equal to the iron loss (constant).
 And corresponding current for maximum efficiency is

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 33 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 34

 Graphical representation of Efficiency of a transform Capacity of a transformer :

 Capacity of transformer is defined as the maximum power in volt ampere
(VA) that the transformer can deliver to the load without producing
excessive heating within the transformer and without exceeding the
specified voltage regulation.
 Capacity = V2 * I2(max) , where I2(max) is full load secondary voltage.
Note:
Why transformer is rated in KVA and not in kw ?
Ans: if rated in kw, the current drawn is different at different power factor of
load as we have, I =P/(VcosǾ)
- For the same amount of real power (kw), the current demand is different for
different power factor. And corresping KVA will be also different.

 Efficiency goes on increasing when load is increased

 Efficiency reaches maximum value at certain load,
 Then, it goes on decreasing after certain limit as copper loss becomes
dominant.
12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 35 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 36

9
12/28/2021

Voltage regulation of Transformer: Voltage regulation of Transformer:

 “Voltage regulation is defined as the change in magnitude of secondary  Mathematically,
terminal voltage when full load is reduced to no load, with primary voltage
held constant.”
 Mathematically,

Where, V2NL = no load terminal voltage

V2FL = full load secondary terminal voltage= V2

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 37 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 38

 Clearly, at no load I2 =0, so that V2NL = V1 ’ = primary voltage

 From above equivalent cirucit, V2NL > V2 So, voltage regulation,
So, V1 ’ = V2+ I2Z02 = V2+ I2(R02 + jX02) = V2+ I2R02 + jI2X02 (phasor sum)

Hence, voltage regulation is given by,

Now, phasor diagram for inductive load case: (I2 lags V2 by Φ2 )
OC=OC’ also, OC≈OM as MC’ is small
and OM=OA+AM
Total voltage drop , I2Z02 =AC ≈AM and
AM=AD+DM
Here, Vr = Rpu = Resistive voltage drop expressed as the percentage of
From geometry, AD= I2R02Cos Φ2
full load voltage. = Per unit resistance
DM= I2X02SinΦ2
Vx = Rpu = Reactive voltage drop expressed as the percentage of
AM= I2R02Cos Φ2 + I2X02SinΦ2 full load voltage = Per unit reactance.

is known as percentage impedance.

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 39 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 40

10
12/28/2021

In general, the voltage regulation is given by formula: Transformer test:

 Large transforme (power transformer) can not be tested direct loading
Here, ‘ + ’ sign is used for lagging powe factor because of
a) Large amount of energy has to be wasted in such test.
‘ - ’ sign is used for leading powe factor
b) It is not feasible to have large load enough for direct loading in lab.
Why Testing needed?
Note: self draw phasor for leading power factor case and derive formula.
a) In case of losing of name plate i.e. to get the information.
b) To check the paramaters of transformer, and hence to check the
performance parameter like voltage regulation, efficiency etc.
Types of Transformer test:
1. Polarity test
2. No load test (open circuit test)
3. Short circuit test
.

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 41 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 42

Open circuit Test: Procedure:

we can find from this test-  Usually high voltage (HV) winding is kept open and the low voltage
 Shunt branch parameters of equivalent circuit (R0 , X0 ) (LV) winding is connected to its normal supply.
 No load power loss and no load power factor.  A wattmeter (W), ammeter (A) and voltmeter (V) are connected to
the LV winding as shown in the figure.
 Now, applied voltage is slowly increased from zero to normal rated
value of the LV side with the help of a variac. When the applied
voltage reaches to the rated value of the LV winding, readings from
all the three instruments are taken.
Now, The value of no-load current is very small as compared to the full rated
current, so copper loss is very small and hence can be neglected.
Hence, the wattmeter only represents the core or iron losses.
Let,

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 43 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 44

11
12/28/2021

Now, Short circuit test:

 To find the full load copper loss
 To calculate series resistance and reactance i.e. R01 , X01 or R02 , X02.

Then from phasor diaram, find

Iw = IoCosΦo
Im = IoSinΦo
and then and

Hence, equivalent circuit at no load is drawn as:

 Procedure:
a) Short circuit the LV side (primary side in this case)
b) HV is supplied by reduced voltage so that full load current flows through
the winding which is recorded by ammeter as shown in diagram.

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 45 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 46

 The low voltage is approximately 5 to 10% of the normal rated voltage.  The equivalent circuit for short circuit test is shown below:
 The flux is set up in the core of the transformer and this flux is small as
compared to the normal flux.
 So, hysteresis loss is negligible because the iron core does not saturate and
eddy current is also negligible due to low magnetic flux in the core.
 Hence, iron loss is negligible in this test , so neglected. i.e. Io is neglected.
 So, wattmeter measures only the copper loss in the windings.
Let,
Vsc = voltmeter reading ,Isc = ammeter reading ,Wsc = wattmeter reading
Now,
Thus, from the data obtained from the two tests , we can determine the
parameters of the equivalent circuit.
And once parameters are known, we can draw the equivalent circuit either
referred to primary side or secondary side according to our requirement.
Note: the values calculated in case of open ckt test is on primary side and in
case of short circuit test is on secondary side, so need to convert one of
them while drawing equivalent circuit.
12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 47 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 48

12
12/28/2021

Problem#2: Solution:
A 50 KVA, 4400/220 V Transformer has R1= 3.45Ω , R2= 0.009 Ω, X1 = 5.2 Ω,
X2 = 0.015 Ω. Calculate
I. Equivalent resistance as referred to primary and secondary.
II. Equivalent reactance as referred to primary and secondary.
III. Equivalent impedance as referred to primary and secondary
IV. Full load copper loss of transformer.
V. If iron loss is 600 Watt, calculate the efficiency of transformer at
a) Full load at unity power factor.
b) At full load at 0.8 power factor lagging.

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 49 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 50

Solution: Solution:

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 51 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 52

13
12/28/2021

Solution: Problem#:

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 53 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 54

Problem#: Solution:

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 55 12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 56

14
12/28/2021

Auto transformer
Solution:
 Autotransformer is a transformer having only one windings part of this
being common to both primary and secondary side.
 such a transformer is particularly economical when the transformation rescue is
very close to unity.
 Note: primary and secondary windings are not electrically isolated from each other
as in the case of two winding transformer.
Let, auto transformer having N1number of primary turn and N2 number turn of
secondary turns.
hence winding section BC of N2 turns is common to both the windings.

12/28/2021 Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus 57

 Let, auto transformer having N1 number of primary turn and N2 number turn of For the similar operation of two winding transformer, weight of copper
secondary turns. Hence winding section BC of N2 turns is common to both the is proportional to given by
windings.
Let I2= current drawn by the load, I1 = primary current
Then, current in section BC is the vector difference of two current.
Now, the ratio of the weight of the copper in an auto transformer to the weight of
now saving in copper copper in an ordinary two winiding transformer is given as
Here, weight of copper is it's proportional to length and area of cross section of
conductor.
Again length of conductor in winding is proportional to its number of turns and cross-
sectional area varies with rated current.
So weight of copper in winding is directly proportional to product of number of turns
and rated current of the winding.
So, weight of coppe in auto transformer is given by
Wa = weight of copper in section AC + weight of copper in section CB
Hence,

15
12/28/2021

Hence, saving in copper is given by Disadvantage:

 Any undesirable condition at primary will affect the equipment at
secondary (as windings are not electrically isolated),
So, Saving of copper = K x weight of copper required for two windings of the  due to low impedance (less leakage flux) of auto transformer, secondary
transformer short circuit currents are very high,
Hence, saving in copper increases as the transformation ratio approaches  harmonics generated in the connected equipment will be passed to the
unity. supply.
Hence, saving in copper used in auto transformer is only significant when the  if the common part of winding (CB) breaks, the transformer action is lost
transformation ratio is nearly equal to unity and full primary voltage appears across the secondary.
Advantages: Applications of auto transformer:
 Less costly and small size.  Auto transformer is used as variac in laboratory or where continuous
 Better voltage regulation variable over broad ranges are required.
 Low losses as compared to ordinary two winding transformer of the same  Auto transformers with a number of tapping are used for starting
rating, so better efficiency. induction and synchronous motors.
 Compensating voltage drops by boosting supply voltage in distribution
systems.
 It is also used as a voltage regulator

1. Three units of Single Phase (1- φ) transformer used as 3-φ Transformer:

Three phase Transformer
 A three phase transformer is used to transfer a large amount of power. Usually
power is generated and distributed in three phase system and three phase
supplies are used in all industrial applications.
 Three-phase supplies have many electrical advantages over single-phase
power.
Primary Input Secondary output
 Therefore, three phase transformer is required to step-up and step-down the voltage voltage
voltages at various stages of a power system network.
 The three phase transformer is constructed
in two ways:

1. Three separate single phase transformer is Fig. Three units of 1-phase Transformer used as 3 phase transformer (Y/Y connection)
suitably connected for three phase  Polarity of each transformer has be considered carefully while connecting the
operation. transformers.
2. A single three-phase transformer in which
 Three starting ends of PW of each transformer is connected respectively to
the cores and windings for all the three
primary supply, I.e. A, B, C or R1, Y1 , B1
phases are merged into a single structure.

Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus

16
12/28/2021

 Finishing end of each transformer PW is connected to the common neutral as 2. Three phase Transformer
shown in figure.  Consider a three single phase core type transformer positioned at 120° to each
 Accordingly connection of each transformer secondary winding is made. other as shown in the figure below.
Advantage and disadvantage of such scheme:  If the balanced three-phase sinusoidal voltages are applied to the windings,
Disadvantages: the fluxes φa, φb and φc will also be sinusoidal and balanced.
• For same power handling, this system is expensive than single unit of three ΦR = Φm Sin(ωt)
phase transformer. ΦY = Φm Sin(ωt – 120o)
• Occupy more space than single 3- φ transformer. ΦB = Φm Sin(ωt – 240o)
And at any time, total flux through central common limb will be ΦT = ΦR + ΦY + ΦB = 0
• More iron loss due to large volume and hence less efficient.
Advantages:  i.e. if the three legs carrying these fluxes are combined, the total flux in the
merged leg becomes zero.
• Three units of 1-φ transformer will be easier for transportation, where single
 Therefore, there is no use of central limb
unit of large transformer is difficult to transport.
• For better reliability and maintenance only one 1-φ transformer can be put in because it carries the no flux. This structure
spare which would be economical from investment point f of view. but in the is not convenient for the core.
case of 3- φ transformer unit, the whole unit shall be kept as spare which will So, simplified and more economical construction
cost more. of core for three phase transformer can be made
as shown below:

Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus

 Three phase transformer Three phase Transformer Connections:

 Three phase transformer connections In three phase system, the three phases
can be connected in either star or delta configuration.
 In any of these configurations, there will be a phase difference of 120° between
any two phases.
 The various connections used
are:

1. Star-Star (Y-Y)
 Single phase transformer 2. Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ)
Major advantages are; less 3. Star-Delta OR Wye-Delta (Y-Δ)
space and also very lighter 4. Delta-Star OR Delta-Wye (Δ-Y)
smaller and cheaper in size. 5. Open Delta (V-V) Connection
6. Scott (T-T) Connection

Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus

17
12/28/2021

1. Star-Star (Y-Y) 2. Star-Delta OR Wye-Delta (Y-Δ) 3. Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ)

 Terminals of each phase of HV side should

be labeled as capital letters, A, B, C and
those of LV side should be labeled as small
letters a, b, c. Terminal polarities are
indicated by suffixes 1 and 2. Suffix 1’s
indicate similar polarity ends and so do 2’s.

Star-star transformer is formed in a 3 phase transformer by connecting one 4. Delta-Star OR Delta-Wye (Δ-Y)
terminal of each phase of individual side, together.
Note that star connection is most suitable for high voltage small capacity  This delta connection is suitable
transformer. for low voltage large capacity
As phase coil is under the pressure of 1/ 3 times of line voltage and line current transformer.
equals phase current. So no. of turns per phase is low hence less insulation
required. Note: detail description self study

Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus

5. Open Delta (V-V) Connection: 1. Star-Star (Y-Y)

 In any of these configurations, there will be a phase difference of 120° between
any two phases.

• Open delta connection can be used when one of the transformers in Δ-Δ bank
is disabled and the service is to be continued until the faulty transformer is
repaired or replaced.
• It can also be used for small three phase loads where installation of full three
transformer bank is un-necessary.
• The total load carrying capacity of open delta connection is 57.7% than that
would be for delta-delta connection.

Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus Asst. Prof. Pradip Sah/IOE, Thapathali Campus

18