1. Explain the working principle of a transformer.

A transformer is a static (or

stationary) piece of apparatus by
means of which electric power in one
circuit is transformed into electric
power of the same frequency in
another circuit. It can raise or lower
the voltage in a circuit but with a
corresponding decrease or increase in
current. The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuits linked
by a common magnetic flux. In its simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils which are
electrically separated but magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance as shown in Fig.
The two coils possess high mutual inductance. If one coil is connected to a source of alternating
voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked with the
other coil in which it produces mutually-induced e.m.f. (according to Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic Induction e = MdI/dt). If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flows in
it and so electric energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the second
coil. The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the a.c. supply mains, is called primary
winding and the other from which energy is drawn out, is called secondary winding. In brief,
a transformer is a device that
1. transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. it does so without a change of frequency
3. it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and
4. where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.
2. Deduce the EMF equation for a transformer, hence show E1/N1=E2/N2
(or)
Derive the emf equation of single phase transformer and obtain complete
transformation ratio.

Consider a transformer as shown in the figure. If N1 and N2 are the number of turns in primary
and secondary windings. When we apply an alternating voltage V1 of frequency f to the
primary winding, an alternating magnetic flux ϕ is produced by the primary winding in the
core.

If we assume sinusoidal AC voltage, then the magnetic flux can be given by,
ϕ=ϕm sinωt…………………….(1)
Now, according to principle of electromagnetic induction, the instantaneous value of
EMF e1 induced in the primary winding is given by,
e1= −N1dϕ/dt
⇒e1=−N1d(ϕm sinωt)/dt
⇒e1=−N1ω ϕmcosωt
⇒e1=−2πfN1 ϕmcosωt
Where,
ω=2πf
∵−cosωt=sin(ωt−90∘)
Therefore,
e1=2πfN1 ϕmsin(ωt−90∘)…………………..(2)
Equation (2) may be written as,
e1=Em1sin(ωt−90∘)……………………(3)

Where, Em1 is the maximum value of induced EMF e1,

Em1=2πfN1ϕm
Now, for sinusoidal supply, the RMS value E1 of the primary winding EMF is given
by,
E1=Em1/√2
∴E1=4.44fϕmN1……………………….(4)
Similarly, the RMS value E2 of the secondary winding EMF is,
∴E2=4.44fϕmN2……………………….(5)
In general,
E=4.44fϕmN⋅⋅⋅(6)
Equation (6) is known as EMF equation of a transformer.
.
from equations (4) and (5), we have,
E1/E2=N1/N2 or E1/N1=E2/N2
Hence, in a transformer, the induced EMF per turn in the primary winding is equal to
the induced EMF per turn in the secondary winding.

3. Explain the construction of single phase transformer.

(Or)
Discuss the various types of transformers.

A single phase transformer consists of two windings viz. primary winding and secondary
winding put on a magnetic core. The magnetic core is made from thin sheets
(called laminations) of high graded silicon steel and provides a definite path to the
magnetic flux. These laminations reduce the eddy-current losses while the silicon steel
reduces the hysteresis losses.

The laminations are insulated from each other by enamel insulation coating. The thin
laminations are stacked together to form the core of the transformer. The air-gap between
the laminations should be minimum so that the excitation current being minimum.

For a single phase transformer, there are two types of transformer constructions viz.
the core type and the shell type.

Core Type Transformer Construction

In core type construction of the transformer, the magnetic circuit consists of two vertical
lags (called limbs) and two horizontal sections called yokes. To minimise the effect of
leakage flux, half of each winding is placed on each limb (see the figure).

The low-voltage winding is placed next to the core while the high-voltage winding over the
low-voltage winding to reduce the insulation requirements. Therefore the two windings are
arranged as concentric coils and known as cylindrical winding.

The laminations of the core type transformer are of U-I shape as shown in the figure.

Shell Type Transformer Construction

In the shell type construction of transformer, the magnetic circuit consists of three limbs,
both the primary and secondary windings are placed on the central limb and the two outer
limbs complete the low reluctance flux path. The each winding is sub-divided into sections
viz. the low voltage (LV) section and the high-voltage (HV) section, which are alternatively
put one over the other in the form of sandwich (see the figure). Therefore, such windings
are called sandwich winding or disc winding.
The core of the shell type transformer is made up either U-T shape or E-I shape (see the
figure).

(Or)

4. Compare Core type and shell type transformers.

5. Explain the ideal transformer on no-load with phasor diagram.

Consider an ideal transformer on no-load, i.e., its secondary winding is open circuited (see the
figure). Thus, the primary winding is a coil of pure inductance.

When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary winding, it draws a very small
magnetising current Im to establish the flux in the core, which lags behind the applied voltage
by 90°. The magnetising current Im produces an alternating flux ϕm which is proportional to
and in phase with it. This alternating flux (ϕm) links the primary and secondary windings
magnetically and induces EMF E1 in the primary winding and EMF E2 in the secondary
winding.

The EMF induced in the primary winding E1 is equal to and in opposition to the applied voltage
V1 (according to Lenz’s law). The EMFs E1 and E2 lag behind the flux (ϕm) by 90°, although
their magnitudes depend upon the number of turns in the primary and the secondary windings.
From the phasor diagram of the ideal transformer on no-load, it is clear that the flux is common
to both the windings, hence it can be taken as the reference phasor. Also, the EMFs E 1 and
E2 are in phase with each other, but E1 is equal to V1 and 180° out of phase with it.

6. Explain the transformer on no-load with phasor diagram.

When the transformer is operating at no load, the secondary winding is open-circuited, which
means there is no load on the secondary side of the transformer and, therefore, current in the
secondary will be zero. While primary winding carries a small current I0 called no-load current
which is 2 to 10% of the rated current.

This current is responsible for supplying the iron losses (hysteresis and eddy current losses) in
the core and a very small amount of copper losses in the primary winding.
The no-load current consists of two components:
 Reactive or magnetizing component Im
(It is in quadrature with the applied voltage V1. It
produces flux in the core).
 Active or power component Iw, also know as a
working component
(It is in phase with the applied voltage V1. It
supplies the iron losses and a small amount of
primary copper loss).
The following steps are given below to draw the phasor
diagram:

1. The function of the magnetizing component is to produce

the magnetizing flux, and thus, it will be in phase with the
flux.
2. Induced emf in the primary and the secondary winding
lags the flux ϕ by 90 degrees.
3. The primary copper loss is neglected, and secondary
current losses are zero as
I2 =0.
Therefore, the current I0 lags behind the voltage vector
V1 by an angle ϕ0 called the no-load power factor angle
and is shown in the phasor diagram above.
4. The applied voltage V1 is drawn equal and opposite to the induced emf E1 because
the difference between the two, at no load, is negligible.
5. Active component Iw is drawn in phase with the applied voltage V1.
6. The phasor sum of magnetizing current Im and the working current Iw gives the no-
load current I0.From the phasor diagram drawn above, the following conclusions
are made:
7. Discuss the operation of a 1-φ transformer on load case with phasor diagram.

A transformer is said to be on load condition if an electrical load is connected to its secondary

winding and a current circulates in the secondary winding circuit. The load connected across
the secondary winding can be a resistive load or an inductive load or a capacitive load or a
combination of the three. Therefore, the magnitude of the secondary winding current also
called load current depends on the load impedance and secondary voltage (V2). Also, the
phase angle between the secondary voltage and load current depends on the type of the load.

Operation of Transformer on Load

Here is the operation of an electrical transformer operation under loaded condition:
 An electrical input supply voltage V1 is connected across the primary winding.
Due to the application of this voltage an electric current I1 will starting flowing in
the primary winding and sets up a magnetic flux in the core as shown in the above
figure.
 This magnetic flux follows a path through the core and links to the secondary
winding.
 An EMF E2 is induced in the secondary winding that developers a voltage
V2 across its terminals.
 When a load is connected between the secondary winding terminals, a current will
flow in the secondary winding and load circuit which is denoted by I2.
 The secondary winding current also induces a counter magnetic flux that reduces
the main flux in the core. But the main flux must be maintained at a constant value
for operation of the transformer.
 Thus, an additional current is taken by the primary winding from the supply to
cancel out the demagnetizing effect of secondary winding current. This is
represented by I'1 which is in-phase with the secondary winding current (I2). Thus,
the total current flowing in the primary winding under loaded condition of the
transformer is I'1.

Also, the total primary winding current (I1) has two main components namely,
 No-load component - to set up main magnetic flux in the core and supply the
losses.
 Counter balancing component - to overcome the effect of secondary winding
current.
Thus, the total primary winding current of the transformer on load condition is given by,
I1=I0 +I1′
8. The primary winding of a 25kVA transformer has 200 turns and is connected to
230V, 50Hz supply. The secondary turns are 50. Calculate:
i. No load secondary induced emf
ii. Full load primary and secondary currents
iii. The flux density in the core, if the cross section of the core is 60cm2.

9. A single phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross
sectional area of the coil is 60cm2. If the primary winding is connected to a 50Hz,
520V supply. Calculate Max flux density in the core and induced emf in the
secondary winding.

10. A 50 KVA, single phase transformer has 600 turns on primary and 40 turns on
secondary. The primary winding is connected to 2.2 KV, 50 HZ supply. Determine:
i. Secondary voltage at no-load
ii. Primary and secondary currents at full-load

11. A 25-kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary
Winding. The primary is connected to 3000-V, 50-Hz supply. Find the full-load
primary and secondary currents, the secondary e.m.f. and the maximum flux in the
core. Neglect leakage drops and no-load primary current.

12. A single phase transformer has 500 turns in the primary and 1200 turns in the
secondary. The cross-sectional area of the core is 80 sq. cm. If the primary winding is
connected to a 50 Hz supply at 500 V, calculate:
i. Peak flux-density
ii. Voltage induced in the secondary

13. A 80 KVA, 3200/400 volts transformer has 111 turns on secondary. Calculate:
i. number of turns on primary winding
ii. secondary current
iii. the cross-sectional area of the core, if the maximum flux density is 1.2 Tesla
14. A 10KVA, 6600/220 V, 50Hz transformer is rated at 2.5V per turn of the winding coils.
Find Transformation ratio, Number of turns in Primary and Secondary winding and
transformer type.

15. The flux density in the core of a 11/1100 Volts, 50 Hz, single phase transformer is 1.0
Wb/m2. The emf/ turn is 7.85 V. determine the primary and secondary turns and the
area of the core.