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Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach

8th Edition in SI Units
Yunus A. engel, Michael A. Boles
McGraw-Hill, 2015

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND
BASIC CONCEPTS

Lecture slides by

Dr. Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny

Learning Outcome:
Ability to demonstrate the fundamentals
properties of thermodynamics and apply the
law of thermodynamics in engineering
systems.

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Learning Objectives of Chapter 1

Identify the unique vocabulary associated with
thermodynamics
Dimension and SI Units.
Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such
as system, state, state postulate, equilibrium,
process, and cycle.
Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales,
pressure, and absolute and gage pressure.

THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY

What is Energy?

Thermodynamics

Conservation of energy principle:

During an interaction, energy can change
from one form to another but the total
amount of energy remains constant. .
Switching on the lights
Lighting a candle
Televison
The first law of thermodynamics
video

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The second law of thermodynamics:

It asserts that energy has quality as
well as quantity, and actual processes
occur in a certain direction and not in
the reverse direction.

Application Areas of Thermodynamics

All activities in nature involve some interaction between

energy and matter; thus, it is hard to imagine an area
that does not relate to thermodynamics in some manner.

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IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.

The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called

units.

primary or fundamental dimensions- mass m, length L,

time t, and temperature T

secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions.-

velocity V, energy E, and volume V,

Metric SI system: A simple and logical system based on a

decimal relationship between the various units.

English system: It has no apparent systematic numerical

base, and various units in this system are related to each
other rather arbitrarily.
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Some SI and
English Units

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W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration

A body weighing 66 kgf on

earth will weigh only 11 kgf on
the moon.

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Work = Force Distance

1 J = 1 Nm
1 kJ=103 J (SI unit)
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ
Rate of energy= J/s
= watt(W)

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Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.

Unity Conversion Ratios

All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as

Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are unitless,

and thus such ratios (or their inverses) can be inserted conveniently
into any calculation to properly convert units.

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Show 1.00 kg weighs 9.807 N on earth

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SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES

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Open system (control volume): A properly selected

region in space.
It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow
such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a
control volume.
Control surface: The boundaries of a control
volume. It can be real or imaginary.

A control volume can involve

fixed, moving, real, and imaginary
boundaries.

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PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM

Property: Any characteristic of a

system.
Some familiar properties are
pressure P, temperature T, volume
V, and mass m.
Properties are considered to be
either intensive or extensive.
Intensive properties: Those that
are independent of the mass of a
system, such as temperature,
pressure, and density.
Extensive properties: Those
whose values depend on the size
or extentof the system.
Specific properties: Extensive
properties per unit mass.
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DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Density

Specific volume

Specific gravity: The ratio

of the density of a
substance to the density of
some standard substance
at a specified temperature
(usually water at 4C).
Specific weight: The
weight of a unit volume
of a substance.

Density is
mass per unit
volume;
specific volume
is volume per
unit mass.
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STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium

states.
State?

Equilibrium??
Thermal equilibrium: If the temperature
is the same throughout the entire system.
Mechanical equilibrium: If there is no
change in pressure at any point of the
system with time.
Phase equilibrium: If a system involves
two phases and when the mass of each
phase reaches an equilibrium level and
stays there.
Chemical equilibrium: If the chemical
composition of a system does not change
with time, that is, no chemical reactions
occur.
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The State Postulate

The number of properties
required to fix the state of a
system is given by the state
postulate:
The state of a simple
compressible system is
completely specified by
two independent,
intensive properties.
Simple compressible
system: If a system involves
no electrical, magnetic,
gravitational, motion, and
surface tension effects.
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PROCESSES AND CYCLES

Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to
another.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a process.
To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final states, as
well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings.
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process: When a process that happens slowly
enough for the system to remain in internal equilibrium state at all times.

Figure of process path

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Process diagrams plotted by

employing thermodynamic properties
as coordinates are very useful in
visualizing the processes.
Some common properties that are
used as coordinates are temperature
T, pressure P, and volume V (or
specific volume v).
The prefix iso- is often used to
designate a process for which a
particularproperty remains constant.
Isothermal process: A process
during which the temperature T
remains constant.
Isobaric process: A process during
which the pressure P remains
constant.
Isochoric (or isometric) process: A
process during which the specific
volume v remains constant.
Cycle: A process during which the
initial and final states are identical.
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The Steady-Flow Process

Steady implies no change with time.

The opposite of steady is unsteady,
or transient.

A large number of engineering

devices operate for long periods of
time under the same conditions, and
they are classified as steady-flow
devices.

Steady-flow process: A process

during which a fluid flows through a
control volume steadily.

Steady-flow conditions can be

closely approximated by devices that
are intended for continuous
operation.

Example??
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TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH

LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Temperature is a property of a
system which determines the
degree of hotness.

when two systems are at the

same temperature they are in
thermal equilibrium

The zeroth law of

thermodynamics:

states that if two bodies are in

thermal equilibrium with a third
body, they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

enables the use of a thermometer

as a measurement device
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Temperature Scales

All temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible

states such as the freezing and boiling points of water: the ice
point and the steam point.

Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air
saturated with vapor at 1 atm pressure (0C or 32F).

Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no

air) in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure (100C or 212F).

Celsius scale: in SI unit system

Fahrenheit scale: in English unit system

Thermodynamic temperature scale: A temperature scale that is

independent of the properties of any substance.

Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)

A temperature scale nearly identical to the Kelvin scale is the

ideal-gas temperature scale. The temperatures on this scale
are measured using a constant-volume gas thermometer.

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Like pressure, the temperature used in thermodynamic calculations must be in

absolute units. The absolute scale in the SI system is the Kelvin scale, which is
related to the Celsius scale by

T K = T C + 273.15
In the English system, the absolute temperature scale is the Rankine scale, which is
related to the Fahrenheit scale by

T R = T F+ 459.67
Also, note that

T R = 1.8 T K

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Comparison of
temperature
scales.

Comparison of
magnitudes of
various
temperature
units.

The reference temperature in the original Kelvin scale was the ice point,
273.15 K, which is the temperature at which water freezes (or ice melts).
The reference point was changed to a much more precisely reproducible
point, the triple point of water (the state at which all three phases of water
coexist in equilibrium), which is assigned the value 273.16 K.

PRESSURE

68 kg

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136 kg

Pressure: A normal force exerted by a

fluid per unit area
Afeet=300cm2

0.23 kgf/cm2

0.46 kgf/cm2

P=68/300=0.23 kgf/cm2

Some
basic
pressure
gages.

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Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is

measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and
the local atmospheric pressure. See figure 1-40
Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.

Throughout this
text, the pressure
P will denote
absolute
pressure unless
specified
otherwise.

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Variation of Pressure with Depth

When the variation of density
with elevation is known

Fig. Pressure of fluid at rest increases with depth

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Pascals law: The pressure applied to

a confined fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount.

The area ratio A2/A1 is

called the ideal mechanical
advantage of the hydraulic
lift.

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PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES

The Barometer

Atmospheric pressure is measured

by a device called a barometer;
thus, the atmospheric pressure is
often referred to as the barometric
pressure.

A frequently used pressure unit is

the standard atmosphere, which is
defined as the pressure produced by
a column of mercury 760 mm in
height at 0C (Hg = 13,595 kg/m3)
under standard gravitational
acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).

-video
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The Manometer
It is commonly used to measure small
and moderate pressure differences. A
manometer contains one or more fluids
such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.

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Other Pressure
Measurement Devices

Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal

tube bent like a hook whose end is closed
and connected to a dial indicator needle.

Pressure transducers: Use various

techniques to convert the pressure effect to
an electrical effect such as a change in
voltage, resistance, or capacitance.

Pressure transducers are smaller and faster,

and they can be more sensitive, reliable, and
precise than their mechanical counterparts.

Strain-gage pressure transducers: Work by

having a diaphragm deflect between two
chambers open to the pressure inputs.

Piezoelectric transducers: Also called solidstate pressure transducers, work on the

principle that an electric potential is generated
in a crystalline substance when it is subjected
to mechanical pressure.

Thermodynamics and energy

Application areas of thermodynamics
Importance of dimensions and units
Some SI and English units, Dimensional
homogeneity, Unity conversion ratios
Systems and control volumes
Density and specific gravity
State and equilibrium
The state postulate
Processes and cycles
The steady-flow process
Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
Temperature scales
Pressure
Variation of pressure with depth
The manometer
Other pressure measurement devices
The barometer and atmospheric pressure

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Summary

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