CHAPTER 13

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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

13.1 INTRODUCTION

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In earlier classes, we have studied about quadratic equations with real coefficients and real roots

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row
only. In this chapter, we shall study about quadratic equations with real coefficients and
complex roots. We shall also discuss quadratic equations with complex coefficients and their

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solutions in the complex number system. But, let us first recall some definitions and results.

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13.2 SOME USEFUL DEFINITIONS AND RESULTS
REAL POLYNOMIAL Let Aq, a2>..., a„ be real numbers and x is a real variable. Then,

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f (x) = aQ + X + U2 X +... + a,j is called a real polynomial of real variable x with real coefficients.

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For example, - 4x + 3, 2x^ - 6x^ + Ux -5 etc. are real polynomials.
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ofof
COMPLEX POLYNOMIAL If Uq, a-^, a2,..., Oj, are complex numbers and x is varying complex
number, then f{x) = Uq + a^ x + a2 x^ +.. . + a, xf is called a complex polynomial or a polynomial of
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complex variable with complex coefficients.

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For example, 2x^-{3+7i)x + (9i~ 3) , x^ -5/ x^ + (1 - 2() X + (3 + 40 etc are complex polynomials,
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eerB

DEGREEOF A POLYNOMIAL A polynomial f (x) - a^ + a-^ x-¥ U2 x^ + ... + x”, real or complex, is
a polynomial of degreen, if a„ 0.
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The polynomials 2x^ -7x^ +x + 5, (3-2S) x^-i x+ 5 are polynomials of degree 3 and 2
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respectively.
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A polynomial of second degree is generally called a quadratic polynomial and polynomials of

degree 3 and 4 are known as cubic and biquadratic polynomials.
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POLYNOMIAL EQUATION /// (at) is a polynomial, then f(x)=0 is called a polynomial equation.
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Iff (j:) is a quadratic polynomial, then f {x) =0 is called a quadratic equation. The general form
of a quadratic equation isax^ +bx + c = 0, a^O.
Here, x is the variable and a,b, c are called coefficients real or imaginary.
ROOTS OF AN EQUATION The values of the variable satisfying a given equation are called its roots.
Thus, X =
a, is a root of the equation/ (x) = 0, iff (a) = 0.
For example, x = 1 is a root of the equation - 6x^ + llx-6 = 0, because
1^-6x12+11x1-6 = 1-6 + 11-6 = 0
Similarly, x = co and x = co^ gj-g roots of the equation x^ + x +1 = 0 as they satisfy it.
SOLUTION SET The set of all roots of an equation, in a given domain, is called the solution set of the
equation.
For example, the set {1, 2, 3} is the solution set of the equation x^ - 6x^ + Ux -6=0.
Solving an equation means finding its solution set. In other words, solving an equation is the
process of obtaining its all roots.
MATHEMATICS‘XI
13.2

IDENTITY An expression involving equality and a variable is called an identity, if it is satisfied by every
value of the variable.
For example, - 9 = (:r - 3) (x + 3) is an identity as
it is satisfied by every value of x.
and, (x-fl) (ar-b) ^ (x -b){x- c) ^ (x - c) (x - a) ^ ^ ^ identity as it holds good
{c-a){c-b) {a-b){a-c) {b-c){b-a)
for all values of x.
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA Every polynomial equation f{x) = 0 has at least one root,
real or imaginary (complex).
Thus, x^ - 3x^ + 2x^ = X + 2 = 0 has at least one root. But, / (x) = Vx + 3 = 0 has no root as this
equation is not a polynomial equation. Fundamental theorem does not apply on this equation.

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The fundamental theorem guarantees for one root of a polynomial equation. The following
theorem states about the exact number of roots of a polynomial equation.
THEOREM Every polynomial equation / (x) = 0 of degree n has exactly n roots real or imaginary.
13.3 QUADRATIC EQUATION

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The generalformof a quadratic equation is£ix^ + bx + c = 0, a ^ 0 where fl, b, care numbers (real
or complex) and x is a variable.
The following theorem suggests about the number of roots of a quadratic equation.

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THEOREM A quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots.
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PROOF If possible, let a. p, y be three distinct roots of the quadratic equation ax'^ +bx + c = 0,
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where a,b,c^Randa^ 0. Then, each one of a, p, y will satisfy this equation.
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+ba + c - 0 -(i)
okoso

a a

...(ii)
flp^+i)p + c = 0
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and. ay +by + c = 0 ...(iii)

Subtracting (ii) from (i), we obtain

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a{a^ -p^) +1? (a -p) = 0

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=?> (a-p)|fl(a+p)+lJl=0 => fl(a + p)+l7=0 [v a and p are distincta - p 0] ...(iv)

Subtracting (iii) from (ii), we obtain
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fl(p^-Y^)+&(p-Y) = 0
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●●●(V)
=> (p-y)[fl(p + Y)+b| =0 => fl(p + y)+l» = 0 [v p and Y are distinct.-. p-7^0]
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Subtracting (v) from (iv), we get : fl (a - y) = 0. But, this is not possible, because a and y are
distinct and a^O. So, their product cannot be zero. Thus, the assumption that a quadratic
equation has three distinct real roots is wrong. Hence, a quadratic equation cannot have
more

than 2 roots.
Q.E.D.

REMARK It follows from the above theorem that if a quadratic equation is satisfied by more than two
values ofx, then it is satisfied by every value of x and so it is an identity.
13.4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH REAL COEFFICIENTS
In earlier classes, we have solved quadratic equations with real coefficients
and real roots either
by factorization or by using Sridharacharya's formula. In this section, we shall mainly
concentrate on quadratic equations with real coefficients and complex roots.
Consider the quadratic equation ax^ +hx + c = 0
wherea,b, c eR and fl 0.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.3

Multiplying both sides of (i) by a, we obtain

a X + abx + ac = 0 => a 2 X 2 + abx
r,
+— = ac
4 4

- 4flc b -Aac
ax + => flX +
2) 4 2 2

-Aac
b±^ -Aac b±^ -Aac

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ax => ax => X
2 2 2 2a

Thus, the quadratic equation ax^ ->r hxc = 0, where a,b,ceR and a 0 has two roots, say
a and p, given by

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- Aac

re
Aac
a
and p =
2a 2a

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Now, if we look at the expressions for these roots, we observe that the nature of these roots

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depend upon the value of the expressions b^ - Aac. This expression is generally denoted by D

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and is known as the discriminant of tlie quadratic equation (i). We also observe the following

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results:

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RESULT I Ifb^-Aac ~ Oi.e.D = 0,then a = p=-—.
2a
fk
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Thus, ifb - Aac = 0, the?i the quadratic equation has real and equal roots each equal to -b/2a.
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BB

RESULT II If a, b, care rational numbers and b^ - Aac is positive and a perfect square, then -Aac

is a rational number and hence a and p are rational and unequal.

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Thus, if a, &, c e Q and - Aac is positive and a perfect square, then roots are rational and unequal. If
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a,b,c eR andb^ - Aac is positive and a perfect square, then roots are real and distinct.
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2
RESULTIII Ifb -Aac >0i.e.D > Obut it is not a perfect square, then roots are irrational and unequal.
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REMARK If a, b, c eQ and b^ - Aac is positive but not a perfect square, then roots are irrational and
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they always occur in conjugate pair like 2 + -Js and 2 ~ V3. However, if a, b, c are irrational numbers
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and b - Aac is positive but not a perfect square, then the roots may not occur in cofijugate pairs. For
example, the roots of the equation - (5 + Vz) X + 5V2 =0 are 5 and V2 which do not form a conjugate
pair.

RESULT IV If b^- Aac < 0 i.e. D < 0, then Aac -b^ >0 and so the roots are imaginary and are given by

a
-b + i ^Aac-b^ and p =
-b-i-^Aac-b^
2a 2a

Clearly, a and p are complex conjugate of each other i.e. a = p a = p.

^fb^ - < 0, then the roots are complex conjugate of each other. In fact, complex roots of an
equation with real co^cients always occur in conjugate pairs like 2 + Siand 2 - 3i. However, this may
not be true in case of equations with complex coefficients. For example, x^ -2ix-l=0 has both roots
equal to i.
MATHEMATICS-XI
13.4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1 Solve the equation + 9=0 by factorization method.

SOLUTION We have,
4x^+9 = 0
4x^ - 9p- = 0
{2xf-{3i)'^ = 0

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3 . 3 .
{2x + 30 {2x - 30 = 0 => 2x+3i = 0 or, 2a: - 3i = 0 =;> a: = --i, or, x = —i
2

3 . , 3 .
Hence, the roots of the given equation are —
- t and — i.
2

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BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE 2 Solve the equation x^ -4x + 13=0by factorization method.

Free
SOLUTION We have,

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x^ -4x + 13 = 0
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x^~4x+4 + 9 = 0
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(X - 2)2 + 9 = 0
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(x-2)2-9)2 = 0
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(x-2)2-(3'))2 = 0=> {(x-2)-3i]{(x-2) + 3i} = 0 => (x-2 - 3)) (x - 2 + 30 = 0

Bo
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x-2-3) =0, or X-2+ 3) = 0 => x = 2 + 3i, or x = 2 - 3i

Hence, the roots of the given equation are 2 + 3) and 2 - 3i.
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the equation 9x^ - 12x + 20 = 0 by factorization method only.
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SOLUTION We have,
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9x2-12x + 20 = 0
=> 9x2 _i2x + 4 + 16 = 0
innd
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=> (3x-2)2+16 = 0
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=> (3x-2)2-16)2 =0
((3x - 2) + 4i) {(3x - 2) - 4i} - 0 => (3x - 2 + 40 (3x - 2 - 40 = 0
2 4 . 2 4 .
3x-2 + 4) = 0, or 3x-2-4)=0 => 3x = 2-4f,or 3x = 2 + 4i => x=---iorx = —+
3
—)
3
2 4 . ,2 4 .
Hence, the roots of the given equation are —
o
- —)
o
and —o + — I.
3

EXAMPLE 4 Solve the quadratic equation 2x2 _ 4^; + 3 ~ o by using the general expressions for the
roots of a quadratic equation.
SOLUTION Comparing the given equation with the general form ax + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = - 4 and c = 3

Substituting the values of <?, b, c in a =

b + -^b2 - 4flc and P =
b - 4flc
-, we get
2a 2a
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.5

4 + ^16 - 24 4-^16-24
a
and, p =
4 4

4 + V^ 4-V=8
a
and, p -
4 4
4 + 2V2j 4 - 2V2/
a
4
and, p =
4
=> a = 1 4-
V2
t i and, p = 1 - 4=
42
^
1 1 .
Hence, the roots of the given equation are 1 + i and 1 - i.
4i 42
EXAMPLE 5 Solve the ecfuation 25:r^ — 30;r +11 = 0 fey using the general expression for the roots of a
quadratic equation.

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SOLUTION Comparing the given equation with the general form of the quadratic equation
+&x + c = 0,weget:fl = 25,lJ=-30 and c=ll.

_-b + ^ -^ac b-^ -4flc ●, we get

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Substituting these values in and P =

e
a
2a 2a

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30 + .y900-1100 30-^^-1100
a =
and, p =

FFr
50 50

30 + 7^200 30-^[2^
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a =
and, p =
50 50
orr
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30 + 10zV2 3O-IO1V2 3 42 .
a =
and, p = - + —iand,p = --- i
50 50 5 5 ^ 55
kks
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3
Hence, the roots of the given equation are — ± — I.’
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5 5
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EXERCISE 13.1
BASIC
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Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method only (1-5):

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1. +1 = 0 2. 9x^ + 4 = 0 3. + 2a: + 5 = 0
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4. 4x^-12x4-25 = 0 5. x^ + x4-l=0 INCERT]

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Solve the following quadratics (6-18):

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6. 4x^ 4-1 =0 7. x^ - 4x 7 = 0
8. x^ 4- 2x 4- 2 = 0
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9. 5x^ - 6x 4- 2 = 0
10. 21x^ +9x4-1 = 0 11. x^ -X4-1 = 0
12. X^ -H X 4-1 = 0 INCERT] 13. 17x^ -8x4-1 = 0
14. 27x^ -lOx-Fl = 0 [NCERT] 15. 17x^ 4- 28x -H 12 = 0
16. 21x^ -28x4-10 = 0 [NCERT] 17. 8x^ - 9x 4- 3 = 0
18. 13x^ 4-7X-F1 = 0 19. 2x^ + x + l=0
20. 43x^-42x + 3 43 = 0 [NCERT] 21. 42x^ + x + 42=0 [NCERT]
1
22. x^ 4- X 4- = 0 [NCERT] 23. x^ + -L + i=o [NCERT]
42 42
24. 4Sx^ 4- X 4- ^/5 = 0 [NCERT] 25. -x^-fx-2 = 0 [NCERT]
26. x^-2x4--^ = 0 [NCERT]
')
27. 3x^-4x4- —= 0
20
[NCERT]
2 3
MATHEMATICS-XI
13.6

ANSWERS

-2 .
1. i,-I 2.^i,
3 3
I 3. -1 +2/,-l-2i

1 .VI
4. 12 + 2i', -2 - 2i S. -
2
+ i
2 ' 2 2
6. -I,
2 2
i

7. 2±VIr 8. -1±/
5 5

10.
- 3 . IVI
±
12. - l+tH
42 2 2 2 2
14

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4 1 . -14 . 2V2 .
13. ± — I 14. i 15. ±
27 27 17 17
17 17
. . 2 . Vl4 . 9 . Vl5 I . 18.
-7 , VI .
16. -± 17. — ±
3 21 16 16 26 26

ee
-1 ± V7/ V2±Vl4i -l±V7i
19. 20. 21.
4 2VI 2V2

r
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Free
22.
-i±^ i4i-u 23.
-l±V7i 24.
-1± Vl9i
2V5

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2 2V2
-1±V7/ fsfoor 26. 1 ± 4= i
2
27. - ± - z
4 .
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25.
-2 V2 3 3
kosk
H/Wrs 7*0 SELECTED PROBLEMS
Yo
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5. We have, + x +1 = 0
Y
BB

1 \2 ^1 + 1 = 0 =>
^ f a: + -
1^ 3
+ - = 0
+ 2{x) - +
2} "I2,
rre

\2) 2J 4
x2
1^2
oYuu

3 .-2 VI.
= 0
ad

X + — — I s= 0 => x + - i

2) 4 2) 2
dY

1 VI.
\(
1 VI. 1+VI/Y X l-VIr = 0
X + - + — j X + — = 0 => X + +
2
innd

2
2 2 2 2 ;
Re

y \

1 + VI/ 1 -VI/ 1+/VI -1+ /VI

Fi
F

X + = 0 or, x + = 0 => X = - or, X =

2 2 2 2

12. We have, x^ + X +1 = 0 Comparing the given equation with the general form
ax^ +bx + c = 0, we get: a = I, b =1 and c = 1.
-b + -4ac
and p =
b --Jb^ -4flc -, we get
Substituting the values of fl, ef, c in a = 2a 2<7

—1 + 'IVI -1 -/VI
a and P = => a and P =
2 2 2 2

14. We have, 27x^-10x + l = 0 Comparing this equation with flx^ +&x + c = 0, we get:
a = 27, b = -10, c -■= 1. Substituting the values of fl, b, c in
-Aac -A^ac
a and p = we get
2a 2a
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.7

10+ 7100-108 10-.^100-108

a
and p =
54 54

_ 10 + ^ and p =
10-V^ 5+1V2 5-fV2
a
54 54
=> a andp =
27 27

16. The given equation is 21x^ - 28a: +10 = 0. Comparing this equation with ax^ +bx + c = 0,
we get: a = 21, b = -28, c = 10. Substituting these values in
a
b+^j^ -Aac and p =
-4flc
V we obtain
2a 2a

__ 28 + - 840 28 - .^784 - 840

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a
andp =
42 42

a
_ 28 + ^pi6 and p =
28 2 iVl4 2 iVT4
42
=> a 1 and 3 = —
42 3 21 3 21

Flo
20. The
given equation is ^fSx^ - V2x + 3-j3 = 0. Comparing this equation

e
with

eree
ax^ +bx + c = 0, we get: = ●J3, b = - c = 3V3. Substituting these values in
b + ^ - 4ac

FFr
-4ac
a
and p = , we obtain
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2a 2a

V2+^/2^^ 72-^2^^ orr 42+i4u V2-i'VM

sfo
a
and p - => a and p =
2V3 2V3 248 2V3
21. The given equation is 42x^ + x + 42 =0. Comparing this equation withav^ +
kks

+ c = 0, we
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oooo

get: a = 42, h =l,c = 42. Substituting these values i m

b-.-p -4ac V we obtain

eBB

b + - 4ac
a
andp =
2a 2a

1+yr^ i-yr^ -1 +/V7 -l-i47

urr

a
and p = => a
and p =
242 2V2 242 2V2
ad
YYo

22. The given equation is + a: + = 0. Comparing this equation with ax^ +bx+ c = 0, we
dd

getfl = l,b = l,c = ^ . Substituting these values in

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inn

42
b + Jb^ -4ac b-^b^ -4ac V we obtain
F

a =
and p =
2a 2a

I+V1-2V2 -I-V1-2V2 ●1+iV 2V2-1 1-fV 2V2-1

a =
and p = a =
and p =
2 2 2 2

23. The given equation is x^ + ^ + 1=0. Comparing this equation with ax^ +bx + c = 0 ', we

get: a = l,b ~ ^ and c = 1. Substituting these values in

42

a
b + ^-p ~4ac and p =
b-^j^ -4ac , we obtain
2a 2a

--^
42 + ,1-4
1
u 42 2 -1+ IV7 -1 -i4f
a
and p - => a and p =
2 2 2V2 2V2
13.8
MATHEMATICS-XI

24. The given equation is VSx^ + x + Vs = 0. Comparing this equation with ax^ +bx + c, we get
a = Vs, b = 1 and c = VS. Substituting these values in

a
-b + ■Jb^ -4flc andp =
-b-'yjb^ -4flc V we obtain
2a 2a

1-yr^ -1 + fVl9 -l-iVl9

and p = => a andp =
a
2VS 2VS 2VS 2VS
A

25. The given equation is — + x — 2 = 0. Comparing this equation with ax +bx + c, we get.
-\,b=l and c = - 2.Substituting these values in

ooww
a =

a
~b + ^ - 4ac andp =
-6 -yjb'^ -4ac ■, we obtain
2a 2a

a and p =

ee
-2 -2

-1 -jV7
i-i'V^andp = -12 .V7

r
rFFl
ree
a and p = => a - + j —

F
-2 -2 2 2 2

rF
3 2

26. The given equation is - 2x + ^ = 0. Comparing this equation with ax +bx+c= 0, we

fsfoor
ouur
get: fl = 1, cf = - 2 and c = 3/2. Substituting these values in
b + -Jb^ -4ac -b--\jb^ ~4ac , we obtain
kosk
a andp =
2a 2a
Yo
oo

2 + 44^ 2-4^ i
Y

i
and p = =5> a = 1 + and P = 1 -
BB

a
2 2 V2 V2
rre

27. The given equation is 3x^ - 4x + —3 = 0. Com,paring this equation with ax +bx + c = 0,-we
oYuu

20
get: a = 3, & = - 4 and c =—. Substituting these values in
ad

3
dY

a =
-b + ^Jb^-4ac and P =
■b-yjb^-4ac ; we obtain
innd

2a 2a
Re

4+VI6-8O 4-VI6-8O 4 + 8/ 2 4. 4-8/ 2 4.

— = — + —I and p = 1
Fi

and p = => a =
F

a =
6 6 6 3 3 6 3 3

13.5 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH COMPLEX COEFFICIENTS

Consider the quadratic equation ax +bx + c = 0 -(i)

where a, b, c are complex numbers and a^O.

Proceeding as in section 13.4, we obtain that the roots of equation (i) are given by
a =
-b + -Jb^ - 4ac and, p =
b-■yjb^ -4ac
2a 2a

These roots are complex as a, b,c are complex numbers.

Since the order relation is not defined in case of complex numbers. Therefore, we carmot assign
positive or negative sign to the discriminant D — 4r?c. However, equation (i) has complex
roots which are equal, HD = b^ — 4ac = 0 and unequal roots HD = b^ — 4ac ^ 0.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.9

REMARK In case of quadratic equations with real coefficients imaginary (complex) roots always occur in
conjugate pairs. However, it is not true for quadratic equations with cojuplex coefficients. For example, the
n ^
equation 4x - Aix -1=0 has both roots equal to — i.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1
Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method:
(i) x^ -5ix~6=0 (ii) x^ +Aix-4 = 0
SOLUTION (i) The given equation is
x^ -Six-6 = 0

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x^ - Six + 6i^ = 0

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=5* x^ - Six - 2ix + 6/^ = 0
=> x(x-3i)-2i{x-3i) = 0

ee
=> (x - 3i) (x - 2i) = 0 ^ X - 3i = 0, X - 2i = 0 => X = 3i, X = 2i

er
FrreF
Hence, the roots of the given equation are 3i and 2i.
(ii) Given equation is
rur
x^ + 4ix-4 = 0 => x^ + 4ix + 4^ = 0 => (a: + 2/)^ =
fforo
0
x + 2i = 0 (twice) => x - -2i,- 2/
ks

Hence, both the roots of the equation are equal to - 2i.

YYouo
ookso

EXAMPLE 2
Solve the following equations by factorization method
(i) x^ -f2ix +12 = 0 (ii) 3x^ + 7ix + 6 = 0 (iii) x^ -(3V2 + 2i) x + 6V^' = 0
eeBBo

SOLUTION (i) We have,

r

-V2/X + 12 = 0
ad
ouur

=> x^-3-j2ix + 2^ix-l2i^ = 0

Yo

=> x(x-34^ + 2^{x-3ff2S) = 0

d
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^ {X-3J2 0 (x + 2V2 0 =0
idnY

^ X- 3 = 0 or, X + 2V2 z = 0 ^ X = 3V2 i or, x = - 2V2 i

FFin

Hence, the roots of the given equation are - 2V2 i and 3^^2 i.
(ii) 3x^ +7 ix+6 = 0
3x^ + 9/x - 2ix - 6i^ = 0
3x (x + 3i) - 2i (x + 3i) = 0
2 .
(x + 3i) (3x - 2f) = 0 => X + 3f = 0 or, 3x - 2/ = 0 => x = 3/ or, X = —
3
2
Hence, the roots of the given equation are - 3z and — i.

(iii) x^-(3V2 + 2i)x + 6V2i = 0

(x^-3V2x)-(2ix-6V^) = 0
x(x-3V2)-2/(x-3V2) = 0
13.10 MATHEMATICS-XI

=> (x - 2i) {x - 3V2) = 0 => X - 2i = 0, X - 3V2 = 0 => ;c = 2i or, 3V2

Hence, the roots of the given equation are 2i and 3-j2.
EXAMPLES Solve the following quadratic equations by using the general expressions for the roots of a
quadratic equation:
(i) x^-(3V2-20x-6V2i = 0 (ii) 2x^ + 3i X + 2 = 0
SOLUTION (i) On comparing the given equation with the general equation ax +bx + c = 0, we
get: a=l,b = -{3'j2-2i) and c = -6-j2i. Substituting the values ofa,b, cin
■b + ^b'^ -4^ac
a =
-b-J^-4ac we obtain
and p =
2a 2a

ww
a
_ (3V2 - 2i) + -J(3V2 - 2i)^ + 24V2i V and p =
(3V2 - 2Q - 3V2 - 2if + 2^
2 2

_ (3V2-2Q +-^(372 + 20^ (3V2-2i)--^13V2+2Q^

Flo
a and p =

e
2 2

eree
3V2 - 2i + 3V2 + 2i (3V2-20-(3V2+20
a and p =
2 2

FFr
a= 3V2, p = - 2/
uurr
Hence, the roots of the given equation are 3>/2 and - 2i.
orr
sfo
(ii) On comparing the given equation with the general equation ax +bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = 3i and c = 2. Substituting these values ofa,b, cin
kks
Yoo

b-^jb^ -4ac V we get

oooo

-b + -4ac
a and p -
2a 2a
eBB

a
-3i + ^9i^ -16 and P =
-3f- -16

4 4
urr

3i + yf^ 3i-^P^
ad

a and p =
YYo

4 4
- 3i -f 5i -3i-5f
a and p = => a — and p = -2/
dd

4 4 2
Re
inn

Hence, the roots of the given equation are ^ and - 2i.

F

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE4 Solve: 2x^-{3+ 7i) X-{3 ~9i) = 0.

SOLUTION On comparing the given equation with the general form ax + &x + c = 0,
we obtain a = 2,b =-(3 + 7i), c = -{3 -9i).Substituting the values of a, b,c in

a -
-b + ^ - 4ac and P =
b-^ -4ac ●, we get
2a 2a

a
(3 + 70+7(3+70^+8(3-90 and, p =
(3 + 70-7(34-70^+8(3-^
4 4

a
_ (3 + 70 + V9 - 49 + 42i + 24 -727 and, p -
(3 + 70 - V9 -49 + 42i + 24 - 72i'
4 4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.11

3 + 7z + ^-16-30/ and, p =
3+ 7/-^-16-30/
a
-(i)
4 4

Let us now find ^-16 - 30 i. Let a + ib - ^-16 - 30i. Then,

+ 16 - 30/

+ = -16-30/

= -16 ...(ii) and, lab = - 30 ...(iii)

= {a^ -&^)^ + 4
(fl^ + b^f = 256 + 900 = 1156 +b^ = 3^
Now, -b^ = -16 andfl^ = 34 => = 9 andb^ = 25 => a = ± 3 andb = ±5

From (iii), we find that a and b are of opposite signs.

w
a = 3 and& = -5 or, a = - 3 andb = 5.
Hence, -J-16 - 30/ =a + ib = 3 - 5/ or, - 3 + 5/. Substituting either of these values in (i), we get

Flo
(3+ 70+(3-5/) (3+7i)-(3-5/) 3 1
a
and, p = ^ a = — + — / and, 3 = 3/

e
4 4 2 2 ^

rree
3 1
Hence, the roots of the given equation are — + — / and 3/

r FF
EXAMPLES Solve: -{7-i)x + {18-i)=0overC.
uurr
SOLUTION Comparing the given equation with the general
for
form ax"^ +bx + c = Q, we get
a=l,b =-{7 -i) and c = 18 - /. Substituting these values in
kss

_ -b + J^ -4flc b-^ -Aac ●, we get

ooook

a and. P =
Yo

2a 2a

(7-0+ ^(7-0^-4(18-0 (7-0-J(7-0^-4(18-0

eB

a
, P =
2 2

(7-0+^-24-10/ (7-0-V-24-1O/
urr

a
P = ...(i)
ad

2 2
Yo

Let us now find ^-2A -10/. Let, a + ib = .^-24 -10/. Then,

dY

{a + ibf =-2A-10i
(<?^-&^) + 2/ijb=-24-10/
Re
innd

2 =-24 ...(ii) and. 2/?&=-10 ...(iii)

Fi

(fl^ + &^)^ = (fl^ - f»^)^ + 4 £I^

(fl2 + /,2j2 ^ jQQ ^ ^ ^2 ^2 ^26 ...(iv)
Solving (ii) and (iv), we get a=±l andb = ±5. From (iii), we find that ab is negative.
a = l,b = -5 or, a = -l,b = 5 ^ a + ij = 1 -5i or, -1+5/
Hence, ^-24 -10/ =</ + /& = + (1 - 50
Substituting either of these values in (i), we get
7 -/ + ! -5/ (7-0-(1-50
a
= 4-3/ and p = = 3 + 2/
2 2

Hence, the roots of the given equation are 4 - 3/ and 3 + 2/'.

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 6
Find the value of P such that the difference of the roots of the equation - Px + 8 = 0
is 2. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
13.12 MATHEMATICS-XI

SOLUTION Let a, p be the roots of the equation x'^-Px + S = 0. Then, a + p = P and ap = 8.

It is given that
a-p = 2 (a-p)^ =2^ => (a + p)^ -4ap = 4 =i> P^-4x8=4=^ p^=36=> P=±6.
EXAMPLE 7 Find the real value of a such that the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation
X ^ -(h - 2) X - (fl +1) ~ 0 is least.
SOLUTION Leta,pbe the roots of the equation x^-(fl-2) x-(fl + l) =0.Then,
a + p = fl - 2 and ap = - (a +1)
a^+p^ =(a + p)^-2aP=(fl-2)^ + 2{a + l)=fl^-2fl + 6=(fl-l)^+5

ooww
Now,(fl-l)^ >Oforallrealvaluesoffl => (a-1)^+5 >5foralii? eP. => +p^ >5forallfl eP.
Thus, the least value of a^ + p^ is 5.
Now,a^+P^=5 => (fl-l)^+5=5 => (fl-l)^=0 ^ a=l.

e
Hence, the sum of the squares of the roots is least when a=l.

ere
EXERCISE 13.2

rFl
Fre
1. Solving the following quadratic equations by factorization method:

rrF
(i) + lOix - 21 = 0 (ii) + (1 - 2i) X - 2/ = 0
(iii) x^ -(2V3 + 30 X + 6VSf = 0 sffoo (iv) 6x^
ouur
171X-12 = 0

2. Solve the following quadratic equations:

kosk
(i) x^-(3V2+20x+6V2i = 0 (ii) x^-(5-0 X + (18+0 =0
Yo

(iv) x^-(2 + Ox-(l-70 = 0

oo

(iii) (2 + 0 -(5-i)x + l (1 -0=0

Y
BB

(v) i x^ - 4x - 41 = 0 (vi) x^ + 41x - 4 = 0

rre

(vii) 2x^ + Vl5 ix -1 = 0 INCERT] (viii) x^ - X + (1 + 0 = 0

(x) x^-(3V2-20x-V21 = 0
ouu

(ix) ix^ - X +121 = 0 [NCERT]

Y
ad

(xi) x^ - (V2 + 0 ^ + V21 = 0 [NCERT] (xii) 2x^-(3 + 70x + (91-3)=0

dY

ANSWERS
innd
Re

,.,3.4.
1. (i) -31,-71 (ii) -L 21 (iii) 2V3, 31 (iv) — I, — I
Fi
F

2 3
4 2
2. (i) 3V2, 21 (ii) 3-41,2+31 (iii) 1 (iv) 3 -1, -1 + 21

l+(4-Vi5)l -1-(VI5+4)1
(v) -21,-21 (Vi) -21,-21 (vii)
4 4

3V2-2I , 4-V2I
(viii) 1 -1,1 (ix) - 41, 31 (x)
2 2

(xi) V2,l (xii) , 31

2
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

2. (vii) The given equation is Ix'^+flEix-i = 0. Comparing this equation with the
fy

standard equation ax +bx + c = 0, we get: a = 2, b = V15I and c = -z.

Substituting these values in

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.13

~ Aac -4ac
a and, p = , we obtain
2a 2a

a
_ -Vl5i + .^-15 + 8f and, p =
Vl5/-^-15 + 8i -(i)
4 4

Let ^ 15 + 8/ = a + ib.Then,
-15 + 8i = (a + ib)^^ -15 + 8i = a^ -h^ ■¥ 2iab => a^ -h^ = -15 and 2ab = 8
{a^ +b^f ={a^ =(-15)^ + 64 = 289 => +fj^ =17
Solvingfl^-i>^ = -15andfl^+fc^ = 17, weobtain

w
a^ = \ and b^ = 16 =;> a = ± 1 and b = ±4
A
= l,b = 4 or A = -l,b = -4 [●.● a& = 4 > 0 a and b are of the same sign]

Flo
15 + 8/ = A + ib = 1 + 4i, -1 - 4i

e
Substituting either of these values in (i), we obtain

reee
i-i(Vl5 + 4)i,|5=i4 + i(-Vi5 + 4)l

FFr
a
4 4 4

(ix) The given equation is ix^ -A: + 12i = 0. Comparing this equation with the standard
for
ur
equation AX^ + hr + c = 0, wegetA = i, & = -1 and c = 12/. Substituting these values in
~b-^jh^ ~4ac
kkss
-b + ~4ac
a
and p = , we get
Yo

2a 2a
oo

_ i + ^T+ls and p =
i-^TTis
eB

a
2/ 2i
1+7 1-7 4 3
=> a and P = => a - and p = -—=>a = 0-4i and p = 3/
ur

2i 2i i j
ad

(xi) The given equation is -(V2 + 0 ^ + V2/ = 0. Comparing

YYo

tiiis equation with the

standard equation AX^+fcx + c = 0,wegetA = l,& = -(V2+0 and c = V2/.Substituting
these values in
d
Re

_ -b+^ -4ac b-^ ~4ac

in

a and p = — , we get
F

2a 2a

a
_ (V2+0+-J(V2+0^-4V2/ and p =
(t/2 + i) — -J{V2 +1)^ — 4V2 i
2 2

=> a
V2+/ + .y(V2~-0^ and p =
(V2+0-^(V2-if
2 2

V2+/+V2-1 (V2+0-(V2-0
a
2
and p =
2
=> a = V2 and P = i

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

1. If l-i is a root of the equation x^ +AX + & =0, where A,fc e R, then the values of a and b
are.

2. If the difference of the roots of the equation x^ - Px + 8 = 0 is 2, then P =

13.14 MATHEMATICS-XI

3. If the equation l:p- - b: + A: + 8= 0 has real and equal roots, then k=

4. The number of real roots of the equation a:'‘+5|x|+4 = 0is
5. If one root of the equation + px +12 = 0 is 4, then the sum of the roots is
6. If a, p are roots of the equation x^ + x + l=0, then the equation whose roots are and p^
IS,

7. The value of ^ + ^6 + ^ + to 00 is

8. If the equations px^ + 2qx + r = 0 and qx^ - 2^x + q = 0 have real roots, then q^ =
9. If the roots of the equation - 8:c + - 6fl = 0 are real, then 'a' lies in the interval

ww
10. If the equations +x +a-Q and x^-h ax + 1-0, a ^ 1, have a corrunon root, then a =
11, If the quadratic equation 2-v^ -(fl^ + 8<z-l) x+<7^-4fl = 0 possesses roots of opposite signs,
tlien a lies in the interval

Flo
ANSWERS

e
ree
1. a=-2,b=2 2. ±6 3. 9, -7 4. 0 5. 7 6. x‘^ + x + l=0

Fr
rF
7. -3 8. pr 9. [-2, 8] 10. -2 11. (0,4)
uurr
for
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
s
kks

question:
Yo
oooo

1. Write the number of real roots of the equation (:r-1)^ + (:c - 2)^ + (x - 3)^ = 0.
eB

2. If a and b are roots of the equation x^ -px + q = 0, then write the value of - + -.
3. Ifrootsa,poftheequation>:^-px + 16 = 0 satisfy the relation + p^ = 32, then write the
ur
ad

value of p.
YYo

4. If 2 + Vs is a root of the equahon x^ +px + q = 0, then write the values of p and q.

+ izx + 8 = 0is2, write the values of fl.
dd

5. If the difference between the roots of the equation

Re
in

6. Write the roots of the equation {a - b) x^ + {b - c) x + {c ~ a) = 0.

F

7. If a and b are roots of the equation - ;r +1 =0, then write the value of a^ + b^.
8. Write the number of quadratic equations, with real roots, which do not change by squaring
their roots.

9. If a,p are roots of the equation x^ + lx + m = 0, write an equation whose roots are
-iand-l.
a p
10. Ifa,parerootsoftheequationx^-fl(a: + l)-c = 0,thenwritetheva lueof(l + a)(1 + P).
ANSWERS

~a
P 5. ±8
1. No real root 2. — 3. ±8 4. p = -4, g = 1 6. 1,-
a -b

7. -1 8. 3 9. mx^ -lx + \ = 0 10. 1 -c

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.15

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:
1. The complete set of values of k, for which the quadratic equation x'^~kx + k + 2 = 0 has
equal roots, consists of
(a) 2 +fu (b) 2±Vl2 (c) 2-VI2 (d) -2-V2
2. For the equation | a: | +1 a: | - 6 = 0, the sum of the real roots is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) none of these
3. If a, b are the roots of the equation + x + \=Q, then a^ +h'^ =

ooww
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) 3
4. If a, p are roots of the equation 4: x'^ + 3 x+ 7 = 0, then 1/a + 1/p is equal to
(a) 7/3 (b) -7/3 (c) 3/7 (d) -3/7
5. The values of a: satisfying log 3 {x^ + 4 x + 12)

e
= 2 are

ree
rFl
(a) 2,-4 (b) 1,-3 (c) -1,3 (d) -1,-3

Fre
6. The number of real roots of the equation {x^ + 2x)^ ~{x +1)^ - 55 = 0 is

rrF
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c)4 (d) none of these
0, then —^ 1
ouur
7. If a, p are the roots of the equation ax^ + bx +
sffoo c = +
aa +b a^ + b
(a) c/ab (b) a/bc (c) b/ac (d) none of these
okks
Yo

8. If a, p are the roots of the equation x^ + px + l = 0; y, 5 the roots of the equation

ooo

x^ +qx+ 1=0, then {a -y) (a + 6){p-y)(p + 6) =

eBB

(a) (b) _ g2 (c) + q^ (d) none of these

uurr

9. Tire number of real solutions of j 2 x - - 31 = 1 is

ad
YYo

(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

10. The number of solutions of + I a: -1 I = 1 is
dd

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)2 (d) 3

Re
iinn

X 2-:r + l
11. If X is real and k = — , then
F

2
X + X + l

(a) ke[l/3, 3] (b) k> 3 (c) ;t<l/3 (d) none of these

12. If the roots of -bx + c = 0 are two consecutive integers, then b^ -4 cis
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these
13. Thevalueof a suchthatA:^ -11 a: + <? = Oand a:^ -14 x + 2a = 0 may have a common root is
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) 32.
14. The values of k for which the quadratic equation kx^ +1 = kx + 3 x-11 x^ has real and equal
roots are

(a) -11,-3, (b) 5,7 (c) 5,-7 (d) none of these

15. If the equations x^ + 2 x + 3 k = 0 and 2a:'^ + 3a: + 5A. = 0 have a non-zero common roots,
then X. =
13.16 MATHEMATICS‘XI

(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 3 (d) none of these

16. If one root of the equation + px +12 = 0 is 4, while the equation + po: + = 0 has equal
roots, the value of g is
(a) 49/4 (b) 4/49 (c) 4 (d) none of these
17. The value of p and Cf(p ^ 0, cj 0) for which p, q are the roots of the equation
+ px + q ab = 0 are
(a) p = l,q = -2 (b) p = -hq = -2
(c) p = -l,g = 2 (d) p = l,q = 2
18. The set of all values of m for which both the roots of the equation x^-{m + l)x + m + 4 = 0
are real and negative, is

ww
(a) (-CO,-3]u[5,co) (b) [- 3,5]
(c) (-4,-3] (d) (- 3,-1]
(x + 2) {x-5) x-2 .

Floo
19. The number of roots of the equation is
(;r-3)(;r + 6) x + 4

(d) 3

ee
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2
■7 1 1 .

reer
20. If a and p are the roots of 4x^ + 3x+7 = 0, then the value of — + - IS

rFF
a p

(a)f (b)-^7 (Of

uur r
ffoor
7 1 1
are the roots of the
21. If, a, p are the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0, then
sks

equation
YYoo

(a) x^ - px q - 0 Q:)) x^ +px + q = 0

ooko

(c) qx^ +px + l =0 (d) qx^ -px + l = 0

eBB

22. If the difference of the roots of x^-px + q = 0is unity, then

uurr

(a) p'^+4q =1 (b) p^-4q = l

ad

(c) p^ +4q^ = (1 + 2qf (d) 4p2 +q^ ={1 + 2pf

Yo

23. If a, p are the roots of the equation x^ -p (x + 1) - c = 0, then (a +1) (P +1) =

dY
Re

(b) c-1 (c)l-c (d) none of these

nind

(a) c
equation x'^ + 5x + k = 0 imaginary is
FFi

24. The least value of k which makes the roots of the

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7

25. The equation of the smallest degree with real coefficients having 1 + / as one of the roots is
{a) x'^ +X + 1 =0 (b) x^ -2x + 2 ^ 0
{c) x^ + 2x+2 = 0 {d) x^ + 2x-2 = 0
ANSWERS

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a)

9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (a)
17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (d) 22. (b), (c) 23. (c)
24. (d) 25. (b)
13.17
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

ACTIVITY

OBJECTIVE Graphically to obtain a quadratic function with the help of two linear functions.
MATERIALS REQUIRED Cardboard, drawing sheet, wires, thumbpins, adhesive etc.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

Step I Take a cardboard and paste a drawing sheet on it.

Draw two mutually perpendicular lines on the drawing sheet as the coordinate axes
as
Step II

ww
shown in Fig. 14.1.

Step III Take a wire and fix it on the drawing sheet in such a way that it cuts OX and OY' at a

Floo
distance 'a' from the origin.

ree
Step rv Take another wire and fix it on the drawing sheet by using thumbpins in such a way
that it cuts OX and OY' at a distance 'b' from the origin.

rF rFee
Take one more wire, bend it in parabolic shape and fix it in such a way that it passes
rur
StepV
ffoor
through A{a, 0) and B(b, 0).
s
osk
YYoou

DEMONSTRATION
oook

The coordinates of the two points where first wire cuts OX and OY' are A {a, 0) and
eBB

Step I

^'(0,-a) respectively and the equation of the line along the wire is y = x
-a.
uur r

The coordinates of the points where second wire cuts OX and OY'are B (fc, 0) and
ad

Step II
Yo

B' (0, -b) respectively and the equation of the line along the wire isy-x ~b.
The product of linear functions y = x~a and y = x~b is y ={x-a) (x~b), which
dY

Step in
Re
idn

represents a quadratic function. It cuts the x-axis at A {a, 0) and B (b, 0). Thus, the
FFin

parabolic shaped wire represents the quadratic function y-{x~a)

AY

A(fli SS'
o

.1
13.18
MATHEMATICS-XI

SUMMARY

1. Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: Every polynomial equation f {x)=0 has at least one

root, real or imaginary (complex).

2. Every polynomial equation f (x) =0 of degree n has exactly n roots real or imaginary.
3. A quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots.

w
4. If flx + + c = 0, fl 0 is a quadratic equation with real coefficients, then its roots a and p
given by

~b + ^ -4flc -b- ^ -Aac

e
-b + y/D b-y/D
a =
and, p = or, a and, p =
2a

row
re
2a 2a 2a

where D = b - 4ac is as the discriminant of the equation,

eeF
ullo
(i) IfD=0, thena=p = - —

FF 2a

So, the equation has real and equal roots each equal to

srr
- —.

roF
2a

k
(ii) If a,b, c sQ and D is positive and a perfect square, then roots are rational and
uor
unequal.
ofof
(iii) lfa,b,c eR and D is positive and a perfect square, then the roots are real and distinct,
kos
Y
Yo

(iv) If D > 0 but it is not a perfect square, then roots are irrational and unequal,
eerBB
oo

(v) If D < 0, then the roots are imaginary and are given by
rY

b +iyj4:ac -b'^ b-iyj4ac-b'^

u

a
and p =
2a 2a
ou
o
ad
d

(vi) If fl = 1, &, c e / and the roots are rational numbers, then these roots must be integers,
nY

(vii) If a quadratic equation in x has more than two roots, then it IS

i an
identity in x
that isa = b = c = Q.
nid
Re

(viii) Complex roots of an equation with real coefficients always occur in pairs. However,
F
Fi

this may not be true in case of equations with complex coefficients. For example,
x"^ - 2ix -1=0 has both roots equal to i.
(ix) Surd root of an equation with rational coefficients always occur in pairs like
2 + Vs and 2 - VS. However, Surd roots of an equation with irrational coefficients
may not occur in pairs. For example, x^ - 2VS x + 3 = 0 has both roots equal to VI.
CHAPTER 14

LINEAR INEQUATIONS

w
14.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, we will study linear inequations in one and two variables. The knowledge of
linear inequations is very helpful in solving problems in Science, Mathematics, Engineering,

e
roow
re
Linear Programming etc.
14.2 INEQUATIONS

reF
In earlier classes, we have studied equations in one and two variables. An equation is defined as

uFFll
a statement involving variable (s) and the sign of equality (=). Similarly, we define the term

e
inequation as follows:

sFr
INEQUATION A statement involving variable (s) and the sign of inequality viz, >, <,>or< is called an
inequation or an inequality.
oro
k
uor
An inequation may contain one or more variables. Also, it may be linear or quadratic or cubic
off
etc.
kos
Following are some examples of inequations:
Y
Yo

(i) 3%-2<0 (ii) 2x + 3 < 0 (iii) 5x - 3 > 0

reeBB
oo

(iv) 4x + 5 > 0 (v) 2:c + 3y < 1 (vi) 5x + 4y < 3

(ix) 2x^ + 3x + 4 > 0
uurY

(vii) 4x-6y>5 (viii) 2x + 5y ^ 4

(x) - 3x + 2>0 (xi) + 3x + 2 < 0 (xii) x^ -5x + 4 <0
(xiii) - 6x^ + llx - 6 > 0 (xiv) x^ + 6x^ + llx + 6 < 0
ad
doo
nY

LINEAR INEQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE Let a be a non-zero real number and xbea variable. Then
inequations of the form ax + b<0,ax + b<0, ax + b >0 and ax + b >0 are known as linear inequations
nid

in one variable x.
Re

For example, 9x -15 > 0, 5x - 4 > 0, 3x + 2 < 0 and 2x - 3 < 0 are linear inequaUons in one
F
Fi

variable.

LINEAR INEQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Let a, b be non-zero real numbers and x, y be variables.
Then inequations of the form ax + by <c, ax+ by <c, ax +by >c and ax + by >c are known as linear
inequations in two variables x and y.
For example, 2x+3y<6, 3x-2y>12, x + y<4, 2x + y>6 are linear inequations in two
variables x and y.
QUADRATIC INEQUATION Let a be a non-zero real number. Then an inequation of the form
ax ^ +bx + c <0, or ax^ + bx + c ^ 0, or ax^ + bx + c >0, or ax^ +bx + c >0 is known as a quadratic
inequation.
For example, + x - 6 < 0, - 3x + 2 > 0, 2x^ + 3x +1 > 0 and -5x + 4 < 0 are quadratic
inequations.
In this chapter, we shall study linear inequations in one and two variables only.
14.2
MATHEMATICS-XI

14.3 SOLUTIONS OF AN INEQUATION

DEFINITION A solution of an inequation is the value (s) of the variable (s) that makes it a true statement.
Consider the inequation ——— < — - 4.
5 3
3 —2x
Left hand side (LHS) of this inequation is -— and right hand side (RHS) is — - 4.
b 3
We observe that:

For :r = 9, we have
3-2x9
LHS = = -3and, RHS = --4 = -l
5 3

Clearly, - 3 < -1

w
LHS < RHS, which is true.
So, a: = 9 is a solution of the given inequation.
For a: = 6, we have

Flo
3-2x6
LHS = = and RHS = --4 = -2
5 3

ee
9
Because, - — < - 2 is not true. So, a: = 6 is not a solution of the given inequation.

Fr
We can verify that any real number greater than 7 is a solution of the given inequation.
Let us now consider the inequation a:^ +1 < 0.
for
ur
We know that
s
x^>0 for all a: e R
ok
Yo

a:^ +1 > 1 for all a: G K

Bo

a:^ + 1 <|: 0 for any x eR.

re

So, there is no real value of x which makes the given inequation a true statement. Hence, it has
no solution.
ou
ad

It follows from the above discussion that an inequation may or may not have a solution.
However, if an inequation has a solution it may have infinitely many solutions.
Y

SOLVING AN INEQUATION It is the process of obtaining all possible solutions of an inequation.

nd
Re

SOLUTION SET The set of all posible solutions of an inequation is known as its solution set.
Fi

For example, the solution set of the inequation -f 1 ^ 0 is the set R of all real numbers whereas
the solution set of the inequation +1 < 0 is the null set ^

14.4 SOLVING LINEAR INEQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

As mentioned in the previous section that solving an inequation is the process of obtaining its all
possible solutions. In the process of solving an inequation, we use mathematical simplifications
which are governed by the following rules:
Rule 1
Same number may he added to (or subtracted from) both sides of an inequation without
changing the sign of inequality.
Rule 2
Both sides of an inequation can be multiplied (or divided) by the same positive real number
without changing the sign of inequality. However, the sign of inequality is reversed when both
sides of an inequation are multiplied or divided by a negative number.
Rule 3
Any term of an inequation may be taken to the other side with its sign changed loithout
affecting the sign of inequality.
14.3
LINEAR INEQUATIONS

A linear inequation in one variable is of the form

ax + b <0 or,ax + b ^ 0 or, ax+ b >0 or, ax+ b >0.
We follow the following algorithm to solve a linear inequation in one variable.
ALGORITHM

Step I Obtain the linear inequation.

Step II Collect all terms involving the variable on one side of the inequation and the constant terms on
the other side.

Step in Simplify both sides of inequality in their simplest forms to reduce the inequation in the form
ax <b, or ax<b, or ax>b, or ax >b
Step IV Solve the inequation obtained in step III by dividing both sides of the inequation by the

w
coefficient of the variable.
StepV Write the solution set obtained in step IV in the form of an interval on the real line.

Flo
Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

reeee
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

FFr
Type I SOLVING EQUATIONS OF THE FORM: rtx + b > cx + d, or, ax + b> cx + d,
or, ax + b <cx + d or, <j.y + b < cx+ d for
ur
EXAMPLE 1 Solve the following linear inequations:
(i) 2y-4<0 (ii) -3x + 12<0 (iii) 4x-12>0 (iv) 7 X + 9 > 30
kkss

SOLUTION (i) We have,

Yo
oo

2x - 4 < 0

[Adding 4 on both sides]

eB

(2y-4) + 4 < 0 + 4
2x 4
2x<4 — <- => x<2
2 2
r
ou
ad

Hence, any real number less than or equal to 2 is a solution of the given inequation.
YY

These solutions can be graphed on real line as shovm in Fig. 14.1

<■
ndd
Re

-00 2 + «

Fig. 14.1
Fi

The solution set of the given inequation is (- co, 2]

(ii) We have.
-3x+12<0
-3x<-12 [Transposing 12 on right side]
-3x -12
> =?■ X >4 [Dividing both sides by - 3]
-3 -3

Thus, any real number greater than 4 is a solution of the given inequation.
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (4, oo). This solution set can be graphed on
real line as shown in Fig. 14.2
-o- ■>
- 00 0 4 + CO

Fig. 14.2
14.4
MATHEMATICS-X!

(iii) We have,
4a- -12 > 0
4a >12
[Transposing 12 on RHS]
>2?
4 " 4 [Dividing both sides by 4]
A > 3 ^ A € [3, oo)
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is [3, oo). This solution set can be graphed on real
line as shown in Fig. 14.3

-CO 0 3 + CO

Fig. 14.3
(iv) We have,

w
7a + 9>30
7a >30-9

Flo
7a >21
[Transposing 9 on RHS]
7^ 21 ,

eeee
y >y => .t>3 => A €(3,00)

Fr
Hence, (3, <x>) is the solution set of the given inequation. This can be graphed on real line as
shown in Fig. 14,4.
for
ur
- 00
0 3 + 00

Fig.14.4
ks
EXAMPLE 2 Solve: 5a - 3 < 3a +1 when (i) x is a real number (ii) x is integer number (iii) x is a
Yo

natural number.
oo

SOLUTION We have,
eB

5a - 3 < 3a +1
5a - 3a < 3 +1
[Transposing 3a on LHS and - 3 on RHS]
2a < 4
ur

2a 4
ad

— < - => A < 2

Multiplying both sides by ^
Yo

2 2

(i) If A 6 K, then a <2 ^ Ae(-co, 2).

d

Hence, the solution set is (- oo, 2) as shown in Fig. 14.5.

Re
in

<r
F

— CO
0 1 2 CO

Fig.14.5

(ii) If A eZ, then a<2 => a = 1, 0,-1, - 2, - 3, - 4,

So, the solution set is { - 4, - 3, - 2, -1, 0,1}
(iii) If A s N, then A < 2 ^ a = 1. So, the solution set is jl}.
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the following equations:
(i) 3a + 17<2(1-a) (ii) 2(2a+ 3)-10 <6(a-2)
SOLUTION (i) We have,
3a + 17<2(1-a)
3a +17 < 2 - 2a

3a + 2a<2-17
[Transposing - 2a to LHS and 17 to RHS]
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.5

5x<-15

—^ => x<-3 ^ a:e(- CO, - 3]

5x
<
5

Hence, the solution set of the given inequatton is (- co, - 3], which can be graphed on real line as
shown in Fig. 14.6.
>
— 00 -3 0 + CO

Fig.14.6

(ii)We have.
2(2x+3)-10<6(a:-2)
4x + 6-10<6a:-12
4a:-4<6x-12

w
4x-6x< -12 + 4 [Transposing - 4 to RHS and 6x to LHS]
- 2X ^ - 8 . r. .
- 2x < - 8 => > — => x^4 a: e[4, oo)

Flo
-2 -2

Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is [4, co) which can be graphed on real line as

e
rree
shown in Fig. 14.7.

r FF
<-
— 00 0 4 + 00

Fig.14.7
uurr
for
EXAMPLE 4 Solve the following inequations:
5x - 2 7x - 3 X
a)^
4x
kss
+ 9>3 + > —
4 3 “1 5 4
ooook
Yo

1 3(x-2) ,5(2-x)
(iv)
5 3
eB

SOLUTION (i) We have,

2x-3 4x
urr

+ 9>3 + —
4 3
ad

4x
Yo

2x-3 4x
-—>3-9 [ Transposing —
3
to LHS and 9 to RHS]
4 3
dY

3(2x-3)-16x^ ^
Re
innd

12
6x-9-16x
Fi

>-6
12
-9-lOx
>-6
12

-9-10x^-72 [Multiplying both sides by 12]

-10x>-72 + 9
-lOx -63 63 631
-lOx ^ - 63 ^ => =>X6 -00,—
-10 10 10

(63
- 00, — . This can be graphed on real line as

shown in Fig. 14.8.

<■
- 00 0 63 + 09

10

Fig.14.8
14.6 MATHEMATICS-XI

(ii) We have,
5x-2 7x-3 X
> —
3 5^ 4
5 (5x - 2) - 3 (7x -3) ^ x
15 4
25a:-10-21a:+ 9 a:
> —
15 4
4a: -1 a:
> —
15 4

4(4a:-1) >15a: [Multiplying both sides by 60 i.e. 1cm of 15 and 4]

ooww
16a: - 4 >15a:
16a:-15a: >4 [ Transposing 15x to LHS and - 4 to RHS]
a: > 4 a: e (4, oo)
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (4, oo). This can be graphed on the real line as
shown in Fig. 14.9.

r ee
< ■>

rFFl
ree
— 00
0 4 + CO

F
Fig.14.9

rF
(iii) We have,
1(3 1
fsfoor
a: + 4 > — (x - 6)
ouur
21.5
kosk

2l 5 J 3^
Yo
oo

3x + 20 X -6
Y

>
BB

10 3

3(3x + 20)>10 (x-6)

rre

[Multiplying both sides by 30 i.e. the 1cm of 3 and 10]

9x + 60 >10x -60
oYuu
ad

9x-10x>-60-60 [Transposing lOx on LHS and 60 on RHS]

-x>-120
dY

x£l20
[ Multiplying both sides by -1]
innd
Re

X e(-oo, 120]
Hence, the solution set of the given in equation is (- co, 120] which can be graphed on real line
Fi
F

as shown in Fig. 14.10.

<● ->
- CO
120 + 00

Fig. 14.10
(iv) We have.
3(x-2)^5(2-x)
5 3
3x-6 10-5x
5 3

3(3x-6)> 5(10-5x) [Multiplying both sides by 15 i.e. the Icm of 5 and 3]

=> 9x-18>50-25x
9x + 25x>50 + 18 [Transposing - 25x to LHS and 18 to RHS]
34x > 68 => — >— => xS2 => x^[2,oo)
34 34
14.7
LINEAR INEQUATIONS

Hence, [2, co) is the solution set of the given inequation. This solution set can be graphed on real
line as shown in Fig. 14.11.

— 00 0 2 + CO

Fig. 14.11

EXAMPLE 5 Solve the following inequations:

X +1
<0 (ii) >1
x + 2

SOLUTION (i) We have,

^—<0
x-2

w
a
=> x-2<0 ●: - < 0 and >0 ^ < 0
b

Flo
x<2 => xe(-oo, 2)
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is ( - co, 2).

ee
(ii) We have,

Fr
x + 1 x+ 1 x+ l-x-2
>1 => -1^0 => £0 =5-
x + 2 x+ 2 x+ 2 x+ 2
for
ur
a
x + 2<0 ●: - > 0 and fl <0 => b <0
b
ks

x<-2 => X6(-00,-2)

Yo

Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (- oo, - 2).

oo
eB

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

Type II EQUATIONS OF THE FORM

ax+ b ax-hb ax + b ax + b
r

>k, or or < cf, or <k

ou
ad

cx + d CX + d CX + d CX + d
Y

In order to solve this type of inequation, we use the following algoritlim.

ALGORITHM
nd
Re

Step I Obtain the inequation.

Fi

Step n Transpose all terms on LHS.

Step ni Simplify LHS of the inequation obtained in step II to obtain an inequation of the form
px + q px + q px + q px + q
> 0, or >0, or <0, or <0.
rx + s rx + s rx + s rx + s

Step IV Make coefficient x positive in numerator and denominator if they are not.
StepV Equate numerator and denominator separately to zero and obtain the values ofx. These values
of X are generally called critical points.
Step VI Plot the critical points obtained in step V on real line. These points will divide the real line in
three regions.
Step vn In the right most region the expression on LHS of the inequation obtained in step IV will be
positive and in other regions it will be alternatively negative and positive. So, mark positive
sign in the right most region and then mark alternatively negative and positive signs in other
regions.
Step vin Select appropriate region on the basis of the sign of the inequation obtained in step IV. Write
these regions in the form of intervals to obtain the desired solution sets of the given inequation.
14.8
MATHEMATICS-XI

EXAMPLE 6 Solve the following linear inequations:

x-3 x-2
(i) >0 (ii) >2
X -5 X + 5

SOLUTION (i) We have,

x-3
>0
X -5

w
Equating X - 3 and x-5 to zero, we obtain x = 3,5 as critical points. Plot these points on
real line as shown in Fig. 14.12. The real line is divided into three regions. In the right most
region the expression on LHS of (i) is positive and in the remaining two regions it is
alternatively negative and positive as shown in Fig. 14.12.

e
+ +
<r ■>

row
re
- QO 3 5 + »

Fig. 14.12

Since the expression in (i) is positive, so the solution set of the given inequation is the union of

eeF
FFllo
regions containing positive signs. Hence, from Fig. 14.12
x-3

u x-5
> 0 => X € (- X, 3) u (5, x)

sFrr
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is {-oo, 3) u(5, x) as shown in Fig. 14.12.
(ii) We have,

kro
x-2 x-2 x-2-2(x+ 5) X-2-2X-10 -x-12
uor
>2 => -2>0 ^ >0 => >0 => >0
x +5 x +5
offo
x +5 x +5 x + 5
x + 12
<0 Multiplying by -1 to make coefficient of
kos
X positive in die expression in numerator
Y
x +5
Yo
eerBB
oo

On equating x + 12 and x + 5 to zero, we obtain x = -12, - 5 as critical points. These points are
plotted on number line as shown in Fig. 14.12. The real line is divided into three regions and the
rY

signs of LHS of inequation (i) are marked. Since the inequation in (i) possesses less than sign
which means that LHS of the inequation is negative. So, the solution set of the given inequation
u

is the union of the regions ontaining negative sign in Fig. 14.13. Hence, the solution set of the
ou

given inequation is (-12, -5).

ad
do
nY

+ +
<■ >
— oo
-12 -5 + CO
nid

Fig. 14.13
Re
F

EXAMPLE?
Solve the following inequations:
Fi

2x + 4 X + 3
(i) >5 (ii) <2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
x-1 x-2

SOLUTION (i) We have,

2x + 4
>5
x-1
2x + 4 2x + 4-5(x-l) 2x + 4 - 5x + 5 -3x + 9
-5>0 => >0 => >0 => ^0
x-1 x-1 x-1 x-1
3x-9
<0
x-1 [Multiplying both sides by -1]
3 (x - 3)
<0
(x-1)
x-3
<0
x-1 [Dividing both sides by 3]
1 <x<3
[See Fig. 14.14]
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.9

+ +

- CO 1 3 + CO

Fig. 14.14
xe{l,3]
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (1, 3].
(ii) We have.
x+ 3
<2
x-2
x+ 3 X + 3 - 2x + 4 -x + 7
2^0 => <0 => <0
x-2 x-2 x-2

ww
x-7
>0 [Multiplying both sides by -1]
x-2

X e(-co, 2) u[7, oo) [See Fig. 14.15]

Flo
+ +

e
+ CO
- 00 2 7

eree
Fig. 14.15
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (- co, 2) u [7, co).

FFr
EXERCISE 14.1
uurr
BASIC
orr
sfo
1. Solve: 12x<50, when
kks
Yoo
(i) X e K (ii) X € Z (iii) X 6 N
oooo

2. Solve: - 4x > 30, when

(i) X e K (ii) X € Z (iii) X e N
eBB

3. Solve: 4x - 2 < 8, when

(i) X e K (ii) X e Z (iii) X e N
urr

Solve the following linear inequations in R. (4 - 28):

6. 3x + 9>-x f 19
ad

4. 3x-7 >x + l 5. X + 5 >4x -10

YYo

3x - 2 4x - 3
7. 2(3-x)>- + 4 8. < 9. -(x - 3) + 4 <5 -2x
5 5 2
dd

3x - 2 5x - 3
n.
2(x-l) <^ 3(2 + x) 5x
12. — +
10. -<
Re
inn

5 4 5 5 7 2 4 4
x-1 x-5 2xt- 3 X -4 5-2x ^ r
-2 <—5
F

13. + 4< -2 14. -3< 15.

3 5 4 3 3 6
4 + 2x 2x+ 3 3(x-2) 5x + 8
16. >i-3 17. -2< 18. x-2 <
3 2 5 5 3

BASED ON LOTS

6x-5 2x-3 3
19. <0 20. >0 21. <1
4x + l 3x-7 x-2

1 4x+ 3 5x-6
22. <2 23. <6 24. <1
x-1 2x-5 X + 6

5x + 8 x-1 7x-5
25. <2 26. >2 27. >4
4 -X x+ 3 8x + 3
X 1
28. > —
x-5 2
14.10
MATHEMATICS-XI

ANSWERS

1. (i) (-«>,25/6) (ii) [...-3,-2,-l, 0,1,2, 3,4} (hi) [1, 2, 3, 41

2. (ii) (-o),-15/2) (ii) {■ -9,-81 (hi) (t)
3. (i) (-^0,5/2) (ii) {● ,-2,-1,0,1,21 (hi) {1,2}
4. {4, oo) 5. (-00,5) 6. [5/2, oo)
7. {-00,10/11] 8. [11/14,00) 9. (-00,-2)
10. (-00,2/9) 11. [-44, oo) 12. [3, 00)
13. (-00,-50) 14. (-00,-13/2) 15. (8, oo)
16. [-26, co) 17. (-1,00) 18. [-7,00)

ww
19. (-1/4,5/6) 20. (-00, 3/2) u (7/3, 00) 21. (-00, 2) u(5, oo)
22. (-00,1) u [3/2, oo) 23. (-00,5/2)^(33/8, 00) 24. (-6,3)
25. (-00, 0) 1^(4, oo) 26. (-7,-3) 27. (-17/25,-3/8)

Flo
28. (-00, -5) u(5, oo)

e
ree
14.5 SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR INEQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

Fr
In the previous section, we have learnt how to solve a linear inequation in one variable. In this

rF
section, we shall use it to solve a system of linear inequations in one variable. Recall that the
uurr
solution set of a linear inequation is the set of all points on real line satisfying the given
for
inequation. Therefore, the solution set of a system of linear inequations in one variable is the
intersection of the solution sets of the linear inequations in the given system.
s
kks

We use the following algorithm to solve a system of hnear inequations in one variable.
Yo
oooo

ALGORITHM
eB

Step I Obtain the system of linear inequations.

Step II Solve each inequation and obtain their solution sets. Also, represent them on real time.
Step III Find the intersection of the solution sets obtained in step II by taking the help of the graphical
ur

representation of the solution sets in step II.

ad
YYo

Step IV The set obtained in step III is the required solution set of the given system of inequations.
Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm.
dd
Re

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
in
F

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1
Solve the folloiving system of linear inequations:
3x-6 >0
4:c-10<6

SOLUTION The given system of inequations is

3x - 6 > 0
...(i)
4x-10<6
...(h)
Now, 3:c-6>0=> 3x>6 => 3x>6— => X > 2. So, the Solution set of inequation (i) is [2, oo)
3

and, 4x-10<6 => 4x<16 =● x <4. So, the solution set of inequation (ii) is (-oo, 4]
<
- CO
0 2 4 + os

Fig. 14.16 (i)

LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.11

<■ >
— CO 0 2 4 + CO

Fig.14.16(ii)

The solution sets of inequations (i) and (ii) are represented graphically on real line in Figs. 14.16
(i) and (ii) respectively. Clearly, the intersection of these solution sets is the set [2,4]. Hence, the
solution set of the given system of inequations is the interval [2,4].
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE 2 Solve the following system of inequations:

5x 3x 39
— + — > —

ooww
4 8 8
2a:-1 x-1 3x + l
<
12 3 4

SOLUTION The given system of inequation is

5a: 3x 39

e
— + >
4 8 8

ree
rFl
2a:-1 x-1
<
3x + l
...(ii)

Fre
12 3 4
5x 3a: 39

rrF
Now, + >
4 8 8
10a: + 3a: 39
ouur
>
sffoo
=$● 13a: > 39 => a: > 3 => a: e(3, oo)
8 8

So, the solution set of inequation (i) is the interval (3, oo).
okks

2a:-1 a:-1 3a:+ 1

Yo

and. <
ooo

12 3 4
BB

(2a--1)-4(:c-1) ^ 3x + 1
12 4
rr e

-2a: + 3 3a: +1
<
12 4
ouu
ad
YY

- 2x + 3 < 3 (3a: +1) [Multiplying both sides by 12 i.e. the l.c.m. of 12 and 4]
-2x+3<9x+3^ -2a:-9a <3-3 => -llx<0 => a>0 => ag(0,co)
So, the solution set of inequation (ii) is the interval (0, oo). Let us now represent the solution sets
dd

of inequations (i) and (ii) on real line. Tliese solution sets are graphed on real line in Figs. 14.17 (i)
Re
iinn

and 14.17 (ii) respectively.

F

< o

- 00 0 3 + 00

Fig. 14.17 (i)

<r
— CO 0 3 + CO

Fig. 14.17 (ii)

From Figs. 14.17 (i) and (ii), we observe that the intersection of the solution sets of inequations (i)
and (ii) is interval (3, oo) represented by common thick line.
Hence, the solution set of the given system of inequations is the interval (3, oo).
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the following system of inequations:
2(2a+ 3)-10<6(x-2)
2a-3 4a
+ 6>2 + —
4 3
14.12 MATHEMATICS-XI

SOLUTION The given system of inequations is

2(2x+ 3)-10<6(a:-2)
2x-3 4x
+ 6>2 + —
4 3
...(ii)

Now, 2{2x+3)-10<6{x-2)
+ 6 -10 < 6;c “12

4^: - 4 < 6:*: -12 =? 4x-6x<4 -12 => - 2x < - 8 => x>4 => x e(4,<xi)
So, the solution set of the first inequation is the interval (4, co).
2;c-3 4x
and. + 6>2 + —
4 3
2a: - 3 + 24 6 + 4x
>

w
4 3
2.r +21 4x + 6
>
4 3

Flo
3 (2a: + 21) > 4 {4x + 6)
6x + 63 >16a: + 24

ee
39
6x-16.r>24-63 => -10a:>-39 => a:< ^ a: ^ 3.9 ^ A' e {- oo, 3.9]

Fr
10
So, the solution set of inequation (ii) is the interval (- oo, 3.9].
for
ur
3.9

— CO
0 4 + 00

Fig. 14.18 (i)

ks
Yo

3.9
oo

— oo
0 4 + CO
eB

Fig. 14.18 (ii)

The solution sets of inequations (i) and (ii) are graphed on real line in Figs. 14.18 (i) and (ii)
respectively. We observe that there is no common solution of the two inequations. So, the gi ven
ur

system of inequations has no solution.

ad
Yo

EXAMPLE 4 Solve: -11 <4x-3< 13

SOLUTION We have,
nd

-11>4a-3>13 -ll>4A-3and4A-^3fcl3
Re

Thus, we have two inequations and we wish to solve them simultaneously. Ir\stead of solving
Fi

these inequations by using the method discussed in first three examples, let us solve them
directly in a different way as given below.
We have.
-11 <4a-3^13
-11 + 3<4a-3+3<13+3
[Adding 3 throughout]
-8<4a<16
-8 16
4 4 [Dividing by 4 throughout]
-2<a<4 => Ae[-2,4]
Hence, the interval [ - 2,4] is the solution set of the given system of inequations.
2-3a
EXAMPLES Solve: - 5 < <9 INCERT EXEMPLAR]
4

SOLUTION We have.
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.13

2-3x
-5< <9
4

2-3:c
-5x 4< X 4<9x 4 [Multiplying throughout by 4]
4

- 20 < 2 - 3x < 36

-20-2<2-3:c-2<36-2 [Subtracting 2 throughout]

- 22 < - 3x < 34
-22 - 3a: 34
> [Dividing throughout by - 3]
-3 -3 "-3
22 -34 -34 22
— >a:> <a: < — => a: €[-34/3, 22/3]

ww
3 3 3 3

Hence, the interval [- 34/ 3, 22/ 3] is the solution set of the given system of inequations.
1 6a:

FF loo
a:
EXAMPLE 6 Solve the system of inequations: 2x + l > < - [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
4' 4;c-l 2

ree
SOLUTION The given system of inequations is
X 1
> —

reFe
2a:+ 1 4

rF
rur
6a: 1
...(h)
<
fforo
4a:-1 2
ks
X 1
Now, > —

2a:+ 1 4
YYoou
ookso

X 1 4a:-(2a: + 1) 2a:-1
>0 => >0 => A:e(-aA,-l/2)u[l/2,co)
eeBBo

=> -->0 =>

2a:+ 1 4 4 (2a: +1) 2a:+ 1

[See Fig. 14.19 (i)]

r
ad
ouur

+ +
<■
Yo

+ CO
- CO 1 1
2 2

Fig. 14.19 (i)

d
idnY
Re

+ +
< >
— 00 1 1 + 00
FFin

Fig.14.19(ii)

Thus, the solution set of inequation (i) is (-co, -1/2) u [1/2, co) ...(hi)
6a: .1
And, < -
4a:-1 2

6a: 1
--<0
4a:-1 2

12a:-(4a:-1) 8a:+ 1 8a:+ 1

<0 => <0 => <0 => X €(-1/8,1/4)
2(4x-l) 2(4x-l) 4x-l

Thus, the solution set of inequation (ii) is (-1 / 8,1 /4) ●●●(iv)

It is evident from Fig. 14.19 that the intersection of (ih) and (iv) is the null set.
Hence, the given system of equations has no solution.
14.14 MATHEMATICS-XI

EXERCISE 14.2
BASIC

Solve each of the following system of equations in R.

1. x + 3>0, 2:t<14 2. 2x-7>5~x, ll-5x<l
3. x-2>Q, 3x<18 4. 2x + 6 >0, 4a:-7 <0
5. 3x-6>0, 2;c-5> 0 6. 2x ~ 3 <7, 2x>-4
7. 2x + 5 < 0, ;c - 3 < 0 8. 5a:-1<24, 5;c + 1>-24
9. 3x-l >5, x + 2>-l 10. 11 ~5x>-4, 4x + 13<-n
11. 4x-l <0, 3-4:c<0 12. jr + 5 > 2 (a: + 1), 2 - a: < 3 (;c + 2)
3a:

ww
13. 2(x-6)<3a:-7, 11-2;c<6-a: 14. 5a:-7<3(a:+3), 1-- >a:-4
2
BASED ON LOTS

FF loo
2:c-3 4a: 7x-l 3a: + 8
14.
-2^—-6,2(2a: + 3) <6 (a:-2)+ 10 16. + 11<0
4 2 ^ ' 5

ree
2a:+ 1 x+7
17. >5, >2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR] 18. 0<—<3
7a:-1 a:-8 2

19. 10<-5(;c-2)<20

Fe
20. -5<2a:-3<5

~^<3^~
Frre
r ur
21. a:>0 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
x +1 x + l'
fforo
ANSWERS
ks

1- (-3,7)
YYouo

2. (4, oo) 3. (2, 6) 4. [-3,7/4)

okoso

5. (5/2, oo) 6. (-2 5) 7. (-0), -5/2] 8. (-5,5)

9. [2, 00) 10. (-00, -6] 11. No Solution 12. (-1,3)
eeBBo

13. (5, oo) 14. (-«d,2] 15. No Solution 16. (-00, -21)
17. No Solution 18. (-6,0) 19. (-2, 0] 20. (-1, 4) 21. [1/3,1]
r
ad
ouur

14.5.1 SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

Yo

In this sub-section, let us discuss some results on inequations involving modulus of the variable.
We state and prove these results as theorems.
d

THEOREM 1 If a is a positive real number, then

Re
idnY

(i)|A:|<flo -~a<x<a i.e. a: e (- a, a) (ii) |A:|<fl<=> -a<x<a i.e. xe[-a, ^7]

FFin

<- -O-
->
— CO -fl + 00

Fig.14.20 (i)
< >
— 00 -a + 00

Fig.14.20 (ii)

PROOF (i) We know that: I a:[ = I

a:, if a:>0
-a:, if a: < 0
So, we consider the following cases:
Case I When a: ^ 0 : In this case, | a: | = x.
\ x\ <a=i> X <a
Thus, in this case the solution set of the given inequation is given by
a: > 0 and x <a ^ 0<a:<«?
...(i)
Case II When a: < 0: In this case, | a: | ~-x.
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.15

\x\<a -X <a ^ x>-a

Thus, in this case the solution set of the given inequation is given by
x<0 and x >-a ^ -a<x <0 ...(ii)
Combining (i) and (ii), we get
|A:|<fl <=> -fl<A:<0or, 0^x<<7<=> -a <x <a.
(ii) Proceeding exactly as in (i), we get
\x\ <a=^-a<x<a.
THEOREM 2 Ifaisa positive real number, then < - 00 -fl a
>
ec

(i) |x|>fl<=> x<-aoTX>a Fig.14.21 (i)

<■
(ii) I x| x<-aoT x>a “/I

ww
PROOF Case I When x > 0: In this case, | x | = x Fig.14.21 (ii)

I x| X

Floo
Thus, in this case tlie solution set of the inequation | x | > a is given by
X > 0 andx>a => x>a [■: fl>0] ...(i)

ee
Case II When x < 0 ; In this case, | x = - X

reer
rFF
|x|>fl=>-x>«=> x< - a

Thus, in this case the solution set of the given inequation is given by
uur r
X <0 and x <-a => x < -a [v a>0] ...(ii)
ffoor
Combining (i) and (ii), we get: |x|>fl<=>x<-florx>i?
sks

(ii) Proceeding as in (i), we get: |x| >fl<=>x< -florx>fl.

YYoo
ooko

THEOREM 3 Let r be a positive real number and a be a fixed real number. Then,
(i) |x-rt]<r<=> a -r <x <a + r i.e. x ^{a-r, a+ r)
eBB

(ii) |x-fl|<r <=> a-r <x<a + r i.e. xe[fl-r, a + r]

(iii) jx-<7|>ro x<a-r, or x>a + r
uurr

(iv) |x-fl|>r o X <a -r, or x> a + r

ad
Yo

PROOF (i) Using Theorem 1, we obtain

\x~a\<ro -r<x-fl<ro a-r <x ~a + a <a + r a-r <x<a + r
dY
Re

(ii) Using Theorem 1 (ii), we obtain

nind

|x-rt|^ro -r<x-fl<ro a-r <x-a + a<a + r<^ a-r <x<a + r

FFi

(iii) Using Theorem 2(i), we obtain

|x-i?|>r <=> x-fl<r, orx-fl>r«?5' x <a-r, ox x> a + r
(iv) Using Theorem 2 (ii), we obtain,
|x-<7|>rci> x-a<-r, or x-a>r<^ x<a-r,or x>a + r
NOTH These results may be used directly for solving linear inequations involving absolute values.
THEOREM 4 Let a, b be positive real numbers. Then
(i) a<\x\<b xe{-b,-a)<j{a,b)
(ii) a<\x\<b x e[-b,-a]Kj[a,b]
(iii) fl<jx-c|<l?0' x .e[-b + c, - a + c]'o[a + c,b + c]
(iv) fl <1 x-c| <l7 <=> X e{-b + c, -a + c) Kj{a + c,b + c)
PROOF (i) a <\ x\ <b \ x\>a and |xj<& <=> (x<-aorx>fl) and {-b <x <b)
o xe{-b, -a)'<j{a,b)
Similarly, we can prove other results.
14.16 MATHEMATICS-XI

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 1 I 3:c-2| <-

2

SOLUTION We know that: |x-i7| <r o a-r <x<a^r

1 1 1 1
|3t-21<- c=> 2--<3x<2 + -<=> -<x<- o xe[l/2, 5/6]
2 2 2 2 2 2 6

Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is the interval [1/2,5/6].
EXAMPLE 2 Solve: I X - 21 > 5
SOLUTION We know that: |:e-fl|>r <» x<a-r,orx>a + r

ww
\x-2\>5
;c<2-5, orx>2+5
O ^:<-3orx>7 o x e(-oo, - 3] or a: e[7, co) x e( -co, - 3] u[7, co)
Hence the solution set of the given inequation is (- oo, - 3] vj [7, oo)

Flo [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

e
EXAMPLES Solve:l<\x ~ 2|<3.

ree
SOLUTION We know that:

Fr
fl<|x-c|<& <=> xe[-b + c, -a ■¥ c]'u[a + c, b + c]

rF
1 <1 X - 2| <3o xg[-3 + 2, -1 +2]u[l + 2, 3 + 2] » xe[-l,l]u[3,5]
uurr
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is [-1,1] u [3,5]. for
EXAMPLE 4 Solve the following system of inequations: |x-l|<5, |x|>2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
s
SOLUTION The given system of inequations is
kks

|x-l!<5 ...u:
Yo
oooo

I ^1 ^2 ●●●(ii)
Now, |x-l|<5
eB

1-5 <x <1+5 [●.● \ X - a\<r a-r <x <a + r]

-4<x<6=> xs[-4, 6]
ur

Thus, the solution set of (i) is the interval x e [ - 4, 6].

ad
YYo

and, |x|>2ox< - 2, or x > 2 o x e (-co, - 2] vj [2, co) [v |x| > => x < -a or x < a]
Thus, the solution set of (ii) is (- oo, - 2] u [2, oo).
dd

The solution sets of inequations (i) and (ii) are represented graphically in Figures 14.22 (i) and
Re

14.22 (ii) respectively. The intersection of these two is [ - 4, - 2] u [2, 6]

in
F

< ->
+ 03
— 00
-4 -2 0 2 6

Fig.14.22 (i)

<■ ■>
— 03 -2 0 2 + 05

Fig.14.22 (ii)

Hence, the solution set of the given system of inequations is [ - 4, - 2] vj [2, 6].
EXAMPLE 5 Solve:
. I^l-l >0, xeK, x=^ ±2.
xl-2
SOLUTION We have. <■ O

— CO 1 2 00

|x|-l >0 y-l

Fig.14.23 Solution set of >0
|x|-2 y-2
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.17

y-1
>0, wherey=|:r
y-2
y<lory>2 [ See Fig. 14.23]
I a: I < 1 or I .YI > 2
( -1 < Y < 1) or (y < - 2 or Y > 2)

w
Y s[-l, 1] or Y e(-oo, -2) u(2, oo)
Y e[-l, 1] Lv(-co, -2) u(2, go)
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is [-1,1] u (- oo, - 2) u (2, oo).

e
EXAMPLE 6 Solve: — >1, where x gR, ±2
y!-2

e
o
-1

rw
SOLUTION We have >1

r
' |x|-2

F
-1
-1>0

ullo
+ +
<- ->
|y|-2

FF
— CO 1 2

-1-(1y|-2) y-1

e
>0 Fig.14.24 Solution set of <0
.V-2

srre
y| -2

oF
—L_L>o

k
y|-2
|y|-1 fofr
uor
<0
o
y1-2
Y
y-1
kos

< 0, where y = \ x
Yo
rBB

y-2
oo
eY

l<y<2 [See Fig. 14.24]

1 <1 y] <2 [V y=|A:|]
re

ys(-2, -1]u[1,2)
u

[v <1 y| o Y -a)u{a,b]]
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is ( - 2, -1] u [1, 2)
d
ou
o
ad

2
EXAMPLE 7 Solve the inequation: >1, X ^ 4.
nY

y-4
nid

SOLUTION We have,
Re
F

2
Fi

—I >1 Y 4
|y-4|
2 a
>1
y-4| b IM
2>\y-4| [ ●.● I Y - 41 > 0 for all x ^ 4]
4-2<y<4+2 Y-fl|<r o a-r<x<a + r]
2 < Y <6 => Y e(2, 6)
But, X ^ 4. Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (2, 4) u (4, 6).
EXAMPLES Solve:
J Y + 3 1 + Y >1
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
y + 2

Y + 3| -I- Y
SOl.UTION We have. > 1. Clearly, LHS of this inequation is meaningful for y 9^ - 2.
y+2
14.18 MATHEMATICS-XI

I a: + 3] + X
Now, >1
x + 2

X + 31 + X
-1 >0 =5-
X + 3I + X-X-2 >0 =>
x+ 3
->0.
x + 2 x + 2 x + 2

Now two cases arise:

Case I When x + 3 > 0 i.c. x > - 3; In this case, | x + 31 = x + 3.

+ +

x+2 4
- 00 -2 1 + to

x+ 3-2 Fig.14.25

ww
>0
x + 2

x + 1
>0 => X e{-oo, - 2) l;( -1, oo) [ See Fig. 14.25]
x+2

Flo
e
But,x >-3. Therefore, the solution set of the given inequation in this case is [-3, -2) u(-l, «>).

eree
Case II When x + 3 < 0 i.e. x < - 3: In this case, 1 x + 31 = - (x + 3).

FFr
|x+3|-2 >0 +
uurr
x + 2 <- & o-

-5 -2

orr
- CO + CO

-(x+3)-2 Fig.14.26
sfo
>0
x + 2
kks
Yoo

-ix + 5) x +5
<0 xe(-5-2) [See Fig. 14.26]
oooo

>0 =>
x + 2 x + 2
eBB

But,x <-3. Therefore, the solution set of the given inequation in this case is the interval (-5, -3).
From Case I and Case II, we obtain that the solution set of the given inequation is
urr

[-3,-2)u(-l,o))u(-5,-3) = (-5,-2)o(-l,co).
ad
YYo

EXAMPLE9 Solve: |x-l|+|x-2|>4

SOLUTION On the LHS of the given inequation there are two terms both containing modulus.
dd

By equating the expressions wi^in the modulus to zero, we getx =1, 2 as critical points. These
Re
inn

points divide real line in three parts viz. (- oo, 1], [1, 2] and [2, oo). So, we consider the following
three cases.
F

<● - t - I

- CO 1 2 + CO

Fig.14.27

Case I When -oo<x<l: In this case, we have | x -11 =-(x-1) and| x - 2| =-(x-2)
|x-l|+|x-2l > 4
-(x-l)-(x-2) > 4 => -2x+3^4=> -2x>l => x<--
2

But, - oo < X < 1. Therefore, in this case the solution set of the given inequation is ( - co, -1/2]
Case II Whenl<x<2: In this case, we have [ x -11 = (x-1) and| x - 2| = -(x-2)
|x-l]+|x-2| >4
x-l-(x-2)>4^ 1^4, which is an absurd result.
So, the given inequation has no solution for x e [1, 2).
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.19

Case III When a: > 2: In this case, we have | a -11 = a: -1 and | a: - 2 [ = a: - 2

Ia:-1|+|a:-2|>4
7
x-1+a:-2>4=>2a:-3>4=>2a:>7=>a:>-
2

But, a:' > 2. Therefore, in this case the solution set of the given inequation is [7/2, co).
Connbining Case I and Case II, we obtain that the solution set of the given inequation is
(-00, -1/2] u [7/2, oo)
AT-1
EXAMPLE 10 Solve: <1.
x + 2

ww
\x-l\ lx-1] |a:-1|-(x + 2)
SOLUTION We have. < 1 => -1 < 0 => < 0
x + 2 x + 2 x+2

Now the following cases arise.

Flo
e
Case I When x -1 > 0 i.e. x > 1: In this case, we have | x -11 = x -1

eree
|x-l|-(x + 2) < 0

FFr
x+2

(x-l)-{x + 2) -3
uurr
< 0 => <0=>x + 2>0=j*x>-2
x + 2 x + 2
orr
sfo
But, X > 1. Therefore, x > -2 and x > 1. implies that x > 1. Thus, in this case the solution set of the
given inequation is [!,«)).
kks
Yoo

Casen When x-l<0 i.e. x < 1: In this case, we have | x -11 = -(x-1).
oooo

|x-ll-(x + 2) < 0
eBB

x + 2

-(x-1)-(x + 2)
<0
urr

+ +
x + 2 <●
1
-CD -2 + CO
ad

2
YYo

2x + l
<0 Fig.14.28
x+2
dd

2x + l
>0=>xe(-oo -2)vj(-l/2,oo) [See Fig. 15.28]
Re
inn

x+2

1 'N
F

But,X <1. Therefore, X e(-CO,-2) vj(-1/2, oo) andx <1 implies that x e(-co,-2) u —,1 .
V. 2 /

Thus, in this case the solution set of the given inequation is( - oo, - 2) u (-1/2, 1).
Combining Case I and Case II, we obtain that the solution set of the given inequation is
(-oo,-2)u(-l/2, oD)
1
EXAMPLE 11 Solve the inequation: <i [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
x|-3 2
<1
+ +

SOLUTION We have,;—~ +●

|x|-3 2 3 5
- 00 CO

1
|x|-5
Fig.14.29 Signs of
-<0 |x|-3
x|-3 2

X
<0 => x|< 3or| x[ ^5
2(|x|-3) lx|-3 |xl-3
14.20 MATHEMATICS-XI

-T € (-3, 3) or X e (- oo, - 5] u [5, o)) => a: € (-qo, - 5] u (-3, 3] vj [5, co)

.\--2l -1
EXAMPLE 12 Solve the inequation: - <0. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
x-2 -2

SO. nON Let y = I AT - 21, then

|a'-2!-1
+ +

<— o- ->
<0 => <0 — CO 1 2 CO

|x-2|-2 y-2
Fig. 14.3U (i) Signs of <0
y-1
l<y<2 <
- cc 1 3 CO

l<|x-2|<2 Fig. 14.30 (ii) Solution set of 1a:-2| >1

w
l<|A--2|and|A:-2|<2 ■O * —>
- 00 0 4 «

Now, 1 <[a:-2 => I A--2I >1 Fig. 14.30 (iii) Solution set of |jT“2| <2

Flo => .^<1 or a. >3=> a: e(-oo, 1] u[3, oo) ...(i)

eeee
and. ]a:-2|<2=> 2-2<a-<2 + 2^ 0<at<4 -(ii)

Fr
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is
{(--oo, 1] u[3, oo)) n(0, 4) =(0,1] u[3, 4)
for
ur
kss
EXERCISE 14.3
Yo

BASED ON HOTS
oo

Solve each of the following si/ste7n of equations in R.

eB

1 8 3x-4 5 x-2
1. x + ~ > — 2. |4-A:i + 1<3 3. < — 4. >0
3 3 2 12 a:-2
r
ou
ad

1 1 a: + 2 2a--1
^<2
YY

6. 7. >2
l-i'|-3^2 A* A'-l
nd
Re

8, Ia:-1|+|a'-2|+|.a:-3|>6 9. |.Y + 1| +|at| > 3 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

Fi

10. 1 ^|x-2| < 3 11. |3-4a:| >9 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ANSWERS

1. (-00, -3) €(7/3, 00) 2. (2, 6) 3. [19/18, 29/18]

4. (2, 00) 5. ( -CO, -5) w( - 3, 3) u(5, go) 6. (-CO, 0) w(l, co)

7. (3/4, l)u (1,00) 8. ( - CO, 0]u[4, go) 9. (-co,-2) u(l,oo)

10. [-l,l]u[3,5] 11. (-00, -3/2] u [3, go)

14.6 SOME APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR IN EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

In this section, we shall utilize the knowledge of solving linear in equatioris in one variable in
solving different problems from various fields such as science, engineering, economics etc.
Following examples will illustrate the same.
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.21

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1 Find all pairs of consecutive odd positive integers, both of which are smaller than 18, such
that their sum is more than 20.

SOLUTION Let a: be the smaller of the two consecutive odd positive integers. Then, the other
odd integer is a: + 2.
It is given that both the integers are smaller than 18 and their sum is more than 20. Therefore,
a:+2 <18 and, a: + (a:+ 2) >20
a: < 16 and 2a: + 2 > 20
a: < 16 and 2a: > 18

a: <16 and x >9 ^ 9<a:<16=> a:=11,13, 15 [ X is an odd integer ]

w
Hence, the required pairs of odd integers are (11,13), (13,15) and (15,17).
EXAMPLE 2 Find all pairs of consecutive even positive integers, both of which are larger than 8, such

Flo
that their sum is less than 25.

SOLUTION Let X be the smaller of the two consecutive even positive integers. Then, the other

reee
even integer is x + 2.

FFr
It is given that both the integers are larger than 8 and their sum is less than 25. Therefore,
X > 8 and x + x + 2 < 25
urr
X > 8 and 2x + 2 < 25
for
X > 8 and 2x < 23
23 23
kkss

X > 8 and x< — => 8<x< — => x = 10 [ X is an even integer ]

2 2
Yo
ooo

Hence, the required pair of even integers is (10,12).

eB

EXAMPLE 3 The cost and revenue functions of a product are given by C (x) = 2x + 400 and
K(x) = 6x + 20 respectively, where x is the number of items produced by the manufacturer. Flow many
items the manufacturer must sell to realize some profit?
r
ou

SOLUTION We know that: Profit = Revenue - Cost. Therefore, to earn some profit, we must
ad

have
YY

Revenue > Cost

380
6x + 20 > 2x + 400 => 6x - 2x > 400 - 20 => 4x > 380 = 95
nndd

x >
Re

4
Hence, the manufacturer must seU more than 95 items to realize some profit.
Fi

MA
EXAMPLE 4 IQ of a person is given by the formula: IQ = X 100, where MA is mental age and CA is
CA
chronological age. If 80 <IQ < 140foragroup of 12 year children, find the range of their mental age.
SOLUTION We have: CA = 12 years
MA MA 25
IQ = X 100 => IQ = xlOO = MA
CA 12 3

Now, 80 < IQ <140

240 420
80 < —MA <140=> 240 < 25MA<420=> < MA< =>9.6 < A4A<16.8
3 25 25

EXAMPLE 5 In the first four papers each of 100 marks, Rishi got 95, 72, 73, 83 marks. If he wants an
average ofgreater titan or equal to 75 marks and less than 80 marks, find the range of marks he should score
in the fifth paper.
SOLUTION Suppose scores x marks in the fifth paper. Then,
14.22 MATHEMATICS-XI

95 + 72 + 73 + 83 +
75 < <80 .
5
323+ x
75 < <80 => 375 < 323 + X <400 => 52 < x<77
5

Hence, Rishi must score between 52 and 77 marks.

EXAMPLE 6 A manufacturer has 600 litres of a 12% solution of acid. How many litres of a 30% acid
solution must be added to it so that acid content in the resulting mixture will be more than 15% but less
than 18% ?

SOLUTION Let x litres of 30% acid solution be added to 600 litres of 12% solution of acid. Then,

Total quantity of mixture = (600 + x) litres

30x 12
Total acid content in the (600 + x) litres of mixture = X 600
100 100

w
It is given that acid content in the resulting mixture must be more than 15% and less than 18%.
30x 12
15% of (600 + x) < + x 600 <18% of (600 +x)

Flo
100 100
15 30x 12 18

reeee
X (600 + x) < X 600 < X (600 + x)
100 100 100 100

FFr
15 (600 + x) < 30x +12 X 600 < 18 (600 + x) [Multiplying through out by 100 ]
9000 + 15x < 30x + 7200 < 10800 + 18x
9000 + 15x < 30x + 7200 and 30x + 7200 < 10800 + 18x
for
ur
9000 -7200 < 30x -15x and 30x -18x <10800 -7200
kkss
1800 <15x and 12x< 3600
Yo

15x > 1800 and 12x < 3600

oo

X > 120 and x < 300

eB

120 < X < 300

Hence, the number of litres of the 30% solution of acid must be more than 120 but less than 300.
r

EXAMPLE?
A man wants to cut three lengths from a single piece of board of length 91 cm. The second
ou
ad

length is to be 3 cm longer than the shortest and third length is to be twice as long as the shortest. What are
YY

the possible lengths for the shortest board if third piece is to be at least 5 cm longer than the second?
SOLUTION Let the length of the shortest piece be x cm. Then, the lengths of the second and third
ndd
Re

piece are X + 3 cm and 2x cm respectively. Then,

X + (x + 3) + 2x ^ 91 and 2x > (x + 3) + 5
Fi

4x + 3 ^ 91 and 2x > x + 8
4x<88andx>8 => x<22andx>8 => 8<x<22.

Hence, the shortest piece must be at least 8 cm long but not more than 22 cm long.
EXERCISE 14.4

BASIC

1. Find all pairs of consecutive odd positive integers, both of which are smaller than 10, such
that their sum is more than 11.

2. Find all pairs of consecutive odd natural number, both of which are larger than 10, such that
their sum is less than 40.

3. Find all pairs of consecutive even positive integers, both of which are larger than 5, such
that their sum is less than 23.
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.23

4. The marks scored by Rohit in two tests were 65 and 70. Find the minimum marks he should
score in the third test to have an average of at least 65 marks.
5. A solution is to be kept between 86° and 95°F. What is the range of temperature in degree
9
Celsius, if the Celsius (C)/Fahrenheit (F) conversion formula is given by F = - C + 32.

6. A solutionis to be kept between 30°Cand 35°C What is the range of temperature in degee
Fahrenheit?

7. To receive grade 'A' in a cource, one must obtain an average of 90 marks or more in five
papers each of 100 marks. If Shikha scored 87,95,92 and 94 marks in first four papers, find
the minimum marks that she must score in the last paper to get grade 'A' in the course.
S. A company manufactures cassettes and its cost and revenue functions for a week are

ww
C = 300 + —j:andR = 2x respectively, where is the number of cassettes produced and
sold in a week. How many cassettes must be sold for the company to realize a profit?
9.

Floo
The longest side of a triangle is three times the shortest side and the third side is 2 cm

e
shorter than the longest side if the perimeter of the triangles at least 61 cm, Find the

e
minimum length of the shortest-side.

eer
FrF
10. How many litres of water will have to be added to 1125 litres of the 45% solution of acid so
that the resulting mixture will contain more than 25% but less than 30% acid content?
oor r
rur
11- A solution of 8% boric acid is to be diluted by adding a 2% boric acid solution to it. The
s ff
resulting mixture is to be more than 4% but less than 6% boric acid. If there are 640 litres of
the 8% solution, how many litres of 2% solution will have to be added?
osk
YYoou

12. The water acidity in a pool is considered normal when the average pH reading of three
oook

daily measurements is between 7.2 and 7.8. If the first two pH reading are 7.48 and 7.85,
eBB

find the range of pH value for the third reading that will result in the acidity level being
normal.

13. in drilling worlds's deepest hole it was found that the temperature T in degree celcius, x km
r

below the earth's surface was given by T = 30 + 25 (x — 3), 3 < a: < 15. At what depth will the
ouur
ad

temperature be between 155°C and 205°C? [NCERT EXEMPLAR!

Yo

ANSWERS
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Re

h (5,7), (7,9) 2. (11,13), (13,15), (15,17), (17,19) 3. (6,8), (8,10), (10,12)

idn

4. 60 5. Between 30°C and 35°C 6. Between 86°Fand95°F

FFin

7. 82 marks 8. More than 600 9. 9 cm

10. More than 562.5 litres but less than 900 litres
11. More than 320 litres but less than 1280 litres 12. Between 6.27 and 8.07
1-'. Between 8 km and 10 km.

14.7 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF LINEAR INEQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

If a, b, c are real numbers, then the equation ax + by + c ~ 0 is called a linear equation in two
variables x and y whereas the inequalities ax + by<c,ax + by>c,ax + by<c and ax + by >c are
called linear inequations in two variables x and y.
We have studied in coordinate geometry that the graph of the equation ax + by = c is a straight
line which divides the xy-plane into two parts which are represented by ax + by <c and
ax + by>c. These two parts are known as the closed half-spaces. The regions represented by
ax + by <c and ax + by >c are known as the open half spaces. In set theoretical notations, the set
{(x, y):ax + by = c} is the straight line, sets {{x, y)\ax + by<c} and {{x, y):ax + by>c} are
closed half spaces and the sets {(x, y):ax + by< c} and {{x, y):ax + by>c} are open half-spaces.
14.24 MATHEMATICS-XI

These half spaces are also known as the solution sets of the corresponding inequations.
In order to find the solution set of a linear inequation in two variables, we follow the following
algorithm.
ALGORITHM

Step I Convert the given inequation, say ax + by <c, into the equation ax + by = c which represents a
straight line in xy-plane.
Step II Put y = 0 in the equation obtained in step I to get the point where the line meets with x-axis.
Similarly, put x = 0to obtain a point where the line meets with y-axis.
Step m Join the points obtained in step II to obtain the graph of the line obtained from the given
inequation. In case of a strict inequality i.e. ax + by <c or ax + by > c, draw the dotted line,
otherwise mark it thick line.

Choose a point, if possible (0, 0), not lying on this line : Substitute its coordinates in the

ww
Step IV
inequation. If the inequation is satisfied, then shade the portion of the plane which contains the
chosen point; otherwise shade the portion which does not contain the chosen point.
Step V The shaded region obtained in step IV represents the desired solution set.

Flo
In case of the inequalities ax + by <c and ax + by>c points on the line are also a part of the
REMARK

shaded region while in case of inequalities ax + by <c and ax + by >c points on the line ax + by = care

ee
not in the shaded region.

rere
The following examples illustrate the above algorithm.

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
foor
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)
ks s

EXAMPLE 1 Solve the following inequations graphically:

Yoo
oook

(i) 2x + 3y < 6 (ii) 2x-y>l (iii) x>2 (iv) y<-3

SOLUTION (i) Converting the given inequation into equation, we obtain 2x+ 3y = 6.
eBB

Putting y = 0 and x = 0 respectively in this equation, we get x = 3 and y = 2. So, this line meets
x-axis at A{3,0) and y-axis at B (0,2). We plot these points and join them by a thick line. This line
uurr

divides the xy-plane in two parts. To determine the region represented by the given inequality
ad

consider the point O (0, 0). Clearly, (0, 0) satisfies the inequality. So, the region containing the
Yo

origin is represented by the given inequation as shown in Fig. 14.31. This region represents the
dY

solution set of the given inequations.

Re
innd

4^
FFi

<v
X- X
<■ >
o
5fo)’

W'

Fig 14.31 Fig. 14.32

(ii) Converting the given inequation into equation we obtain 2x - y = 1. This line meets x and
y-axes at A (1/2,0) and B (0, - 1) respectively. Joining these points by a thick line we obtain the
line passing through A and B as shown in Fig. 14.32. This line divides the xy-plane into two
regions viz. one lying above it and the other lying below it. Consider the point 0(0,0). Clearly,
(0, 0) does not satisfy the inequation 2x - y >1. So, the region not containing the origin is
represented by the given inequation as shown in Fig. 14.32. Clearly it represents the solution set
of the given inequation.
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.25

(iii) We have x > 2.Converting the inequation into equation, we obtain a: = 2. Clearly, it is a line
parallel to y-axis at a distance of 2 units from it. This line divides the xy-plane into two parts viz.
one part on the LHS of a = 2 and the other on its RHS. We find that the point (0,0) does not satisfy
the inequation x > 2. So, the region represented by the given equation is the shaded region
shown in Fig. 14.33. The shaded region is the required solution set of the given inequation.
Ay AY
A

X' X
X' X <
o
<■
O ’(2,0) ^ <■
y = -.1
>
(0,-3)

ww
yr VY‘

Fig. 14.33 Fig. 14.34

(iv) We have y < - 3. Converting the given inequation into equation we obtain y = -3. Clearly, it

Flo
is a line parallel to x-axis at a distance of 3 units below it. The line y = -3 divides the .xy-plane into

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two regions one below it and the other above it. Consider the point O (0,0). We find that (0,0)

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does not satisfy the inequation y < - 3. So, the region represented by the given inequation is the

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region not containing the origin as show in Fig. 14.34. Clearly, it is the solution set of the given
inequation.
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EXAMPLE 2 Solve the following inequations graphicalh/:
foor
(i)|x|<3 (ii) ly-x!<3 (iii) [x-ylSl
ks s
SOLUTION (i) Converting the given inequation into equation, we obtain x = 3. This equation
Yoo

represents a line parallel to y-axis at a distance of 3 units from it. The line given by x = 3
oook

divides the xy-plane into two regions. Clearly, the point O (0,0) satisfies x < 3. So, the graph of
eBB

X < 3 is as shown in Fig. 14.35. The shaded region represents the solution set of this inequation.
(ii) We have, [ y - x | < 3. This inequation is equivalent to
-3<y-x<3 [●.■ I X I < <=> - f7 < X < fl]
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-3<y-x and y-x<3

ad

<=>
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X - y - 3 < 0 and x - y + 3 > 0

dY

AY
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innd

A A
FFi

X' X

V V

'I'r

Fig. 14.35

The region represented by | y - x | < 3 is the region common to the regions represented by
X - y - 3 < 0 and x-y + 3>0as shown in Fig. 14.36. This shaded region represents the solution
set of the given inequation.
(iii) Wehave,
|x-y|>l<=> x-y>l or x-y<-l x-y-l>0 or x-i/H-l<0
The required region is the union of regions represented byx-y-1^0 and x-y + l<0as
shown in Fig. 14.37. The shaded region represents the solution set of the given inequation.
14.26 MATHEMATICS-XI

EXERCISE 14.5

BASIC

Represent to solution set of each of the following inequations graphically in two dimensional plane:
1. ;c + 2y-4<0 2. X + 2y>6 3. x + 2>0

4. x-2y<0 5. - 3x + 2y < 6 6. x<8-4y

7. 0<2x-5y + 10 8. 3y>6-2-.c 9. y >2x-8
10. 3x -2y <x + y -8
14.8 SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR INEQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLE

In this section, we will discuss the technique of finding the solution set of simultaneous linear
inequations. Solving simultaneous linear inequations means finding the set of points (x, y) for

w
which all the constraints are satisfied. Note that the solution set of simultaneous linear
inequations may be an empty set or it may be the region bounded by the straight lines
corresponding to linear inequations or it may be an unbounded region with straight line

Flo
boundaries.

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Fr
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

Type I ON FINDING THE SOLUTION SET REPRESENTED BY SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR INEQUATIONS

for
ur
EXAMPLE 1 Exhibit graphically the solution set of the linear inequations
3x + 4y < 12, 4:c + 3y < 12, X ^ 0, y ^ 0
ks

SOLUTION Converting the inequations into equations, the inequations reduce to

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3x + 4y = 12, 4x + 3y = 12, = 0 and y = 0.

oo

Region Represented by 3x + 4y < 12: The line 3a: + 4y = 12 meets the Ay

eB

coordinate axes at A (4, 0) and B (0, 3). Draw a thick line joining A .Bl(0,4)
and B. We find that (0, 0) satisfies inequation 3a: + 4y ^12. So, the 4x + 3y = 12
(0,3)
portion containing the origin represents the solution set of the
r

3j: + 4y = 12
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inequation 3x + 4y < 12. X' (4,0)

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Region Represented by 4x + 3y ^ 12: The line 4a: + 3y = 12 meets the a: ^

■>
o (3,0)/l X

andy-axes at Ai(3,0) and Bi(0,4) respectively. Join these two points

nd

'i'Y'
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by a thick line. Clearly, the region containing the origin is

represented by the inequation 4x + 3y < 12. Fig. 14.38
Fi

Region Represented byx>0 and y ^ 0: Clearly, a: ^ 0 and y ^ 0 represent the first quadrant.
Hence, the shaded region given in Fig. 14.38 represents the solution set of the given linear
inequations.
EXAMPLE 2 Exhibit graphically the solution set of the linear inequations
x + y<5, 4A: + y>4, x + by>5, x<4, y<3
SOLUTION Converting the inequations into equations, we obtain
A: + y = 5, 4A: + y = 4, A: + 5y=5, a: = 4, y = 3
Region Represented by X + y <5: The line a: + y =5 meets the coordinate axes at A(5,0) andB{0,5)
respectively. Join these points by a thick line. Clearly, (0,0) satisfies the inequality a: + y < 5. So,
the portion containing the origin represents the solution set of the inequation a: + y ^5.
Region Represented by 4x + y>4: The line 4a: + y = 4 meets the coordinate axes at Ai(l, 0) and
(0, 4) respectively. Join these points by a thick line. Clearly, (0, 0) does not satisfy the
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.27

inequation 4a: + y > 4. So, the portion not containing the origin is represented by the inequation
4.r + y > 4.
Region Represented by a: + 5y ^ 5: The line a: + 5y > 5 meets the
coordinate axes at ^4 (5, 0) and B2 (0,1) respectively. Join these
two points by a thick line. We find that (0,0) does not satisfy
the inequation .y + 5y > 5. So, the portion not containing the
origin is represented by the given inequation.
Region Represented by x< 4: Clearly, y = 4 is a line parallel to
y-axis at a distance of 4 units from die origin. Since (0,0) satisfies
the inequation y < 4. So, the portion lying on the left side of y = 4
is the region represented by y < 4.
4.v+y=4
Region Represented by y < 3: Clearly, y = 3 is a line parallel to Y-axis vy

at a distance 3 from it. Since (0, 0) satisfies y ^ 3. So, the portion

ww
Fig. 14.39
containing the origin is represented by the given inequation.
The common region of the above five regions represents the solution set of the given linear
constaints as shown in Fig. 14.39.

Flo
EXAMPLES Draw the diagram ofthe solution set ofthe linear inequations 3x + 4y >12, y >1, y>0.

e
SOLUTION Converting the inequations into equations, we get 3y + 4y = 12, y = 1, y = 0

rere
Region Represented by 3y + 4y > 12: The line 3y + 4y = 12 meets the

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AY
coordinate axes at A (4,0) and B(0,3) joining these points by a thick
line we get the graph of 3y + 4y = 12. Since (0, 0) does not satisfy the
uurr
for
inequation 3y + 4y > 12. So, the portion not containing the origin is B (0,3)
represented by the inequation 3y + 4y ^ 12. <■
y= i
Region Represented byy> 1; The line y = 1 is parallel to Y-axis at a unit X’
kss
X
distance from it. Since (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequation y S1. So, <■
ooook

o
Yo

the region lying above the line y = 1 is represented by y > 1.

x*0
Region Represented by x> 0: Clearly, y > 0 represents the region lying
eBB

Y’V
on the right side of y-axis.
Fig. 14.40
The solution set of the given linear constraints is the intersection
urr

of the above regions as shown in Fig. 14.40.

ad
Yo

Type II ON FINDING THE LINEAR INEQUATIONS WHEN THEIR SOLUTION SET IS GIVEN
dY

EXAMPLE 4 Find the linear inequations for which the shaded area in Fig. 14.41 is the solution set.
Re

SOLUTION Consider the line y + 2y = 8. We observe that the shaded region and the origin are
innd

on the same side of the line y + 2y = 8 and (0, 0) satisfies the linear constraint y + 2y ^ 8. So, we
Fi

must have one inequations as y + 2y < 8.

A V
Now consider the line 2y + y = 2. We find that the shaded region ■s

and the origin are on the opposite sides of the line 2y + y = 2 and ●V,
(0, 0) does not satisfy the inequation 2y + y ^ 2. So, the second
inequations is 2y + y ^ 2. X' <p X
<
o il.O)
Finally, consider the line y - y = 1. We observe that the shaded
region and the origin are on the same side of the line y - y = 1. We
observe that the shaded region and the origin are on the same side /
^ y,
of the line Y-y=l and (0, 0) satisfies Y-y<l. So, the third Fig. 14.41
constraint is y - y < 1.
We also notice that the shaded region is above Y-axis and is on the irght side of y-axis. So, we
must have y > 0 and y > 0.
14.28 MATHEMATICS-XI

Thus, the linear inequations corresponding to the given solution set are
a: + 2i/<8, 2a: + i/>2, x~y<\, :r>0, y>0
EXAMPLE 5
Find the linear inequations for which the shaded region in Fig. 14.42 is the solution set.
SOLUTION Consider the line 2x + 3y - 3. We observe that the shaded region and the origin lie
on the opposite side of this line and (0, 0) satisfies lx + 3y < 3. Therefore, we must have
2-y + 3y > 3 as the linear inequations corresponding to the line 2x + 3y = 3.
Consider the liiie 3x + 4y =18. Clearly, the shaded region and
the origin lie on the same side of this line and (0,0) satisfies the
inequation 3,t + 4y < 18. So, we must have 3x + 4y < 18 as the
linear inequations corresponding to 3x + 4y = 18.
Consider the line x ~6y = 3. It is evident from the figure that
the origin and the shaded region lie on the same side of tliis line

ww
and (0,0) satisfies x - 6y < 3. So, 'a - 6y ^ 3 is the corresponding
inequations.
Consider the line - 7a: + 4y = 14. We find that the shaded region

Flo
and the origin are on the same side of this line and (0, 0)

ee
satisfies the inequations - 7 a: + 4y < 14. So, the corresponding
linear inequations is - 7x + 4y < 14.

rere
rFF
Also, the shaded region is in first quadrant only. So, we must have a: > 0 and y > 0.
Thus, the linear inequations comprising the given solution set are
uur r
foor
2AT+3y>3, 3A: + 4y<18, -7A: + 4y<14, A.*-6y<3, x>0, y>0
EXERCISE 14.6
sks

BASIC
Yoo
ooko

1- Solve the following systems of linear inequations graphically:

eBB

f ) 2a: + 3y < 6, 3a: + 2y < 6, a: > 0, y > 0 (ii) 2.y + 3y < 6, x + 4y < 4, x > 0, y > 0
1 x-y<l, x + 2y<8, 2x-f v>2, x>0, y>0
(iv' '- + y>l, 7x + 9y<63, x<6, y<5, x>0, y>0
uurr
ad

(v) - 3y <35, y > 3, x I, x > 0, y > 0

Yo

2. Show that the solution set i the following linear inequations is empty set:
dY

(i) x-2y ^0, 2x-y <-2, x>0,y >0 (ii) x+2y < 3, 3x + 4y >12, y >1, x>0, y >0
Re

3. Find the linear inequations for which the shaded area in Fig. 14.43 is the solution set. Draw
innd

the diagram of the solution set of the linear inequations:

FFi

4. Find the linear inequations for which the solution set is the shaded region given in
Fig. 14.44.
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.29

5. Show that the solution set of the following linear in equations is an unbounded set:
x + y>9, 3x + y>12, x>0, y>0.
6. Solve the following systems of inequations graphically:
(i) 2x + y > 8, X + 2y > 8, x +y<6
(ii) 12x + 12y < 840, 3x + 6y < 300, 8x + 4y < 480 x > 0, y > 0
(hi) X + 2y < 40, 3x + y > 30, 4x + 3y > 60, x > 0, y > 0

oww
(iv)5x + y>10, 2x + 2y>12, x + 4y>12, x>0, y>0
7. Show that the following system of linear equations has no solution:
x + 2y<3, 3x + 4y>12, x>0, y>l. INCERT EXEMPLAR]

8. Show that the solution set of the following system of linear inequalities is an unbounded

e
FFrlo
region 2x + y >8, x + 2y>10, x>0, y^O. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

re
9. Find the linear inequalities for which the shaded region in Fig. 14.45 is the solution set.

Free
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

rF
ffsoor
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kosk
Yo

X'
oo
Y

<■
o
BB

(4,0)
V
4^'
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Fig. 14.46
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10. Find the linear inequalities for which the shaded region in Fig. 14.46 is the solution
ad

set. INCERT EXEMPLAR]

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ANSWERS
innd
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3.2x + 3y > 6, 4x + 6y < 24, - 3x + 2y < 3, X - 2y < 2, X > 0, y > 0,

Fi
F

4. X + y < 4, y < 3, X < 3, X + 5y > 4, 6x + 2y > 8, X > 0, y > 0

9. X + y < 20, 3x + 2y < 48, X > 0, y > 0
10. X + y < 8, X + y > 4, X <5, y <5, X > 0, y > 0
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

1. If X > - 3, then x + 5. 2.

2. If-x<-4, then 2x 8.

3. If — < 0, then X 2.
x-2

4. If I X -11 < 2 then -1. x<3.

5 jt
5. If I 3x - 7 I > 2, then x — or, X ,3.
3

6.1f-4x>2, then x, -3.

14.30 MATHEMATICS-XI

3x
7. If- — ^-3, then x 4.
4

8.
Ifx > y and z < 0, then - xz -y2.
9. The solution set of the inequation | +11 < 3 is
10. The solution set of the inequation | a: + 21 > 5 is.
x-3
11. If > 0, then X belongs to the interval
;c-3

12. |x|+l
The solution set of the inequation <0 is.

oww
x\-l

ANSWERS

1. > 2. > 3. < 4. <, < 5. <, > 6. < 7. > 8. >

e
ree
9. (-4,2) 10. (-00,-7) u( 3, 00) 11.(3, CO) 12. (-1,1)

rFl
Fre
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

rr F
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
ouur
question:
sfoo
x^
okks
1.
Write the solution set of the inequation >0.
x~2
Yo
ooo

1
2.
Write the solution set of the inequation x + —>2.
eBB

3. Write the set of values of x satisfying the inequation {x -2x + l){x -A)> 0.
uurr

4. Write the solution set of the equation\ 2 -x\ = x -2.

ad
YYo

5. Write the set of values of x satisfying | a: -11 < 3 and] a: -11 <1.
6.
Write the solution set of the inequation — - 2 <4.
dd

.T
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iinn

a: + 2 1
7.
Write the number of integral solutions of
?7T^2-
F

x + 2
8.
Write the set of values of x satisfying the inequations 5a: + 2 < 3a: + 8 and <4.
x-l

9. Write the solution set of a: + - >2.

a:

10.
Write the solution set of the inequation | a: - Ij > | a: - 31.

ANSWERS

1- [2,c«) 2. (0, oo) 3. (- CO, 4) 4. (2, oo)

5. [2,4] 6. (-00,-1/2) u(1/6,00) 7. 3
8. (-oo,l)u(2, 3) 9. K-{-1,0,1} 10. [2, CO)
14.31
LINEAR INEQUATIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

1. Ifx <7, then
(a) -x<-7 (b) -x<-7 (c) (d) -:t>-7
2. If-3.r + 17 <-13, then

(a) X e (10, co) (b) X e [10, oo) (c) a:€(-co,10] (d) xe[-10,10)

3. Given that x, y and b are real numbers and x<y,b>0, then

7<7
b b (b)fsf
b b
r
b > 7
h b b

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4. If X is a real number and I x| <5, then
(a) X >5 (b) -5 <x <5 (c) x<-5 (d) -5<x<5

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5. If X and a are real numbers such that a>0 and | x[ >«, then

ee
(a) X e(-fl, oo) (b) xe[-co, fl] (c) X € (- fl, a) (d) X e(-co, -a) u(fl, oo)

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6. If |x-l| >5, then

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(a) xe(-4,6) (b) X € [-4, 6]

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(c) X e(-co, -4)u(6, co) (d) X G (- oo, - 4) u [6, co)
ffoor
7. If|x + 2] < 9, then
ks

(a) xe(-7,ll) (b) xgI-11,7]

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(c) X e (-00,-7) u(ll, oo) (d) xg(-co, -7) u[ll, co)

8. The inequality representing the following graph is
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(a) lx|<3 (b) |x|<3 (c) |x|>3 (d) |x|>3

r

A V
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ad

A A
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X' X
->
Yd

(3,0)
Re

0) o
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V
'i'Y'
Fig. 14.47

9. Tlie linear inequality representing the solution set given in Fig. 14.48 is
(a) 1x1 <5 (b) 1x1 >5 (c) [xl>5 (d) |xl<5
<■
— 00 -5 5 GO

Fig. 14.48

10. The solution set of the inequation 1 x + 21 ^ 5 is

(a) (-7,5) (b) [-7, 3] (c) [-5,51 (d) (-7, 3)
lx-21
11. If > 0, then
x-2

(a) X € [2, co) (b) X g(2, oo) (c) xe(-co, 2) (d) X g(-co, 2]
14.32
MATHEMATICS-XI

12. If I a: + 3| > 10, then

(a) A^e(-13,7] (b) ;t6(-13,7)
(c) A:e(-a),-13)u(7, co) (d) AT€(-co,-13]u[7,oo)
13. Solution of a linear inequality in variable a: is represented on the number line as shown i in

Fig. 14.49. The solution can also be described as

<- —O
- CO
5 00

Fig. 14.49
(a) xe(-co,5) (b) X e(-oo,5] (c) a: e [5, co) (d) a; 6 (5, co)
14. The shaded part of the number line in Fig. 14.50 can also be represented as

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<
- 30
9 so

Fig. 14.50

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(9 9^ 9
/ =0 (b) a: 6 —.00 (C) AT 6 - 00, - (d) a: 6 - 00, -

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[2 2) 2

15. The shaded part of the number line in Fig. 14. 51 can also be described as

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e
-t -O

1 2
O*
<x>
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Fig. 14,51
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(a) (-■»,!) u (2, co) (b) (-CO, 1] u [2, co)
ks
(c) (1,2) (d) [1,2]
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ANSWERS
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l.(c) 2.(a) 3.(a) 4.(b) 5.(d) 6.(c) 7.(b) 8.(b)

9.(c) 10. (b) 11, (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a)
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CHAPTER 15

PERMUTATIONS

15.1 THE FACTORIAL

In this section, we shall introduce the term and notation of factorial which will be often used in
this cliapter and the next three chapters.

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FACTORIAL The continued product offirst n natural numbers is called the "n factorial" and is denoted
by n!or|”.
nl = Ix2x3x4x...x(n-l)xn.

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Thus, 31=1x2x3=6; 41=1 x 2x 3x 4 = 24, 51=1x 2x 3x 4x5=120 etc.

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Clearly, «!is defined for positive integers ordy.
ZERO FACTORIAL As we zvill require zero factorial in the later sections of this chapter and it does not

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make any sense to define it as the product of the integers from 1 to zero. So, we define 0! = I.

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NOTE Factorials of proper fractions or negative integers are not defined. Factorial n is defined orilyfor
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whole numbers.
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DEDUCTION We have,
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n! = lx 2x 3x 4...x(?i-l)xn = [lx 2x 3x 4...x(n-l)]H = [(«-l) !]H=»x(n-l)!

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Thus, »! = hx (»-1)1
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Sinularly,
n\ = n (n-l) (n-2)l = n («-l) («-2) (n-3)l = « (??-l) («-2) (n-3) (M-4)!and so on.
r

For example, 8! = 8 (71), 51=5(4!) and 21 = 2(1!)

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Following examples will illustrate the use of this property of factorial n.

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
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BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

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20! 10!
EXAMPLE! Compute: (i) (ii)
18! 614!

SOLUTION (i) We have,

20! _ 20 (19!) _ 20x19x18! = 20 X 19 = 380 [v «! = wx(n-l)0
1^” 18! 18!

10! lOx 9 X 8x7 X 6! 10x9x8x7

(ii) = 210
6!4! 6! X (4 X 3x2x1) 4 X 3x2x1

EXAMPLE 2 Convert the following products into factorials:

(i) 6 ● 7 ● 8 ● 9 ● 10 (ii) 2 ● 4 ● 6 ● 8 ● 10
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10 10!
SOLUTION (i) 6 ● 7 ● 8 ● 9 ● 10 =
1-2-3-4-5 5!

(ii) 2-4-6-8-10=(2xl)(2x2)(2x 3){2x4)(2x5)=2^ (l-2-3-4-5)=2^x5!

15.2 MATHEMATICS-XI

EXAMPLE 3
Find the LCM of 41,5! and 6!
SOLUTION We have, 5! = 5x4! and 6! = 6x5x4!
L.C.M.of 4!,5!, 6! = L.CM. {41,5 x 41, 6 x 5 x 4!} =(4!) x 5 x 6 = 6! =720
1
EXAMPLE 4 If — - — ,find X.
9! 10! 11!

SOLUTION We have,

1 +A. X

9! 10! 11!
1 1 X

^ 9! ^10x9! 11x10x9!
1 r
1+1 X 1 1 X 11 X

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X — => 1 + — = => .Y = ll X 11 =121.
9! 10 11x10 9! 10 11x10 10 11x10

ALITER We have,

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1 J_ = ^

e
9! 10! 11!

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Multiplying both sides by the LCM of 9!, 10! and 11! i.e. by 11!, we obtain

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11! ni ^ 11. 11x10x9! 11x10!
= — xll! => = x => IIX10 + 11 =x => x=121.
9! 10! 11! 9! 10!
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BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
for
EXAMPLES Find n, if
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(i) (« + 2)! = 2550 X nl (ii) (« + !)! = 12x(n-l)!

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SOLUTION (i) We have,

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(w + 2)! = 2550xfi!
^ (m + 2) (« +1) X n! = 2550 x nl
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=> (« + 2) X (n +1) = 2550

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=> (n + 2) (« +1) = 51X 50 [Expressing 2550 as the product of two consecutive natural numbers]
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=> n + 2 = 51 or, n +1 = 50 => n = 49 [By comparing]

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(ii) We have.
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(« + l)! = 12x(«-l)!
(« +1) X « X (n -1) I = 12 x (n -1) I
n(« + l)=12 => (« +1) M = 4x 3=> «= 3 [By comparing]
n! nl
EXAMPLE 6 If and
are in the ratio 2 : 2, find the value ofn.
2l{n-2)l 4!(n-4)!
SOLUTION We have.
nl nl
= 2:1
nl
^ 4!(n-4)! _ 2
2!(«-2)l 4!(«-4)i 2!(n-2)! nl 1

4!(«-4)! 2 4x3x2! 2

2!(n-2)x(«-3)x(n-4)! 1 2l{n-2) (h-3) 1

(n-2)(n-3) = 6^ (?i-2) («-3) = 3x2=> n-2 = 3 andn- 3 =2=> n=5

PERMUTATIONS 15.3

{2n)l
EXAMPLE? Prove that: (2«-l)l 2".
n\

SOLUTION We have,
(2n)! 1 - 2- 3-4-5-6-7-8...(2«-2)(2n-l)(2«)
n\ n\

{1.3 ● 5 ● 7 ... (2n -1)} ● (2 ● 4 ● 6 ● 8...(2n-2) (2n)}

nl

{l-3-5-7...(2n-l)} 2” {1 ● 2● 3● 4■■■ (n-1)»}

n!

{l-3-5-7...(2n-l)}-2"-n! «
= {1-3-5-7...(2ji-1)}2
?i!

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BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 8 Prove that («! +1) is not divisible by any natural number between 2 and n.

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SOLUTION Let m be divisible by k and r be any natural number between 1 and cf. If m + r is
divided by k, then we obtain r as the remainder.

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Wehave, «! = 1 ● 2● 3● 4... («-1) ●«.

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Therefore, nl is divisiblebyevery natural number between 2 and n. So, (n! +1), when divided by

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any natural number between 2 and n, leaves 1 as the remainder.
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Hence, («! + 1) is not divisible by any natural number between 2 and n.
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EXAMPLE 9 Prove the inequalities (n!)^ < n”(n!) < (2n)! for all positive integers n.
ks s

SOLUTION Clearly, («!)2 ={«!)(”!) = (1 ■ 2 ■ 3 ■ 4... (n-1) «) («!)

Yoo
oook

We know that
1 <n
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2<n
3 <n
=> 1 ■ 2 ■ (n -1) n <n ■ n ■ n... n => «! <n” => (w!) (nl) <n” (w!) => (n!) ...(i)
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n - times
(n~l) ^n
ad

n ^n
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Now, (2«)! = 1 ● 2 ■ 3... (n-1) n(n + 1) (n + 2)... (2n -1) (2n) =n!(« +1) (n + 2)... (2n -1) (2«)
dY

71 +1 > «
Now,
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M + 2 >71
innd

71+ 3 >71
=> (7i + l)(7i + 2){n+ 3)...(271-1)(2ti)>7i”
FFi

71 + (« -1) >71
71 + 71 >71

7i!(n + l)(7i + 2)...(27i-l)(27i)>7i!7i'' => (27i)!>n! 7i”=>7i!ti" <(2ti)! ...(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we obtain: (n!)^ (n!) <{2n)!

EXAMPLE 10 Prove that 33! is divisible by 2^^. What is the largest integer n such that 33! is divisible
l7y2”?
SOLUTION Let £2 (ti) denote the index of 2 in n. Then,
£2(33!) = £2(1.2.3.4.5.6 32.33)
£2(33!) = £2 (2.4.6.8 30.32)
£2(33!) = 16+ £2 (1.2.3 15.16)
£2(33!) = 16+ £2 (2.4.6....14.16)
15.4 MATHEMATICS-XI

£2(33!) = 16 + 8+£2(1.2.3...8)
£2(33!) = 16+8 + £2 (2.4.6.S)
£2 (33!) =16 + 8 + 4 + E2(1.2.3.4)
£^(33!) = 16+ 8+ 4+£2 (2.4) =16 + 8 + 4+3 = 31.
Thus, exponent of 2 in 33! is 31 i.e. 33! = 2^^ x an integer
15
This shows that 33! is divisible by 2
n
and the largest integer « such that 33!is divisible by 2
is 31.

EXERCISE 15.1
BASIC

1. Compute;

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30! 11!-10!
(i) (ii) (hi) L.C.M.(6!,7!, 8!)
28! 9!

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2. Prove that 1 J_
9! 10! 111“ 11!

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3. Find x in each of the following:

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... 1 1 .Y .... .V 1 1
(1) — + —
4! 5! 6!
(11) — = -
10! 8!
+
9!
[NCERTl (hi) 1
6!
+1
7!
=£8! [NCERT]
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4. Convert the following products into factorials:
ffoor
(i) 5 ■ 6 ■ 7 ■ 8 ■ 9 ■ 10 (ii) 3-6-9-12-15-18
sks

(hi) (» + 1) (h + 2) (h + 3)... {2n) (iv) 1-3-5-7-9...(2m-1)

YYoo
ooko

5. Which of the following are true:

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(i) (2+3)! = 2!+3! (u) (2 x 3)1 = 2!x 3!

6. Prove that: n\{n + 2) = «! + {n +1)!
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BASED ON LOTS
ad
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7. lf(» + 2)! = 60[(n-l)!],findjL

8. lf(j) + l)! = 90[(?i-l)!],find?7.
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9. lf(?j+ 3)!=56[(n + l)!],find«.

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[2n){ ill
10. If- and are in the ratio 44 : 3, find n.
3!(2n-3)l 2!(n-2)!

11. Prove that:

n\ nl (« + !)!
(i) = «(«-l)(n-2)...(/z-(r-l)) (ii) +
(«-r)! (n-r)\r\ (;j-r + l)!(r-1)! r!(«-r + l)!
(2n + l)l
12. Prove that:
n\
= 2"h-3-5...(2»-l)(2;; + 1)
^ANSWERS
10!
l.(i) 870 (ii) 100 (hi) 8! 3. (i) 36 (ii) 100 (hi) 64 4. (i)
4!
(ii) s'"’ (6!)
(2n)\ (2»)!
(hi) (iv) 5. (i) False (ii) False 7. 3 8. 9 9. 5 10. 6
/:! 2” n\
PERMUTATIONS 15.5

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

3. (i) We have,
1 1 a: 6! 6!
— + —= — => — + —=a: [Multiplying both sides by 6!]
4! 5! 6! 4! 5!
6x5x4! 6x5!
= x =>6x5 + 6= a:=>a: = 36
4! 5!

(ii) We have,
a: 1 1 m !^ [Multiplying both sides by 10!]
8! ^ 9!
— = — + — => X =
10! 8! 9!
10x9x8! 10x9!
X = => a:=10x9+10=100
8! 9!

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(iii) We have.
8! 8!
1 1= — [Multiplying both sides by 8!]
6l'^7!“8!
— + — = a:
6! 7!

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8x7x6! 8x7!
= x=> 8x7 + 8=a:=^> a: = 64
6! 7!

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7. (n+2)! = 60(«-l)l

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=> (» + 2) (n + l) {«) (H“1)! = 60x(n-l)!

e
=> {n + 2) (n +1) (n) = 5 X 4 X 3 [Expressing 60 as the product of three consecutive integers]
rur
=> « = 3 [On comparing two sides]
ffoor
8. (« + l)! = 90(«-l)l
ks
=> n + l (n)(n-l)! = 90(?i-l)l
(n + l)n=10x9 [Writing 90 as the product of consecutive integers]
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=> n =9
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9. (n+3)!=56(n + l)l
=> (fi+3)(« + 2)0i + l)l=56(n + l)!
r

=> (ii+3){n + 2)=8x7 [Writing 56 as the product of consecutive integers]

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ad

=> n + 2 =7 => n =5
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15.2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING

In this section, we shall discuss two fundamental principles viz. principle of addition and
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principle of multiplication. These two principles will enable us to understand permutations and
combinations. In fact these two principles form the base of permutations and combinations.
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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF MULTIPLICATION If there are two jobs such that one of them can be
completed in m ways, and when it has been completed in any one of these m ways, second job can be
completed in n ways; then the two jobs in succession can be completed inmxn ways.
EXPLANATION If the first job is performed in any one of the m ways, we can associate with this
any one of the n ways of performing the second job: and thus there are n ways of performing the
two jobs without considering more than one way of performing the first; and so corresponding
to each of the m ways of performing the first job, we have n ways of performing the second job.
Hence, the number of ways in which the two jobs can be performed is m x n.
ILLUSTRATION 1 hi a class there are 10 boys and 8 girls. The teacher warits to select a boy and a girl
to represent the class in a function. In how many ways can the teacher make this selection ?
SOLUTION Here the teacher is to perform two jobs:
(i) selecting a boy among 10 boys, and (ii) selecting a girl among 8 girls.
The first of these can be performed in 10 ways and the second in 8 ways. Therefore by the
fundamental principle of multiplication, the required number of ways is 10 x 8 = 80.
15.6 MATHEMATICS-XI

REMARK The above principle can be extended for any finite number of jobs as stated below:
If there are n jobs /« such that job Jjcan be performed independently in niiways; i = 3,1,n.
Then the total number of ways in which all the jobs can be performed ism^ x m2>< m^x ...xm„.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF ADDITION If there are two jobs such that they can be performed
independently in m and n ways respectively, then either of the two jobs can be performed in (m + n)
ways.
ILLUSTRATION 2 In a class there are 10 boys and 8 girls. The teacher wants to select either a boy ora
girl to represent the class in a functmi. hi how many ways the teacher can make this selection?
SOLUTION Here the teacher is to perform either of the following two jobs :
(i) selecting a boy among 10 boys, or, (ii) selecting a girl among 8 girls.
The first of these can be performed in 10 ways and the second in 8 ways. Therefore, by

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fundamental principle of addition either of the two jobs can be performed in (10 + 8) = 18 ways.
Hence, the teacher can make the selection of either a boy or a girl in 18 ways.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO PRINCIPLES As we have discussed in the principle of

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multiplication a job is divided or decomposed into a number of sub-jobs lohich are unconnected to each
other and the job is said to be performed ifeach sub-job is performed. While in the principle of addition there

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are a number of independent jobs and we have to perform one of them. So, the total number of ways of
completing 07iy one of the sub-jobs is the sum of the number of ways of completing each sub-jobs.

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

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BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE I There are 3 candidates for a Classical, 5 for a Mathematical, and 4 for a Natural science
ks
scholarship,
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(i) In how many ways can these scholarships be awarded?

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(ii) In how many ways one of these scholarships be awarded?

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SOLUTION Clearly, Classical scholarship can be awarded to any one of the three candidates. So,
there are 3 ways of awarding the Classical scholarship.
Similarly, Mathematical and Natural science scholarships can be awarded in 5 and 4 ways
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ad

respectively. So, by Fundamental Principle of multiplication.

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Number of ways of awarding three scholarships = 3x5x4 = 60

By Fundamental Principle of addition.
Number of way of awarding one of the three scholarships = 3+ 5 + 4=12
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EXAMPLE 2 A room has 6 doors. In how many ways can a man enter the room through one door and
come out through a different door ?
F

SOLUTION Clearly, a person can enter the room through any one of the six doors. So, there are
six ways of entering into the room. After entering into the room, the man can come out through
any one of the remaining five doors. So, he can come out through a different door in 5 ways.
Hence, the number of ways in which a man can enter a room through one door and come out
through a different door = 6 x 5 = 30.
EXAMPLE 3
The flag of a newly formed forum is in the form □□□ of three blocks, each to be coloured
differently. If there are six different colours on the whole to choose from, how many such designs are
possible ?
SOLUTION Since there are six coloursto choose from, therefore, first block can be coloured in 6
ways. Now, the second block can be coloured by any one of the remaining colours in five ways.
So, there are five ways to colour the second block.
After colouring first two blocks only four colours are left. The third block can now be coloured
by any one of the remaining four colours. So, there are four ways to colour the third block.
PERMUTATIONS 15.7

Hence, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, the number of flag-designs is

6x5x 4=120.

EXAMl’Li: 4 Find the number of 4 letter words, zuith or zvithont meaning, zvhich can beformed out of the
letters of the word ROSE, when [NCERTJ
(i) the repetition of the letters is not allozoed. (ii) the repetition of the letters is allozued.
SOLUTION (i) The total number of words is same as the number of ways of filling in 4 vacant
places CECIO by the 4 letters. The first place can be filled in 4 different ways by any one of the 4
letters R, O, S, E. Since the repetition of letters is not allowed. Therefore, the second place can be
filled in by any one of the remaining 3 letters in 3 different ways, following which the third place
can be filled in by the remaining 2 letters in 2 different ways; following which the fourth place
can be filled in by the remaining one letter in one way. Thus, by the fundamental principle of
counting the required number of ways is 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24.

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Hence, required number of words = 24.
(ii) If the repetition of the letters is allowed, then each of the 4 vacant places can be filled in

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succession in 4 different ways.
Hence, required number of words = 4x4x4x4 = 256.

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EX.AMPLE 5 Given 4 flags of different colours, how many different signals can be generated, if a signal
requires the use of 2 flags one below the other? [NCERT]

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SOLUTION The total number of signals is equal to the number of ways of filling in 2 vacant
places in succession by four flags of different colours. The upper cacant place can be filled
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in 4 different ways by any one of the 4 flags; following which, the lower vacant place can be filled
in 3 different ways by any one of the remaining the different flags.
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Hence, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, the required number of signals is

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4x 3=12.

EXAMPLE 6 Find the number of different signals that can be generated by arranging at least 2 flags in
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order (one below the other) on a vertical staff, iffive differentflags are available. [NCERTl

SOLUTION Since a signal may consist of either 2 flags, 3 flags, 4 flags or 5 flags. Therefore,
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Total number of signals = Number of 2 flags signals i i

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+ Nnumber of 3 flags signals

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+ Number of 4 flags signals

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+ Number of 5 flags signals

= 5x4 + 5x4x 3+5x4x3x2+5x4x3x2x1

= 20 + 60 +120 +120 = 320

EXA.MPLE 7
In a monthly test, the teacher decides that there will be three questions, one from each of
Exercises 7, 8 and 9 of thetextbook. If there are 12 questionsin Exercise?, 18 in Exercise 8 and 9 in
Exercise 9, in how many ways can three questions be selected ?
SOLUTION There are 12 questions in exercise 7. So, one question from exercise 7 can be selected
in 12 ways. Exercise 8 contains 18 questions. So, second question can be selected in 18 ways.
There are 9 questions in exercise 9. So, third question can be selected in 9 ways. Hence, three
questions can be selected in 12 x 18 x 9 = 1944 ways.
EXAMPLES How many words (zuith or zvithout meaning) of three distinct letters of the English
alphabets are there ?
15.8 MATHEMATICS-X!

SOLUTION Here we have to fill up three places by distinct letters of the English alphabets. Since
there are 26 letters of the English alphabet, the first place can be filled by any of these letters. So,
there are 26 ways of filling up the first place. Now, the second place can be filled up by any of the
remaining 25 letters. So, there are 25 ways of filling up the second place. After filling up the first
two places only 24 letters are left to fill up the third place. So, the third place can be filled in 24
ways.
Hence, the required number of words = 26 x 25 x 24 = 15600
EXAMPLE 9 There are 6 multiple choice questions in an examination. How many sequence of answers
are possible, if the first three questions have 4 choices each and the next three have 5 each ?
SOLUTION Here we have to perform 6 jobs of answering 6 multiple choice questions. Each one
of the first three questions can be answered in 4 ways and each one of the next three can be
answered in 5 different ways.

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So, the total number of different sequences = 4x4x4x5x5x5 = 8000
EXAMPLE 10 Hnd the total number of ways of answering 5 objective type questions, each question

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having 4 choices.
SOLUTION Since each question can be answered in 4 ways. So, the total number of ways of

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answering 5 questions is 4x4x4x4x4=4^.

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EXAMPLE 11 How many three-digit numbers can be formed without using the digits 0,2,3,4,5 and 6 ?

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SOLUTION We have to determine the total number of three digit numbers formed by using the

F
digits 1,7,8,9. Clearly, the repetition of digits is allowed.
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A three digit number has three places viz. units's, ten's and hundred's. Unit's place can be filled
s ff
by any of the digits 1, 7,8,9. So, unit's place can be filled in 4 ways. Similarly, each one of the
ten's and hundred's place can be filled in 4 ways.
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Total number of required numbers = 4 x 4 x 4 = 64.

oook

EXAMPLE 12 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 in which all the digits are distinct ?
eBB

SOLUTION A number between 100 and 1000 has three digits. So, we have to form all possible
3-digit numbers with distinct digits. We cannot have 0 at the hundred's place. So, the hundred's
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place can be filled with any of the 9 digits 1,2,3,..., 9. So, there are 9 ways of filling the hundred's
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place.
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Now, 9 digits are left including 0. So, ten's place can be filled with any of the remaining 9 digits
in 9 ways. Now, the unit's place can be filled with in any of the remaining 8 digits. So, there are 8
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ways of filling the unit's place.

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Hence, the total number of required numbers = 9x 9x 8 = 648.

FFin

EXAMPLE 13 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 such that every digit is either 2 or 9?
SOLUTION Every number between 100 and 1000 consists of three digits. So, we have to
determine the total number of three digit numbers such that every digit is either 2 or 9.
Clearly, each one of the unit's, ten's and hundred's place can be filled in 2 ways.
So, the total number of required numbers = 2x2x2 = 8.
EXAMPLE 14 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 such that 7 is in the imit's place.
SOLUTION Every number between 100 and 1000 is a three digit number. So, we have to form
3-digit numbers with 7 at the unit's place by using the digits 0,1, 2,..., 9. Clearly, repetition of
digits is allowed. The hundred's place can be filled with any of the digits from 1 to 9 (zero cannot
be there at hundred's place). So, hundred's place can be filled in 9 ways. Now, the ten's place can
be filled with any of the digits from 0 to 9. So, ten's place can be filled in 10 ways. Since all the
numbers have digit 7 at the imit's place, so, imit's place can be filled in only one way. Hence, by
the fundamental principle of counting the total number of numbers between 100 and 1000
having 7 at the unit's place = 9 x 10 x 1 = 90.
PERMUTATIONS 15.9

EXAMPLE 15 A gentleman has 6 friends to invite. In how many loays can he send invitation cards to
them, if he has three servants to carry the cards ?
SOLUTION Since a card can be sent by any one of the three servants, so the number of ways of
sending the invitation card to the first friend = 3. Similarly, invitation cards can be sent to each of
the six friends in 3 ways.
So, the required number of ways = 3x 3x 3x 3x 3x 3 = 3^= 729.
EXAMPLE 16 Holu many three-digit numbers more than 600 can beformed by using the digits 2,3,4,6,7.
SOLUTION Clearly, repetition of digits is allowed. Since a three-digit number greater than 600
will have 6 or 7 at hundred's place. So, hundred's place can be filled in 2 ways. Each of the ten's
and one's place can be filled in 5 ways.
Hence, total number of required numbers = 2 x 5 x 5 =50.

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EXAMPLE 17 How many numbers between 3000 and 4000 can be formed from the digits 3,4,5,6,1 and
8, no digit being repeated in any number ?
SOLUTION Clearly, a number between 3000 and 4000 must have 3 at thousand's place. So,

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thousand's place can be filled in only one way. Now, himdred's place can be filled in 5 ways.
Since repetition of digits is not allowed so ten's and one's places can be filled in 4 and 3 ways

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respectively.

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r FF
So, total number of required numbers = lx5x4x 3 = 60.
EXAMPLE 18 How many numbers divisible by 5 and lying between 4000 atid 5000 can be formed from
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the digits 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
foor
SOLUTION Clearly, a number between 4000 and 5000 must have 4 at thousand's place. Since the
number is divisible by 5 it must have 5 at unit's place. Now, each of the remaining places (viz.
ks s
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hundred's and ten's) can be filled in 5 ways.

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Hence, total number of required numbers =1x5x5x1=25.

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BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

How many four-digit numbers can beformed using the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5 if(i) repetition
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EXAMPLE 19

of digits is not allowed (ii) repetition of digits is allowed ?

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SOLUTION (i) In a four-digit number 0 cannot appear in the thousand's place. So, '■housand's
place can be filled in 5 ways. (viz. 1,2,3,4,5). Since repetition of digits is not allowi .1 and 0 can
dY

be used at hundred's place, so hundred's place can be filled in 5 ways.

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innd

Now, any one of the remaining four digits can be used to fill up ten's place. So, ten's place can be
filled in 4 ways. One's place can be filled from the remaining three digits in 3 ways.
FFi

Hence, the required number of numbers =5x5x4x 3 = 300.

(ii) For a four-digit number we have to fill up four places and 0 cannot appear in the thousand's
place. So, thousand's place can be filled in 5 ways. Since repetition of digits is allowed, so each of
the remaining three places viz. hundred's, ten's and one's can be filled in 6 ways.
Hence, the required number of numbers =5x6x6x6 =1080..
EXAMPLE 20 Hoxu many numbers greater than 1000, but not greater than 4000 can be formed with the
digits 0,1, 2,3,4 if: (i) repetition of digits is allowed 7 (ii) repetition of digits is notalloiued 7
SOLUTION (i) Every number between 1000 and 4000 is a four digit number. In thousand's place
we can put either 1 or 2 or 3 but not 4. So, thousand's place can be filled in 3 ways. Since
repetition of digits is allov/ed, so each of the hundred's, ten's and one's place can be filled in 5
ways. So, total number of numbers between 1000 and 4000, including 1000 and excluding 4000 is
3x5x5x5 = 375. But, we have to find the total number of numbers greater than 1000 but not
greater than 4000.
15.10 MATHEMATICS-XI

Hence, required number of numbers = 375 +1 (for 4000) -1 (for 1000) = 375.
(ii) As discussed above thousand's place can be filled in 3 ways. Since repetition of digits is not
allowed, so, hundred's place can be filled from the remaining digits in 4 ways. Now, three digits
are left, so ten's place can be filled in 3 ways. One's place can be filled in 2 ways.
Hence, required number of numbers = 3x4x 3x2 = 72.
EXAMPLE 21 How many three digit odd numbers can be formed by using the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6 if:
(NCERTl
(i) the repetition of digits is not allowed ?
(ii) the repetition of digits is allowed ?
SOLUTION For a number to be odd, we must have 1, 3 or 5 at the unit's place. So, there are 3
ways of filling the unit's place.
(i) Since the repetition of digits is not allowed, the ten's place can be filled with any of the
remaining 5 digits in 5 ways. Now, four digits are left. So, hundred's place can be filled in 4

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ways.
So, required number of numbers = 3x5x4 = 60

Flo
(ii) Since the repetition of digits is allowed, so each of the ten's and hundred's place can be filled
in 6 ways.

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Hence, required number of numbers = 3x6x6= 108.

FFr
EXAMPLE 22 How many 3-digit even numbers can be formed from the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6 if the digits
can be repeated? [NCERTl
SOLUTION For a number to be even, we must have 2,4 or 6 at the unit's place. So, there are 3
for
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ways to fill in the unit's place. Since digits can be repeated, so each of the ten's and hundred's
place can be filled in 6 ways.
kkss

Hence, required number of numbers = 3x6x6= 108.

Yo
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EXAMPLE 23 How many numbers of 3 digits can be formed with the digits 1,2,3,4,5 when digits may
be repeated ?
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SOLUTION The unit's place can be filled in 5 ways. Since, the repetition of digits is allowed,
therefore ten's place can be filled in 5 ways and hundred's place can also be filled in 5 ways.
r

Therefore, by the fundamental principle of counting, the required number of three digit
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numbers =5x5x5= 125.

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EXAMPLE 24 Find the number of numbers of 5 digits that can beformed with the digits 0,1,2,3,4 if the
digits can be repeated in the same number.
ndd
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SOLUTION In a five digit number 0 cannot be put in ten thousand's place. So, the number of
ways of filling up the ten thousand's place = 4.
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Since the repetition of digits is allowed, therefore each of the other places can be filled in 5 ways.
So, the required number of numbers = 4x5x5x5x5 = 2500.
EXAMPLE 25 How many 4-digit numbers are there, when a digit may be repeated any number of times ?
SOLUTION In a four digit number 0 cannot be placed at thousand's place. So, thousand's place
can be filled with any digit from 1 to 9. Thus, thousand's place can be filled in 9 ways.
Since repetition of digits is allowed, therefore each of the remaining 3 places can be filled in 10
ways by using the digits from 0 to 9.
Hence, the required number of numbers = 9 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 9000.
EXAMPLE 26 How many three-letter words can be formed using a, b, c, d, e if: (i) repetition is not
allowed (ii) repetition is allowed ?
SOLUTION (i) Clearly, the total number of three-letter words is equal to the number of ways of
filling three places. First place can be filled in 5 ways. Now, four letters are left. So, the second
PERMUTATIONS 15.11

place can be filled in 4 ways. Since the repetition of letters is not allowed, so the third place can
be filled from any one of the remaining 3 digits in 3 ways.
Hence, total number of words = 5 x 4 x 3 = 60.
(ii) In this case repetition of letters is allowed, so each of the three places can be filled in 5 ways.
Hence, total number of words =5x5x5= 125.
EXAMPLE 27 In how many ways can the following prizes be given away to a class of 30 studeiits, first
and second in Mathematics, first and second in Physics, first in Chemistry and first in English ?
SOLUTION Here we have to give prizes in four subjects and the process of distributing prizes
can be completed by giving prizes in the four subjects.
First and second prizes can be given in Mathematics in (30 x 29) ways.

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First and second prizes can be given in Physics in (30 x 29) ways.
First prize can be given in Chemistry in 30 ways.

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First prize can be given in English in 30 ways.
Hence, the number of ways to give prizes in all the four subjects

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8
= (30x29)x(30x29)x 30x 30 = 6.8121x10

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EXAMPLE 28 In how many ways 5 rings of different types can be worn in 4 fingers ?
SOLUTION The first ring can be worn in any of the 4 fingers. So, there are 4 ways of wearing it.
for
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Similarly, each one of the other rings can be worn in 4 ways.
Hence, the requisite number of ways = 4x4x4x4x4 = 4^.
kkss

EXAMPLE 29 In how many zvays can 5 letters be posted in 4 letter boxes ?

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SOLUTION Since each letter can be posted in any one of the four letter boxes. So, a letter can be
eB

posted in 4 ways. Since there are 5 letters and each letter can be posted in 4 ways. So, total
number of ways in which all the five letters can be posted is4x4x4x4x4=4^.
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BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

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ad

EXAMPLE 30 Five persons entered the lift cabin on the ground floor of an 8-fioor house. Suppose each of
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them can leave the cabin independently at anyfloor beginning with thefirst. Find the total number of ways
in which each of the ifve persons can leave the cabin (i) at any one of the 7floors (ii)at different floors.
ndd
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SOLUTION Suppose Ai, A2, A^, A^, A^ are five persons,

(i) Aj can leave the cabin at any of the seven floors. So, can leave the cabin in 7 ways.
Fi

Similarly, each of A2, A3, A4, A5 can leave the cabin in 7 ways. Thus, tiie total number of ways
in which each of the five persons can leave the cabin at any of the seven floors is
7x7x7x7x7=7^.

(ii) Ai can leave the cabin at any of the seven floors. So, A^ can leave the cabin in 7 ways. Now,
A2 can leave the cabin at any of the remaining 6 floors. So, A2 can leave the cabin in 6 ways.
Similarly, A3, A4, and A5 can leave the cabin in 5, 4 and 3 ways respectively. Tlius, the total
number of ways in which each of the five persons can leave the cabin at different floors is
7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 = 2520.

EXAMPLE 31 A mint prepares metallic calendars specifying months, dates and days in the form of
znonthly sheets (one plate for each month). Hozv many t^es of February calendars should it prepare to
serve for all the possibilities in the future years ?
SOLUTION The mint has to perform two jobs, viz.
(i) selecting the number of days in the February month (there can be 28 days or 29 days), and
(ii) selecting the first day of the February month.
15.12 MATHEMATICS-XI

The first job can be completed in 2 ways while the second can be performed in 7 ways by
selecting any one of the seven days of a week.
Thi . the required number of plates = 2x7 =14.
EXAMPLE52 For a set offive truc/false questions, no student has written all correct answers, and no two
students have given the same sequence of ansiuers. What is the maximum number of students in the class,
for this to be possible ?
SOLUTION Since a true/false type question can be answered in 2 ways either by marking it
true or false. So, there are 2 ways of answering each of the 5 questions.
Total number of different sequences of answers = 2x2x2x2x2=2^=32 .

Out of these 32 sequences of answers there is only one sequence of answering all the five
questions correctly. But no student has written all the correct answers and different students
have given different sequences of answers.

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Maximum number of students in the class

= Number of sequences except one sequence in which all answers are correct = 32 -1 = 31

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EXAMPLE 33 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 such that at least one of their
digits is 7?

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SOLUTION Clearly, a number between 100 and 1000 has 3-digits

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Total number of 3-digit numbers having at least one of their digits as 7

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= (Total number of three-digit numbers) - (Total number of 3-digit numbers in which 7

F
does not appear at all)
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Total number of three-digit numbers: We have to form three-digit numbers by using the digits 0,1,
s ff
2,3,..., 9. Clearly, hundred's place can be filled in 9 ways and each of the ten's and one's place
can be filled in 10 ways.
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So, total number of 3-digit number = 9x10x10 = 900.

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Total number of three-digit number in which 7 does not appear at all : Here we have to form
eBB

three-digit numbers by using the digits 0 to 9, except 7. So, hundred's place can be filled in 8
ways and each of the ten's and one's place can be filled in 9 ways. So, total number of three-digit
numbers in which 7 does not appear at all is 8 x 9 x 9.
r
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Hence, total number of 3-digit numbers having at least one of their digits as 7 is
ad
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9x10x10-8x9x9=252.

EXAMPLE 34 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 which have exactly one of their digits
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as 7?
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SOLUTION A number between 100 and 1000 contains 3-digits. So, we have to form 3-digit
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numbers having exactly one of their digits as 7. Such type of numbers can be divided into three
types:
(i) Those numbers that have 7 in the unit's place but not iii any other place,
(ii) Those numbers that have 7 in the ten's place but not in any other place,
(iii) Those numbers that have 7 in the hundred's place but not in any other place.
Required number of numbers is the total number of these three types of numbers.
We shall now count these three types of numbers separately,
(i) Those three-digit numbers that have 7 in the unit's place but not in any other place.
The hundred's place can have any one of the digits from 0 to 9 except 0 and 7. So, hundred's
place can be filled in 8 ways. The ten's place can have any one of the digits from 0 to 9 except 7.
So, the number of ways the ten's place can be filled is 9. The unit's place has 7. So, it can be filled
in only one way.
Thus, thei'e are 8 x 9 x 1 = 72 numbers of the first kind.
(ii) Those three-digit numbers that have 7 in the ten's place but not in any other place.
PERMUTATIONS 15.13

The number of ways to fill the hundred's place = 8

(by any one of the digits from 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9)
The number of ways to fill the ten's place = 1 (by 7 only)
The number of ways to fill the one's place = 9 (by any one of the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9)
Thus, there are 8 x 1 x 9 = 72 numbers of the second kind.
(iii) Those three-digit numbers that have 7 in the hundred's place but not at any other place.
In this case, the hundred's place can be filled only in one way and each of the ten's and one's
place can be filled in 9 ways.
So, there are 1 x 9 x 9 = 81 numbers of the third kind.
Hence, the total number of required type of numbers = 72 + 72 + 81 = 225.
EXAMPLE 35 A telegraph has 5 arms and each arm is capable of 4 distinct positions, including the
position of rest. What is the total number of signals that can be made ?

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SOLUTION Since each arm can be kept in 4 positions and a signal is possible when all the 5 arms
are simultaneously placed in positions.
Total number of ways of placing the arms =4x4x4x4x4=4^.
But, this includes one inadmissible case, when all

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the arms are in the position of rest and then no

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signal can be made.
Hence, required number of signals = (4^ -1) = 1023.

Fe
Frre
EXAMPLE 36 In how many ways can 3 prizes be distributed among 4 boys, when
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(i) no boy gets more than one prize ? (ii) a boy may get any number of prizes ? (iii) no boy gets all the
fforo
prizes ?
SOLUTION (i) The first prize can be given away in 4 ways as it may be given to any one of the 4
ks

boys. The second prize can be given away in 3 ways, because the boy who got the first prize
YYouo
okoso

cannot receive the second prize. The third prize can be given away to anyone of the remaining 2
boys in 2 ways. So, the number of ways in which all theprizescanbegivenaway=4x 3x 2 = 24.
eeBBo

ALITER The total number of ways is the number of arrangements of 4 taken 3 at a time. So, the
requisite number of ways = = 4! = 24.
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(ii) The first prize can be given away in 4 ways as it may be given to anyone of the 4 boys. The
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second prize can also be given away in 4 ways, since it may be obtained by the boy who has
already received a prize. Similarly, third prize can be given away in 4 ways.
d

Hence, the number of ways in which all the prizes can be given away = 4x4x4 = 4 =64.
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idnY

(iii) Since any one of the 4 boys may get all the prizes. So, the number of ways in which a boy
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gets all the 3 prizes is 4.

So, the number of ways in which a boy does not get all the prizes = 64 - 4 = 60.
EXAMPLE 37 Find the total number of ways in which n distinct objects can be put into two different
boxes.

SOLUTION Let the two boxes be and 82-We observe that there are two choices for each of the
n objects. Therefore, by fundamental principle of counting
Total number of ways = 2 x 2 x .... x 2 =2"
n - times

EXAMPLE 38
Find the total number of ways in xvhich n-distinct objects can be put into two different
boxes so that no box remains empty.
SOLUTION Each object can be put either in box (say) or in box ^2 (say)-So, there are two
choices for each of the n objects. Therefore, the number of choices for n distinct objects is
15.14 MATHEMATICS-XI

2 X 2 X ... X 2 = 2”. Two of these choices correspond to either the first or the second box being
n - limes

empty. Thus, there are 2” - 2 ways in which neither box is empty.

EXAMPLE 39 By using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (repetitions not allowed) numbers are formed by
using any number of digits. Find the total number of non-zero numbers that can be formed.
SOLUTION Required number of numbers
= Number of 1 digit number + No. of 2 digit numbers + ... + Number of 6 digit numbers
= 5+5x5+5x5x4+5x5x4x 3+5x5x4x 3x2 + 5x5x4x 3x 2x1

= 5 + 25 +100 + 300 + 600 + 600 = 1630.

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EXERCISE 15.2

BASIC

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I. In a class there are 27 boys and 14 girls. The teacher wants to select 1 boy and 1 girl to

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represent the class in a function. In how many ways can the teacher make this selection?

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2. A person wants to buy one fountain pen, one ball pen and one pencil from a stationery

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shop. If there are 10 fountain pen varieties, 12 ball pen varieties and 5 pencil varieties, in
how many ways can he select these articles?
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3.
orr
From Goa to Bombay there are two routes; air, and sea. From Bombay to Delhi there are
sfo
three routes; air, rail and road. From Goa to Delhi via Bombay, how many kinds of routes
are there?
kks
Yo

4. A mint prepares metallic calenders specifying months, dates and days in the form of
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monthly sheets (one plate for each month). How many types of calendars should it prepare
to serve for all the possibilities in future years?
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3.
There are four parcels and five post-offices. In how many different ways can the parcels be
sent by registered post?
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6. A coin is tossed five times and outcomes are recorded.

How many possible outcomes are
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there?

7.
In how many ways can an examinee answer a set of ten true/false type questions?
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8.
A letter lock consists of three rings each marked with 10 different letters. In how many
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ways it is possible to make an unsuccessful attempt to open the lock?

F

9.
There are 6 multiple choice questions in an examination. How many sequences of answers
are possible, if the first three questions have 4 choices each and the next three have 2 each?
10.
There are 5 books on Mathematics and 6 books on Physics in a book shop. In how many
ways can a student buy : (i) a Mathematics book and a Physics book (ii) either a
Mathematics book or a Physics book?
11.
Given 7 flags of different colours, how many different signals can be generated if a signal
requires the use of two flags, one below the other? INCERTl
12.
A team consists of 6 boys and 4 girls and other has 5 boys and 3 girls. How many single
matches can be arranged between the two teams when a boy plays against a boy and a girl
plays against a girl?
13. Twelve students compete in a race. In how many ways first three prizes be given?
14. How many A.P.'s with 10 terms are there whose first term is in the set {1,2,3} and whose
common difference is in the set {1,2,3,4,5}?
PERMUTATIONS 15.15

15. From among the 36 teachers in a college, one principal, one vice-principal and the
teacher-incharge are to be appointed. In how many ways can this be done?
16. How many three-digit numbers are there with no digit repeated?
17. How many three-digit numbers are there?
18. How many three-digit odd numbers are there?
19. How many different five-digit number licence plates can be made if
(i) first digit cannot be zero and the repetition of digits is not allowed,
(ii) the first-digit cannot be zero, but the repetition of digits is allowed?
20. How many four-digit numbers can be formed with the digits 3, 5,7,8,9 which are greater
than 7000, if repetition of digits is not allowed?

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21. How many four-digit numbers can be formed with the digits 3,5, 7,8,9 which are greater
than 8000, if repetition of digits is not allowed?
22. In how many ways can six persons be seated in a row?

Flo
How many 9-digit numbers of different digits can be formed?

e
23.

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24. How many odd numbers less than 1000 can be formed by using the digits 0, 3, 5, 7 when
repetition of digits is not allowed?

FFr
25. How many 3-digit numbers are there, with distinct digits, with each digit odd?
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BASED ON LOTS orr
sfo
26. How many different numbers of six digits each can be formed from the digits 4,5,6,7,8,9
kks

when repetition of digits is not allowed?

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27. How many different numbers of six digits can be formed from the digits 3,1,7,0,9,5 when
repetition of digits is not allowed?
eB

28. How many four digit different numbers, greater than 5000 can be formed with tire digits 1,
2,5,9,0 when repetition of digits is not allowed?
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29. Serial numbers for an item produced in a factory are to be made using two letters followed
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by four digits (0 to 9). If the letters are to be taken from six letters of English alphabet
without repetition and the digits are also not repeated in a serial number, how many serial
numbers are possible?
dd
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A number lock on a suitcase has 3 wheels each labelled with ten digits 0 to 9. If opening of
inn

30.

the lock is a particular sequence of three digits with no repeats, how many such sequences
F

will be possible? Also, find the number of unsuccessful attempts to open the lock.
31. A customer forgets a four-digit code for an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in a bank.
However, he remembers that this code consists of digits 3, 5, 6 and 9. Find the largest
possible number of trials necessary to obtain the correct code.
32. In how many ways can three jobs I, II and III be assigned to three persons A, B and C if one
person is assigned only one job and all are capable of doing each job?
33. How many four digit natural numbers not exceeding 4321 can be formed with the digits 1,
2,3 and 4, if the digits can repeat?
34. How many numbers of six digits can be formed from the digits 0,1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 when no
digit is repeated? How many of them are divisible by 10?
35. If three six faced die each marked with numbers 1 to 6 on six faces, are thrown find the total
number of possible outcomes.
15.16 MATHEMATICS-XI

36. recorded. How many possible outcomes

A coin is tossed three times and the outcomes are

are there ? How many possible outcomes if the coin is tossed four times? Five times? n
times?

37. How many numbers of four digits can be formed with the digits 1,2,3,4,5 if the digits can
be repeated in the same number?
38. How many three digit numbers can be formed by using the digits 0,1, 3, 5, 7 while each
digit may be repeated any number of times?
39. How many natural numbers less than 1000 can be formed from the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5 when
a digit may be repeated any number of times?
40. How many five digit telephone numbers can be constructed using the digits 0 to 9. If each
number starts with 67 and no digit appears more than once? [NCERT]

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BASED ON HOTS

41. Find the number of ways in which 8 distinct toys can be distributed among 5 children.

Floo
42. Find the number of ways in which one can post 5 letters in 7 letter boxes.
43. Three dice are rolled. Find the number of possible outcomes in which at least one die

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shows 5.

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44. Find the total number of ways in which 20 balls can be put into 5 boxes so that first box

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contains just one ball.
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45. In how many ways can 5 different balls be distributed among three boxes?
ffoor
46. In how many ways can 7 letters be posted in 4 letter boxes?
sks

47. In how many ways can 4 prizes be distributed among 5 students, when
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(i) no student gets more than one prize?

(ii) a student may get any number of prizes?
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(iii) no student gets all the prizes?

48. There are 10 lamps in a hall. Each one of them can be switched on independently. Find the
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[NCERT]
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number of ways in which the hall can be illuminated.

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ANSWERS

7. 1024 8. 999
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1. 378 2. 600 3. 6 4. 14 5. 625 6. 32

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9. 512 10. (i)30 (ii) 11 11. 42 12. 42 13. 1320 14. 15 15. 42840
ind

19. (i) 27216 (ii) 90000 20. 72 21. 48

FFin

16. 648 17. 900 18. 450

22. 720 23. 9(9!) 24. 21 25. 60 26. 720 27. 600 28. 48 29. 151200

30. 720,719 31. 24 32. 6 33. 229 34. 600,120 35. 216
8
36. 8,16, 2
»
37. 625 38. 100 39. 215 40. 336 41. 5 42. 7^
19
43. 91 44. 20x4 45. 243 46. 4^ 47. (i)5! (ii) 625 (iii) 620
48. 2^*^-!.
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

1 ● No. of ways = 27 x 14.

2. Required number of ways = 10 x 12 x 5 = 600.
3. No of routes = 2 x 3=6.
4. Total number of calendars = 7 x 2 = 14.

5. Since a parcel can be sent to any one of the five post offices. So, required number of ways
= 5x5x5x5 =5*^.
PERMUTATIONS 15.17

6. Sinte toss of each coin can result in 2 ways. So, required no. of ways=2x2x2x2x2 = 2®.
8. Required no. of ways = 10 x 10 x 10 -1.
9. Each one of the first three questions can be answered in 4 ways and each one of the next
three questions can be answered in 2 ways. So, total no. of sequences of answers
= 4 X 4 X 4 X 2 X 2 X 2,

11. Required no. of signals =7x6.

12. A boy can be selected from the first team in 6 ways, and from the second in 5 ways. So, no. of
single matches between the boys of two teams = 6 x 5 = 30. Similarly, the no. of single
matches. between the girls of two teams = 4 x 3 = 12. So, total number of matches
= 30 + 12 = 42.

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13. Required no. of ways = 12 x 11 x 10.
14. There are 3 ways to choose the first term and corresponding to each such way there are 5
ways of selecting the common difference. So, required no. of A.P.'s = 3x5.

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15. Required no. of ways = 36 x 35 x 34.
16. The total no. of required numbers = 9x9x8.

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17. The total no. of required numbers = 9 x 10 x 10.

Fr
18. The total no. of required number = 9 x 10 x 5.
19. (i) Required no. of licence plates = 9x9x8x7x6 for
ur
(ii) Required no. of licence plates = 9 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10.
20. Required no. of numbers = 3x4x 3xZ
s
21. Required no. of numbers = 2x4x 3x2.
ok
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22. Required no. of ways = 6x5x4x3x2xl.

Bo

23. Required no. of numbers = 9x9x8x7x6x5x4x 3x2.

24. An odd number less than 1000 may be a one-digit number, two-digit number or a
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three-digit number. So, required no. of numbers is

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3 (one -digit nos.) + 2x3 (two-digit nos.) + 2 x 2x 3 (3- digit nos.).

ad

25. Required no. of numbers = 5 x 4 x 3.

Y

26. Required no. of numbers = 6x5x4x3x2xl.

nd

27. Required no. of numbers = 5x5x4x 3x2x1.

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28. Required no. of numbers = 2x4x 3x2.

Fi

29. Here we have to perform 6 jobs. So, required number of serial numbers i
6x5x10x9x8x7

30. Required number of sequences=10 x 9 x 8.

Also, total number of unsuccessful attempts =10x9x8-1
31. Number of trials =4x 3x2x1

32. Required number of ways =3x2x1

36. Since a toss of a coin can result in a head or a tail. Therefore, if a coin is tossed T+times, then
the total number of outcomes is2x2x2x..,x2 = 2”
n-times

41. Each toy can be distributed in 5 ways.

8
So, total number of ways =5x5x5x5x5x5x5x5 =5
42. Each letter can be posted in any one of the 7 letter boxes.
So, required number of ways =7x7x7x7x7 =7®
15.18 MATHEMATICS-XI

43. Required number of possible outcomes

= Total number of possible outcomes - Number of possible out- comes in which 5
does not appear on any dice.
= 6^ -5^ =216-125 = 91.
44. One ball can be put in first box in 20 ways because we can put any one of the twenty bails in
the first box. Now, remaining 19 balls are to be put into remaining 4 boxes. This can be done
in 4^^ ways, because there are 4 choices for each ball. Hence, the required number of ways
= 20x4^^.

15.3 PERMUTATIONS

Each of the arrangements which can be made by taking some or all of a number of things is

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called a permutation.
For example, if there are three objects, then the permutations of these objects, taking two at a
time, are

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ab, ba, be, cb, ac, ca

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So, the number of permutations of three different things taken two at a time is 6.

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NOTE It should be noted that in permutations the order of arrangement is taken into account;

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when the order is changed, a different permutation is obtained.
ILLUSTRATION 1 VJrite down all the permutations of the set of three letters A, B, C.
uur r
ffoor
SOLUTION The permutations of three letters A, B, C taking all at a time are :
ABC, ACB, BCA, BAC, CBA, CAB.
sks

Clearly, there are 6 permutations.

YYoo
ooko

ILLUSTRATION 2 Write down all the permutations of the vowels A, E, I, O, U in English alphabets
taking three at a time, and starting with A.
eBB

SOLUTION The permutations of vowels A, E, I, O, li taking three at a time, and starting with A
are:
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AEI, AIE, AEO, AOE, AEU, AUE, AID, AOI, AlU, AUI, AOU, AUO
ad

Clearly, there are 12 permutations.

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ILLUSTRATION 3 Write down all the permutations of letters A, B, C, D taking three at a time.
dY

SOLUTION The desired permutations are:

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innd

ABC ABD BCD ACD

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ACB ADB BDC ADC

BCA BDA CBD CAD

BAC BAD CDB CDA

CAB DAB DCB DAC

CBA DBA DBC DCA

Clearly, there are 24 permutations. These permutations are obtained by first selecting three
letters out of 4 and then arranging them in all possible ways.
A NOTATION If n and r are positive integers such that! <r <n, then thenumber of all permutations of
n distinct things, taken rat a time is denoted by the symbol P(n, r) or ”P^.
Thus,
n
Pr or, P{n, r) = Total munber of permutations of n distinct things, taken r at a time.
PERMUTATIONS 15.19

In illustration 3, we have seen that there are 24 permutations, on a set of 4 letters, taken 3 at a
time. Therefore, as per our notation, we have = 24 or, P(4, 3) = 24.
THEOREM 1 Let rand n be positive integers such thatl <r <n. Then the number of all permutations of
n distinct things taken rat a time is given byn{n-1) {n - 2) {« - 3)...(«- (r -1)).
i.e. P{n,r) = "Pr = n(n-l)(;i-2)...(n-{r-l)).
PROOF The number of permutations of n distinct things, taken r at a time, is same as the
number of ways in which we can fill up r-places when we have n different things at our disposal.
The first place can be filled in n ways, for any one of the n things can be used to fill up the first
place. Having filled it, there are (n -1) things left and any one of these (n - 1) things can be used
to fill up the second place. So, the second place can be filled in {n -1) ways. Hence, by the
fundamental principle of counting, the first two places can be filled in n (« -1) ways. When the

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first two places are filled, there are (n- 2) places left, so that the third place can be filled from the
remaining {n - 2) things in {n - 2) ways. ITierefore, the first three places can be filled in n{n -1)
(n~2) ways. Continuing in this manner, we find that the first (r -1) places can be filled in

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n{n -1) (n - 2)... {n-{r - 2)) ways. After filling up first (r -1) places, exactly m -(r -1) = n - r +1

e
things are left. So, the rth place can be filled in (n - (r -1)) ways. Hence, the r places can be filled

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in n {« -1) (n - 2)... (« - (r -1)) ways.

r FF
Hence, the total number of permutations of n distinct things, taken r at a time is
nin~l)in-2)in-3)...{n-{r-l)).
uurr
Thus, P (n, r) = «(n -1) (n - 2) (« - 3)... (« - (r -1)).
for
n!
kss
THEOREM 2 Prove that: P(n,r) = "P^ =
(n-r)!
ooook
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PROOF We have.
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P (n, r) = n{n-l){n-2){n~3)...{n-{r -1))

n(n-l) («-2)(«-3)...(n-(r-l))(n-r)(m-(r +1))... 3.2.1
=> P{n,r) =
urr

(n-r) (n-(r + l))... 3.2.1

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n\
P(n,r) =
(n~r)l
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THEOREM 3 The number of all permutations ofn distinct things, taken all at a time is n!.
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innd

PROOF The number of all permutations of n distinct things, taken all at a time is same as the
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number of ways of filling n places when we have n distinct things at our disposal.
Proceeding as in theorem 1, we have
P{n,n) = n{n-l){n-2)in-3)...{n-{n-l))= «(n-1) (n - 2) (w - 3)... 3.2.1 = nl
THEOREM 4 Prove that 0! = 1.

PROOF We have,
«!
POhr) =
(n-r)l
nl
=> P(n,n) = ^ [Putting r = n]
0!
nl
nl = — [v P (/I,«) =n!(SeeTl'ieorem 3)]
0!
nl
0! = - = 1.
nl
15.20 MATHEMAT(CS-XI

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

Type I PROBLEMS BASED UPON THE VALUE OF "P, OR P(n. r)

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the following:

(i) (ii) P(15,3) (iii) P(5,5)
5! ni
SOLUTION (i) = V "P, =
(5-3)! (n-r)!
5! 5x 4x 3x2!
'^3 2! 2!
= 60

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15! 15! 15x14x13x12!
(ii) P(15,3) = = 2730
(15-3)! 12! 12!

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5! 5!
(iii) P(5,5) = = 5! = 120.
(5-5)! 0!

reeee
Typie II ON FINDING THE VALUE OF REQUIRED UN-KNOWN WHEN A RELATION CONNECTING P Ui, r)

FFr
IS GIVEN

EXAMPLE 2 If 2. P(5, 3) = P(n, 4), find n.

SOLUTION We have,
for
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2.P(5, 3) = P(«,4)
kkss

P(n,4)=2.P(5, 3)
5! 1
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n\
oo

= 2
(«-4)! (5-3)!j
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n(n-l) (n-2)(n-3) (n-4)! 2(5!)

(«-4)! 2!
r
ou

n(«-l)(«-2)(n-3) = 5!
ad

n (n -1) (« - 2) (n - 3) = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
YY

=> «(n-l)(n-2)(n-3) = 5 (5-1) (5-2) (5 - 3)

n = 5 [By comparing two sides]
ndd
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EXAMPLE 3 If P(n, 4) = 20 X P(«, 2), find n.

Fi

SOLUTION We have,
nl nl
Pin, 4) = 20 X P(n, 2) => = 20x => in-2)1 = 20x (n-4)l
(«-4)! (n-2)!
(n-2)(«-3)(n-4)! = 20x(n-4)!
(« - 2) (n - 3) = 20
(h-2) (n-3)=5x4
n-3 = 4=>« = 7 [By comparing two sides]
EXAMPLE4 // P(5,r) = 2.P(6,r-V,findr. INCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
P(5,r)=2.P(6,r-l)
5! 6! 5! 2x 6x5! 5! 12x5!
= 2.
(5-r)! (6-(r-l))! (5-r)! (7-r)! (5-r)! (7-r)(6-r) (5-r)!
PERMUTATIONS 15.21

12
=> 1
(7-r)(6-r)
(7-r)(6-r) = 12
(7 -2)(6-r) = 4x3
7-r = 4=>r = 3 [By comparing]
EXAMPLES If jP. =5040, find the value of r.
SOLUTION We have,
10
Pr =5040
10! 10! 10! 10x9x8x7x6!
= 10x504 => = 10x9x8x7=>
(10-r)! (10-r)! (10-r)! 6!

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10! 10!
=> (10-r)l = 6!^10-r = 6=>r = 4.
(10-r)! 6!

EXAMPLE 6 If P{n -1,3): P{n, 4) = 1: 9, find tl

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SOLUTION We have,

eeee
P()j-1, 3):P(n, 4) =1:9
Pjn~l, 3) _ 1

Fr
P {n, 4) “ 9

(n-l)l
for
ur
(«-l-3)! 1 (H-1)! (»-4)!_l (n-l)!_l (n-1)! -=>n = 9
n! 9 («-4)l'' nl 9 nl 9 ^ n {n-l)l 9
ks
(n-4)l
Yo
oo

EXAMPLE? If ^P^+5-^P4 = ^^Pr,findr.

eB

SOLUTION We have,
10
^/^+5-^4 = Pr
ur

9! 9! 10!
+ 5-
ad

(9-5)! (9-4)! (10-r)!

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9! 9! 10!
+ 5-
4! 5! (10-r)!
d
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^ 91 _ 10!
in

4! 4! ” (10-r)!
F

9! 10!
2x
4! (10-r)!
5x2x9! 10!
5x4! (10-r)!
lOx 9! 10!
5! (10-r)!
10! 10!
=:> (10-r)! = 5!=>10-r = 5=>r = 5
5! (10-r)!

EXAMPLE 8 If 56 p + 6 ●
54 pr + 3 = 30 800:1, find r.
SOLUTION We have,
56
Pr + 6'■.54pr+ 3 = 30 800 :1
15.22 MATHEMATICS-XI

56! 54! 30800

(56-r-6)! (54-r-3)! 1

56! 54!
= 30800:1
(50-r)! (51-r)!
56! (51-r)! 30800

(50-r)!^ 54! 1

56x55x54! (51-r) x (50-r)! 30800

X

(50-r) I 54! 1

56x55x(51 -r) = 30800 => (51-r) = 10=>r = 41.

EXAMPLE 9 if 2n + Ipn-1 ■ 3:5, find n.

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SOLUTION We have,
2)1+ 1
P„^-V^-'^P„=3-5

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2n+ 1

Pn-1 ^ 3

e
2«-lp^_ =5

reee
(2« + l)! (n-1)! _ 3

FFr
(« + 2)! "" (2n-l)! “ 5
(2n + l) (2n)(2K-l)! (n-1)! _ 3
for
ur
(n + 2)(n + l)n(n-l)!^ (2n-l)l ~ 5
2(2n +1)
-5 => 10 (2n +1) = 3(n + 2) (n +1) => 3 n^ + 9n + 6
kss
= 20n +10
(n + 2) (n +1)
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oo

3n^ -lln-4 = 0 => (n-4)(3n + l) = 0=>n = 4 [v n^-1/3]

eB

EXAMPLE 10 // ^Pr+l- + 2 = ^ = 52, find r.

SOLUTION We have,
ur

= 11:52
ad

:
r + 1 ● r + 2
YYo

22! 20!
= 11:52
(21-r)! (18-r)!
d

22! (18-r)! ^ U
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(21-r)!"'
in

20! 52
F

22x 21x 20! (18-r)! _ n

=?>
(21 - r) (20 - r) (19 - r) ■ (18 - r)! 20! 52

22x 21 11

(21-r)(20-r)(19-r) 52

(21-r)(20-r)(19-r) =2x21x52
(21 -r)(20-r)(19-r) = 2x3x7x4x13
(21-r)(20-r)(19-r) =12x13x14
(21 -r)(20-r)(19-r) = (21 -7) (20-7) (19-7) => r = 7
Tijpe III ON PROVING RESULTS RELATED TO P (», r) or "P,
EXAMPLE 11 Prove the following:
(i) P(n,n) = 2P(n,n-2) (ii) P(n,n) = P(n,n-1)
(iii) P(n,r) = P(n-1, r) + r. P(n-1, r-1) (iv) P(n,r) = n-P(n-1, r-1)
PERMUTATIONS 15.23

SOLUTION (i) 2P (n, n-2)=2

n\
2 ^ = n\ = P{n,n)
{n-in-2))l 2!

n\ n\
(ii) P{n,n-1) = — = n\ = P{n,n)
(«-(«-!))! 1!

{n-i.y (n-1)!
(hi) P{n-l,r) + r ■ P{n -l,r -1) = 4-r-

{« -1 -r)\ ((«-!)-(r-1))!
(n-1)! (n-1)! (n-1)! {n-i.y
+ r + r

(n-r-1)! (n-r)! {n-r-iy {n-r) (ii-r-\y

(n-1)! (n-1)! n-r + r
1 + _L-.
{n-r-iy n-r {n-r-iy n~r

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(n-1)! n n\
= P(n,r)
(n-r-l)l n-r (n-r)l
(n-l)l n!

Flo
(iv) n-P{n-l,r-l)=n = P (n, r)
((n-l)-(r-l))! (n-r)i

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Ti/pc III PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ON PERMUTATIONS

rere
r FF
NOTE ALITER 2 of each of the following examples should be done after studying permutations
and combinations.
uurr
EXAMPLE 12
foor
In how many ways three different rings can be zvorn in four fingers with at tnost one in
each finger?
kss

SOLUTION The total number of ways is same as the number of arrangements of 4 fingers, taken 3
Yoo
ooook

at a time.
4! 4!
So, required number of ways = ^P^ = — = 4! = 24.
eBB

(4-3)1 1!
ALITER 1 Let Kj, R2, R3 be three rings. Since can be put in any one of the four fingers. So,
there are four ways in which R-[ can be worn. Now, R2 can be worn in any one of the remaining
uurr

three fingers in 3 ways. In the remaining 2 fingers ring R3 can be worn in 2 ways. So, by the
ad
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fundamental principle of counting the total number of ways in which three different rings
can

be worn in four fingers is 4 x 3 x 2 = 24.

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ALITER 2 Out of 4 fingers, 3 fingers can be chosen in ^03 ways. Now, three rings can be worn in
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innd

the selected three fingers in 3! ways. Hence, three rings can be worn in four fingers in
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*^C3x 3! = 24 ways.
EXAMPLE 13 Seven athletes are participating in a race. In how many ways can the first three prizes be
won?

SOLUTION The total number of ways in which first three prizes can be won is the number of
arrangements of seven different things taken 3 at a time.
7 71 7! 7 X 6 X 5 X 4! = 210.
So, required number of ways = P3 = 4!
(7-3)1 4!
ALITER 1 First prize can be won in seven ways. Second prize can be won by any one of the
remaining six athletes in 6 ways. Now, five athletes are left. So, third prize can be won by any
one of the remaining 5 athletes in 5 ways.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the required number of ways =7x6x5 = 210.
ALITER 2 Out of 7 athletes, 3 can be chosen for prize in ^€3 ways. Now, three prizes can be
given to three chosen athletes in 3! ways.
15.24 MATHEMATICS-XI

Numbers of ways in which 3 prizes can be won = ^C3 x 3! = 210

EXAMPLE 14 How many different signals can be made by 5 flags from 8 flags of different colours?
SOLUTION The total number of signals is the number of arrangements of 8 flags by taking 5
flags at a time.
Hence, required number of signals = = 8! _8!_8x7x6x5x4x3! = 6720
(8-5)!“^ ~~ 3!

w
EXAMPLE 15 In how many ways can 6 persons stand in a queue?
SOLUTION The number of ways in which 6 persons can stand in a queue is same as the number
of arrangements of 6 different things taken all at a time.
Hence, the required number of ways = = 6! = 720.

roow
e
re
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE 16 It is required to seat 8 men and 4 women in a row so that the women occupy the even

eF
uFFll
places. Hoxu many such arrangements are possible?

e
SOLUTION In all 12 persons are to be seated in a row and in the row of 12 positions there are

r
exactly 6 even places viz second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth and twelfth. It is given that four

sFr
women are to occupy 4 places out of these six even places. This can be done in ^ P4 ways (ways of
foro
arranging 6 women in 4 positions). The remaining 8 positions can be filled by the 8 men in
uor
fk
ways. So, by the fundamental principle of counting, the number of seating arrangements as
okso
required, is x ^Pg = 360 x 40320 =14515200.
Y
Yo

ALITER 1 In all 12 persons are to be seated in a row and in the row of 12 positions there are
oo
BB

exactly 6 even places viz. 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 12th. It is given that 4 women are to occupy any 4
places out of these six positions. This can be done in x 4! ways. The remaining 8 positions
rYree

are to be occupied by 8 men. This can be done in ®Cg x 8! ways.

ouu

Hence, total number of seating arrangements = ( x 4!) x (®Cg x 8!)

ad
Ydo

= 360x40320=14515200.
nidn

EXAMPLE 17 Three men have 4 coats, 5 waist coats and 6 caps. In how many ways can they zvear them ?
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SOLUTION The total number of ways in which three men can wear 4 coats is the number of
So, three men can wear 4 coats in ** P3 ways.
F

arrangements of 4 different coats taken 3 at a time.

Fi

Similarly, 5 waist coats and 6 caps can be worn by three men in ^Pg and ways respectively.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the required number of ways as desired
= ■*P3 X ^Pa X ^Pg =(4!) X (5 X 4 X 3) X (6 X 5 X 4) =172800

EXAMPLE 18 How many different signals can be given using any number offlags from 5flags of different
colours ?

SOLUTION The signals can be made by using at a time one or two or three or four or five flags.
The total number of signals when r flags are used at a time from 5 flags is equal to the number of
arrangements of 5, taking r at a time i.e. ^P^. Since r can take values 1,2, 3, 4,5. Hence, by the
fundamental principle of addition, the total number of signals
= ^Pi + ^P2 + ^Pg + ^P4 +
= 5+ 5x4 + 5x4x3+5x4x3x2 + 5x4x3x2x1=5 + 20 + 60 + 120 + 120 = 325
EXAMPLE 19 How many numbers lying between 100 and 1000 can beformed with the digits 1,2,3,4,5
if the repetition of digits is not allowed ?
PERMUTATIONS 15.25

SOLUTION Every number lying between 100 and 1000 is a three digit number. Therefore, we
have to find the iiumber of permutations of five digits 1,2,3,4,5 taken three at a time.
5! 5!
— = 5x4x 3 = 60
Hence, the required number of numbers = =
(5-3)! 2!

EXAMPLE 20 How many four digit numbers are there with distinct digits ?
SOLUTION The total number of arrangements of ten digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 taking 4 at a
time is But, these arrangements also include those numbers which have 0 at thousand's
place. Such numbers are not four digit numbers. When 0 is fixed at thousand's place, we have to
arrange remaining 9 digits by taking 3 at a time. The number of such arrangements is ^P^-
So, the total number of numbers having 0 at thousand's place = *^P^.
Hence, the total number of four digit numbers = - ^P^ =5040 -504 = 4536.

ww
EXAMPLE 21 In how many ways 7 pictures can be hung from 5 picture nails on a wall 7
SOLUTION The number of ways in which 7 pictures can be hung from 5 picture nails on a wall is
same as the number of arrangements of 7 things, taking 5 at a time.

Flo
71 7!
Hence, the required number = P^ = = 2520.

ee
(7-5)! 2!

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Determine the number of natural numbers smaller than 10"*, in the decimal notation of

rFF
EXAMPLE 22

which all the digits are distinct.

uur r
SOLUTION The required natural numbers consist of 4 digits, 3 digits, 2 digits and one digit.
ffoor 10 9
Total number of 4 digit natural numbers with distinct digits = P4 - P3
P3-%
10
sks
Total number of 3 digit natural numbers wifii distinct digits =
YYoo

Total number of 2 digit natural numbers with distinct digits = ^^P2 - ^P\
ooko

Total number of one digit natural numbers = 9

eBB

Hence, the required number of natural numbers =(^'^?4 P3) + (^'^P3 P2) +(^^P2 Pi) + 9
= 9x9x8x7 + 9x9x8 + 9x9 + 9 = 5274.
uurr

EXAMPLE 23 How many words, with or without meaning, can be formed using all the letters of the word
ad
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EQUATION, using each letter exactly once.

SOLUTION There are eight letters in the word 'EQUATION'. So, the total number of words is
dY

equal to the number of arrangements of these letters, taken all at a time. The number of such
Re

arrangements is ®P0 = 8! Hence, the total number of words = 8!

innd
FFi

EXAMPLE 24 How many 4-letter words, with or without meaning, can be formed out of the letters of the
word, 'LOGARITHMS', if repetition of letters is not allowed?
SOLUTION There are 10 letters in the word 'LOGARITHMS'.
So, the number of 4 - letter word = Number of arrangements of 10 letters, taken 4 at a time
10
P4 =5040.

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 23 Prove that ifr <s <n, then P(n, s) is divisible by P(n, r).
SOLUTION Lets =r +fc whereO <s-r. Then,
n\
P{n,s) = = n{n-\){n-2)...(n-(s-l))
{n-s)l
P{n, s) = «(n -1) (m - 2)... {n - (r + cf -1)}
15.26 MATHEMATICS-XI

P{n, s) = n{n-l){n-2)... {« -{r-1)\(n~r) \n-{r+ 1)]... [n-(r + k ~ 1)}

P{n,s) = {n(n-l) (tt-2)... n-(r-1)) {(n-r) (w-(r+ 1))... (n-(r + cf-1))}
P{n,s) = P(n^r)-{(n-r)(n-(r + l))...(n-(rH-fc-l))}
n\
V P(«,r) = = «(«-!) («-2)...(«-(r-l))
(n-r)!

=> P(n, s) = P(«,r) {(H-r){n-(r + l))...(«-(r + cf-l))}

=> P {n, s) is divisible by P{n, r).
EX.AMPLE 26 Ifp^ standsfor ^ ,P„, then prove that: 1 + 1 ■ P^ + 2 ■ P2 + 3 ■ P3 +... + n ■ = (;i +1)!
SOLUTION We have, P„=”P„, =m!
1 +1 ■ P| + 2 ● P2 + 3 ■ Pg +... + n ● P}j
= 1 +1 + 2-2!+ 3-3!+4-4!+ ...+«■«!

w
= 1+ Z r-r! = 1+ S {(r +1)-1} r!= 1 + Z [(r + l)r!-ri] = 1+ Z [(r + l)!-rl]
r = l r = l r = l r = l

Flo
= 1 + [(2!-l!)+(3!-2!) + (4!-3!)+ ... + ((«+ l)!-n!)]= 1 + ((« +1)!-1!) = {« + !)!

e
EXAMPLE 27 /n an examination hall there are four rows of chairs. Each row has 8 chairs one behind the

reee
other. There are two classes sitting for the examination with 16 students in each class. It is desired that in

FFr
each row, all students belong to the same class and that no two adjacent rows are allotted to the same class.
In how many ways can these 32 students be seated?
SOLUTION Let the two classes be Cj and C2 and the four rows be Pj ^2 ^3 ^4-There are 16
for
ur
students in each class. So, there are 32 students. According to the given conditions there are two
different ways in which 32 students can be seated:
kss

P2 P3 P4
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I Cl C2 Cl C2
II C2 Cl C2 Cl
eB

Since the seating arrangement can be completed by using any one of these two ways. So, by the
fundamental principle of addition.
ur

Total number of seating arrangements = No. of arrangement in I case + No. of arrangements in

ad

II case.
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In case I, 16 students of class and P3 in ^^Ps x 81 = 16! ways. And 16

can be seated in Pj
students of class C2 can be seated in P2 and P4 in ^^Pg x 8! = 16! ways
d
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in

Number of seating arrangements in case / = 16! x 16!

Similarly, Number of seating arrangements in case II = 16! x 16!
F

Hence, Total number of seating arrangements = (16! x 16!) + (16!x 16!) =2(16!x 16!)
EXAMPLE 28 Ten different letters of an alphabet are given. Words with five letters areformed from these
given letters. Determine the number of words which have at least one letter repeated.
SOLUTION The number of 5-letter words which can be formed from 10 letters when one or more
of its letters is repeated = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 10^.
The number of 5-letter words which can be formed when none of their letters is repeated
= Number of arrangements of 10 letters by taking 5 at a time = = 30240
Hence, the number of 5-letter words which have at least one of their letters repeated is
10^ - 30240 = 69760.
EXAMPLE 29 Find the sum of all the numbers that can be formed zvith the digits 2,3, 4,5 taken all at a
time.
PERMUTATIONS 15.27

SOLUTION The total number of numbers formed with the digits 2,3,4,5 taken all at a time
= Number of arrangement of 4 digits, taken all at a time = = 4! = 24.
To find the sum of these 24 numbers, we will find the sum of digits at unit's, ten's, hundred's
and thousand's places in all these numbers.
Consider the digits in the unit's places in all these numbers. Each of the digits 2,3,4,5 occurs in
3! {= 6) times in the unit's place.
So, total for the digits in the unit's place in all the numbers = (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) x 3! = 84.
Since each of the digits 2,3,4,5 occurs 3! times in any one of the remairung places.
So, the sum of the digits in the ten's, hundred's and thousand's places in all tlie numbers
= (2 + 3 + 4+5)x 3! = 84.
Hence, the sum of all the numbers = 84 (10^ +10^ +10^ +10^) = 93324.

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EXERCISE 15.3

Flo
BASIC

e
1. Evaluate each of the following:

ree
10
(0 '^3 in) P4 (hi) (iv) P(6,4)

FFr
2. IfP(5,r) = P(6, r-l),findrINCERTl 3. If 5 P(4, n) = 6. P (5, n -1), find «.
uurr
4. If P(n,5)=20.P(«, 3),find)j 5. If "P4 = 360, find the value of n.
orr
sfo
6. IfP{9,r) = 3024,find r. 7. IfP(ll, r)=P (12, r-1) findr.
8. IfP(?i,4)=12.P(n,2),find«. 9. IfP(M-l,3):P(«,4)=l:9,findtt. [NCERT]
kks

IfP(15,r-l):P(16,r-2) = 3:4,findr.ll. If P (n, 5): P («, 3) = 2:1, find n.

Yo

10.
oooo

h + 5 11 («-l)n+3
12. If Pn + 1 “ P„, find n. 13. If P (2«-1, n): P (2n +1, n-1) 22:7 find n.
eB

2
14. Prove that: 1. P (1,1) + 2. P (2, 2) + 3. P (3, 3) +... + n. P (w, «)=?(« +1, h +1) -1.
urr

15.
In how many ways can five children stand in a queue?
ad

16. From among the 36 teachers in a school, one principal and one vice-principal are to be
YYo

appointed. In how many ways can this be done?

17. Four letters E, K, S and V, one in each, were purchased from a plastic warehouse. How
dd

many ordered pairs of letters, to be used as initials, can be formed from them?
Re
inn

18. Four books, one each in Chemistry, Physics, Biology and Mathematics, are to be arranged
F

in a shelf. In how many ways can this be done?

19. Find the number of different 4-letter words, with or without meanings, that can be formed
from the letters of the word 'NUMBER'.

20. How many three-digit numbers are there, with distinct digits, with each digit odd?
21. How many words, with or without meaning, can be formed by using all the letters of the
word 'DELHI', using each letter exactly once?
22. How many words, with or without meaning, can be formed by using the letters of the word
'TRIANGLE'?

BASED ON LOTS

23. There are two works each of 3 volumes and two works each of 2 volumes; In how many
ways can the 10 books be placed on a shelf so that the volumes of the same work are not
separated?
15.28 MATHEMATICS-XI

24. There are 6 items in column A and 6 items in column B. A student is asked to match each

item in column A with an item in column B. How many possible, correct or incorrect,
answers are there to this question?
25. How many three-digit numbers are there, with no digit repeated?
26. How many 6-digit telephone numbers can be constructed with digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
if each number starts with 35 and no digit appears more than once?
27. In how many ways can 6 boys and 5 girls be arranged for a group photograph if the girls are
to sit on chairs in a row and the boys are to stand in a row behind them?
28. If denotes the number of permutations of (a: + 2) things taken all at a time, b the number of

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permutations of x things taken 11 at a time and c the number of permutations of x - 11
things taken all at a time such that a = 182 efe, find the value of x.
29. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed by using the digits 1 to 9 if no digit is

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repeated? [NCERT]

e
ree
30. How many 3-digit even numbers can be made using the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, if no digits is
repeated?

Fr
[NCERT]

rF
31. Find the numbers of 4-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1,2,3,4,5, if no
uurr
digit is repreated? Howmany of these will be even? for [NCERT]

32. All the letters of the word 'EAMCOT' are arranged in different possible ways. Find the
s
kks
number of arrangements in which no two vowels are adjacent to each other.
Yo
oooo

ANSWERS

1. (i) 336
eB

(ii) 5040 (iii) 720 (iv) 360

2. 4 3. 3 4. 8 5. 6
6. 4 7. 9 8. 6
ur

9. 9
ad

10. 14 11. 5 12. 6, 7 13. 10

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15. 120 16. 1260 17. 12 18. 24

19. 360 20. 60 21. 120 22. 8!

dd
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23. 3456 24. 720 25. 648

in

26. 1680

27. 86400 28. 12 29.504

F

30. 90

31. 120,48 32. 144

H/NTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

2. We have

F(5, r)=P(6,r-l)
— 5! _ 6! ^ 5! 6x5! 1 6

^ (5-r)!~ {6-(r-l)}! ^ (5-r)! "(7-r)! (5-r)! (7-r)(6-r)(5-r)!

6
=> 1 = => (7 -r) (6 -r) = 3 X 2 => 7 -r - 3 => r = 4
(7-r)(6-r)
P(k-1,3) 1 (n-1)! («-4)! I ll
9. P(«-l, 3);P(n,4)=l:9 => -=—=> -X- i-=—=> => n = 9.
P («, 4) 9 (n - 4)! nl 9 « 9
PERMUTATIONS 15.29

15. The total no. of ways = No. of arrangements of 5 things, taken all at a time =
36
16. Total no of ways = No. of arrangements of 36 things taken two at a time = P2-
17. The total no. of ordered pairs = No. of arrangements of 4 letters,taken two at a time = *P2-
18. No. of ways = No. of arrangements of 4 books, taken all at a time = ‘^?4.
19. Total no. of words = No. of arrangements of 6 letters, taken 4 at a time = ^P^.
20. Required number of numbers = Number of arrangements of digits 1,3,5, 7,9 by taking
3 at a time = ^ P3 ●

oww
23. Let
1^11/ Wl2' ^13 . ^21^ ^22^ ^23 . ^31' ^32 . ^41' ^^42 be 4 works. These 4 works can
W2 ' W3 ' W4
be arranged in 4! ways. Now, volumes of each work can be arranged in the following ways:

e
Wj 3! ways; W2 3! ways, W3 2! ways, W4 -> 2! ways.

FFrlo
re
Hence, total no. of ways to arrange all books = 4! (3! x3!x2!x2!) = 3456.

ree
24. Each answer to the given question is an arrangement of the 6 items of column B keeping the

F
order of items in column A fixed. Hence, the total number of answers = Number of

rF
arrangements of 6 items in column B = = 6!.
10 9
fsoor
25. Total number of three digit numbers with distinct digits = P3 - P2.
ouur
skf
26. Required number of telephone numbers = °P^.
ooko

27. Five girls can sit on chairs in a row in ^ = 5! ways. Also, 6 boys can stand behind them in a
Yo
Y

row in ^ Pg = 6! ways. Hence, the total number of ways = 5! x 6 L

Bo
reB

31. The total number of 4 digit numbers formed by using the digits 1, 2, 3,4,5 is same as the
number of arrangements of 5 digits taken 4 at a time.
5!
So, required number of numbers = ^P^ = (5-4)! = 120
uur
oY
ad

An even number will have 2 or 4 at its unit's place. So, unit's place can be filled in 2 ways
dY

and the remaining three places (tens, hundreds and thousands) can be filled with
remaining 4 digits in ^ P3 ways. Hence, total number of 4 digit even numbers formed by
innd
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using the given digits is P3 x 2 = 48.

Fi
F

15.4 PERMUTATIONS UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS

In this section, we shall discuss permutations where either repetitions of items are allowed or
distinction between some of the items are ignored or a particular item occurs in every
arrangement etc. Such type of permutations are known as permutations under certain
conditions as discussed below.

THEOREM 1 Prove that the number of all permutations of n different objects taken rata time, when a
particular object is to be always included in each arrangement, is r.
PROOF Here we have to find the number of ways in which r places can be filled with n given
objects such that a particular object occurs in each arrangement. Suppose the particular object is
placed at the first place. Then, the remaining (n -1) places can be filled with remaining (r -1)
objects in”" ^P^ _ 1 ways. Similarly, by fixing the particular object at the second, third, fourth,...,
rth places, we find that the number of permutations in each case is ” ” ^ ;P. -!●
15.30 MATHEMATICS-XI

Hence, by the fundamental principle of addition,

Pr-i + "-^Pr -1
n-l
The required number of permutations = + ... +

Q.E.D.
THEOREM 2 Prove that the number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time, when a
n-l
particular object is never taken in each arrangement, is Pr-
PROOF Since one particular object out of n given objects is never taken. So, we have to
determine the number of ways in which r places can be ftlled with (n -1) distinct objects.
Clearly, the number of such arrangement is ” " .
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 3 Prove that the number of permutations ofn different objects taken rata time in which two

loow w
n-2
specified objects always occur together is 2! (r -1) Pr-2-
PROQF First let us leave out the two specified objects. Then the number of permutations of the
tt-2
remaining {n -2) objects, taken (r - 2)at a time, is Pf _ 2- Now, we consider two specified
h-2
objects temporarily as a single object and add it to each of these P^ _ 2 permutations which

ree
ti-2
can be done in (r -1) ways. Thus, the number of permutations becomes (r -1) Pj. _ 2- But two

rree F
r FF
specified things can be put together in 2! ways.
n-2
Hence, the required number of permutations is 2!. (r -1). Pr-2-
fofr oF
u
Q.E.D.
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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
YYouro
ksoo

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

eeBBoo

EXAMPLE 1 In how many ways can the letters of the word PENCIL be arranged so that (i) N is always
next toE ? (ii) N and E are always together ?
r

SOLUTION (i) Let us keep EN together and consider it as one letter. Now, we have 5 letters
ouru
ad

which can be arranged ina rowin^f^ =5! = 120 ways. Hence, the total number of ways in which
Yo

N is always next to E is 120.

(ii) Keeping E and N together and considering it as one letter, we have 5 letters which can be
d
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arranged in =5! ways. But, E and N can be put together 2! ways (viz. EN, NE).
iYn

Hence, the total number of ways =5! x 2! = 240.

FFind

EXAMPLE 2 How many different words can beformed with the letters of the word EQUATION so that
(i) the words begin with E ? (ii) the words begin with E and end with N ?
(iii) the words begin and end with a consonant 7
SOLUTION Clearly, the given word contains 8 letters out of which 5 are vowels and 3
consonants,

(i) Since all words must begin with £. So, we fix E at the first place. Now, remaining 7 letters can
be arranged in P7 = 7! ways.
So, total number of words = 7!
(ii) Since all words must begin with £ and end with N. So, we fix E at the first place and N at the
last place. Now, remaining 6 letters can be arranged in ^Pg = 6! ways.
Hence, the required number of words = ^P^ = 6!
15.31
PERMUTATIONS

(iii) There are 3 consonants and all words should begin and end with a consonant. So, first and
last places can be filled with 3 consonants in ways. Now, the remaining 6 places are to be
filled up with the remaining 6 letters in ^ ways.
Hence, the required number of words = ^ = 6 x 720 = 4320
EXAMPLE 3 How many words can be formed from the letters of the word, TRMNGLE' ? How many of
these will begin with T and end with E ?
SOLUTION There are 8 letters in the word 'TRIANGLE'. The total number of words formed
with these 8 letters is the number of arrangements of 8 items, taken all at a time, which is equal to
® Pg = 8! = 40320. If we fix up T in the beginning and E at the end, then the remaining 6 letters can
be arranged in ^ Pg = 6! ways.
So, the total number of words which begin with T and end with £ = 6! = 720.

ww
EXAMPLE 4 How many words can be formed with the letters of the xvord ‘ORDINATE' so that vowels
occupy odd places?
SOLUTION There are 4 vowels and 4 consonants in the word 'ORDINATE'. We have to arrange

Flo
8 letters in a row such that vowels occupy odd places. There are 4 odd places viz. 1,3,5,7. Four

e
vowels can be arranged in these 4 odd places in 4! ways. Remaining 4 even places viz. 2,4, 6,8

e
are to be occupied by the 4 consonants. This can be done in 4! ways. Hence, the total number of

reer
rFF
words in which vowels occupy odd places = 4! x 4! =576.
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
uur r
ffoor
EXAMPLE 5 In how many ways 5 boys and 3 girls can be seated in a roiv so that no two girls are
together?
sks

SOLUTION The 5 boys can be seated in a row in ^ 1^ = 5! ways. In each of these arrangements 6
YYoo
ooko

places are created, shown by the cross-marks, as given below:

eBB

xBxBxBxBxBx

Since no two girls are to sit together, so we may arrange 3 girls in 6 places. This can be done in
^Pg ways i.e. 3 girls can be seated in ^Pg ways.
uurr
ad

Hence, the total number of seating arrangements = x ^Pg =5!x 6 x 5 x 4 =14400.

Yo

EXAMPLES In how many ways can the letters of the word 'DELHI' be arranged so that the vowels
dY

occupy only even places?

Re

SOLUTION There are 5 distinct letters in the word 'DELHI'. We wish to find the total number of
innd

arrangements of these 5 letters so that vowels occupy only even places. There are two vowels E
FFi

and I and 2 even places viz 2"^ and 4*. These two vowels can be arranged in the two even places
in 2! ways. The remaining three letters (D, L, H) can be arranged in 3 places (viz 1st 3rd, 5th) in 3!
ways. Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting the total number of arrangements
= 3!x2! = 12.

EXAMPLE 7 How many xoords can be formed from the letters of the word 'DAUGHTER' so that
(ii) the vowels never come together ? [NCERTj
(i) the vowels ahvays come together ?
SOLUTION There are 8 letters in the word 'DAUGHTER', including 3 vowels (A, U, E) and 5
consonants (D, G, H, T, R).
(i) Considering three vowels as one letter, we have 6 letters which can be arranged in ^P^ = 6!
ways, But, corresponding each way of these arrangements, the vowels A, U, E can be put
together in 3! ways.
Hence, required number of words = 6! x 3! = 720 x 6 = 4320
15.32 MATHEMATICS-XI

(ii)
8
The total number of words formed by using all the eight letters of the word 'DAUGHTER' is
Pg =81 = 40320.
So, the total number of words in which vowels are never together
= Total number of words - Number of words in which vowels are always together
= 40320-4320 = 36000

EXAMPLE 8 In how many xoays can 9 examination papers be arranged so that the best and the worst
papers are never together?
SOLUTION The number of arrangements in which the best and the worst papers never come
together can be obtained by subtracting from the total number of arrangements, the number of
arrangements in which the best and worst come together.
The total number of arrangements of 9 papers = ^Pg

w
= 9!
Considering the best and the worst papers as one paper, we have 8 papers which can be
arranged in ® Pg = 8! ways. But, the best and worst papers can be put together in 2! ways. So, the

Flo
number of permutations in which the best and the worst papers can be put together = (2! x 8!).

e
reee
Hence, the number of ways in which the best and the worst papers never come together
= 9!-2!x 8! = 9x 8!-2x 8! = 7x8! = 282240.

FFr
EXAMPLE 9 In how many zuays can 5 children be arranged in a row such that
(i) two of them, Ram and Shyam, are always together?
for
ur
(ii) two of them, Ram and Shyam, are never together?
SOLUTION There are five children including Ram and Shyam.
kss

(i) Considering Ram and Shyam as one child, there are four children. They can be arranged in a
Yo

row in 4! ways. But Ram and Shyam can be arranged together in 2! ways.
oo

Hence, the required number of arrangements = 4! x 2! = 48.

eB

(ii) Total number of arrangements of 5 children in a row = 5! = 120.

.-. Total number of arrangements in which Ram and Shyam are never together
ur

= Total number of arrangements - Number of arrangements in which Ram and Shyam

ad

are togefiier
YYo

= 120-48 = 72.

EXAMPLE 10 A code Word is to consist of two distinct English alphabets followed by Uvo distinct
d
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numbers from 1 to 9. For example, CA 23 is a code word. How many such code words are there? How
in

many of them end with an even integer ?

F

SOLUTION There are 26 English alphabets. So, first two places in the code word can be filled in
26
?2 ways. In last tv/o places we have to use two distinct numbers from 1 to 9. So, last two places
can be filled in ^ P2 ways. Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the total number of
code words = ^^P2 x ^P2 = 650 x 72 = 46800.
Number of code words ending with an even integer.
In this case, the code word can have any of the numbers 2,4,6,8 at the extreme right position. So,
the extreme right position can be filled in 4 ways. Now, next left position can be filled with any
one of the remaining 8 digits in 8 ways and the two extreme left positions can be filled by two
English alphabets in P2 ways.
Hence, the total number of code words which end with an even integer = 4 x 8 x ^^P2
= 4 X 8 X 650 = 20800.
PERMUTATIONS 15.33

EXAMPLE 11 The Principal wants to arrange 5 students on the platform such that the boy 'SALIM
occupies the second position and such that the girl, 'SITA' is always adjacent to the girl 'RITA . How
many such arrangements are possible ?
SOLUTION Since SALIM occupies the second position and the two girls RITA and SITA are
always adjacent to each other. So, none of these two girls can occupy the first seat. Thus, first seat
can be occupied by any one of the remaining two students in 2 ways. Second seat can be

occupied by SALIM in only one way.

Now, in the remaining three seats SITA and RITA can be seated in the following four ways:
I II m IV V

1. X SALIM SITA RITA X

2. X SALIM RITA SITA X

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3. X SALIM X SITA RITA

4. X SALIM X RITA SITA

Floo
Now, only one seat is left which can be occupied by the 5th student in one way.

ee
Hence, the number of required type of arrangements = 2x4x1= 8.

reer
EXAMPLE 12 How many numbers between 400 and 1000 can be formed with the digits 0,2,3,4,5,6 if

rFF
no digit is repeated in the same number ?
SOLUTION Number between 400 and 1000 consist of three digits with digit at hundred's place
uur r
ffoor
greater than or equal to 4. Hundred's place can be filled, by using the digits 4,5, 6 in 3 ways.
Now, ten's and unit's places can be filled by the remaining 5 digits in ways.
sks

5 5!
YYoo

Hence, the required number of numbers = 3 x = 3 x -^ = 3 x 20 = 60.

ooko

EXAMPLE 13 In a class of 10 students there are 3 girls A, B, C. In how many different ways can they be
eBB

arranged in a row such tlmt no two of the three girls are consecutive.
SOLUTION There are 7 boys and 3 girls. Seven boys can be arranged in a row in = 7! ways.
uurr

Q
ad

Now, we have 8 places in which we can arrange 3 girls in P3 ways.

Yo

Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the number of arrangements = 7! x P3

dY

= 7!x 336.
Re
ind

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

FFin

EXAMPLE 14 When a group photograph is taken, all the seven teachers should be in the first row and all
the twenty students should be in the second row. If the two comers of the second row are reservedfor the
two tallest students, interchangeable only between them, and if the middle seat of the front row is reserved
for the Principal, how many arrangements are possible?
SOLUTION Since the middle seat of the front row is reserved for the Principal, the remaining 6
teachers can be arranged in the front row in ^P^ = 6! ways.
The two comers of the second row are reserved for the two tallest students. They can occupy
these two places in 2! ways. The remaining 18 seats may be occupied by the remaining 18
students in 18! ways.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the total number of arrangements
= 6!x(18!x2!)=18!xl440.
EXAMPLE 15
How many even numbers are there with three digits such that if5 is one of the digits, then
7 is the next digit?
15.34 MATHEMATICS-XI

SOLUTION We have to determine the total number of even numbers formed by using the given
condition. So, at unit's place we can use one of the digits 0,2,4,6,8. If 5 is at ten's place then, as
per the given condition, 7 should be at unit's place. In such a case the number will not be an even
number. So, 5 cannot be at ten's and one's places. Hence, 5 can be only at hundred's place.
Now two cases arise.

Case I When 5 is at hundred's place:

If 5 is at hundred's place, then 7 will be at ten's place. So, uiut's place can be filled in 5 ways by
using the digits 0,2,4,6,8.
So, total number of even numbers = 1x1x5= 5.
Case n When 5 is not at hundred's place:
In this case, himdred's place can be filled in 8 ways (0 and 5 cannot be used at hundred's place).
In ten s place we can use any one of the ten digits except 5. So, ten s place can be filled in 9 ways.

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At unit's place we have to use one of the even digits 0,2,4,6,8. So, units place can be filled in 5
ways.
So, total number of even numbers = 8x9x5 = 360

FF loo
Hence, the total number of required even numbers = 360 + 5 = 365.
EXAMPLE 16 How many four digit numbers divisible by 4 can be made with the digits 1,2,3,4,5 if the

ree
repetition of digits is not allowed 7

Fr reF
SOLUTION Recall that a number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits is

e
divisible by 4. The digits at unit's and ten's places can be arranged as follows:
rur
Th H T O
fforo
X X 1 2
ks
X X 2 4
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X X 3 2
ookso

X X 5 2
eeBBo

Now, corresponding each such way the remaining three digits at thousand's and hundred's
places can be arranged in ways.
r

Hence, the required number of numbers = x 4 = 3! x 4 = 24.

ad
ouur

EXAMPLE 17
¥ind the number of ways in which 5 boys and 5 girls be seated in a row so that
Yo

(i) No two girls may sit together. (ii) All the girls sit together and all the boys sit together.
(iii) All the girls are never together.
d
idnY
Re

SOLUTION (i) 5 boys can be seated in a row in ^ = 5! ways. Now, in the 6 gaps 5 girls can be
FFin

arranged in ways.
Hence, the number of ways in which no two girls sit together = 5!x ^f|=5!x6!
(ii) The two groups of girls and boys can be arranged in 2! ways. 5 girls can be arranged
among themselves in 5! ways. Similarly, 5 boys can be arranged among themselves in 5!
ways. Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the total number of requisite
seating arrangements = 2! (5! x 5!) =2(5!)^.
(iii) The total number of ways in which all the girls are never together
= Total number of arrangements - Total number of arrangements in which all the girls are
always together
= 10!-5!x 6!

EXAMPLE 18 Five boys andfive girls form a line ivith the boys and girls alternating. Find the number of
ways of making the line.
PERMUTATIONS 15.35

SOLUTION 5 boys can be arranged in a line in =5! ways. Since the boys and girls are
alternating. So, corresponding each of the 5! ways of arrangements of 5 boys we obtain 5 places
marked by cross as shown below:
(i) X B2 X 63 X X X (ii) X Bj X B2 X B3 X B4 X £5.
Clearly, 5 girls can be arranged in 5 places marked by cross in (5! + 5!) ways.
Hence, the total number of ways of making the line = 5! x (5! + 5!) = 2 (5!)^
EXAMPLE 19 In how many ways three girls and nine boys can be seated in two vans, each having
numbered seats, 3 in the front and 4 at the back? How many seating arrangements are possible if 3 girls sit
together in a back row on adjacent seats ?
SOLUTION Total number of persons = 3 girls + 9 boys = 12.

w
Total number of numbered seats = 2x3 + 4x2 = 14

So, total number of ways in which 12 persons can be seated on 14 seats

Flo
14
= Number of arrangements or 14 seats by taking 12 at a time = Pl2-

ee
Three girls can be seated together in a back row on adjacent seats in the following ways:

Fr
1,2,3 or 2,3,4 of first van
and, 1,2,3 or 2,3,4 of second one.
for
ur
In each way the three girls can interchange among themselves in 3! ways. So, the total number of
ways in which three girls can be seated together in a back row on adjacent seats = 4 x 3!
ks

Now, 9 boys are to be seated on remaining 11 seats, which can be done in ways.
Yo
oo

Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the total number of seating arrangements is
11
eB

P9 X 4x 3!.
EXAMPLE 20
A tea party is arranged for 16 persons along two sides of a long table with 8 chairs on each
side. Four persons wish to sit on one particular and two on the other side. In how many ways can they be
ur
ad

seated?
Yo

SOLUTION four persons wish to sit on side A. Four

Let the two sides be A and B. Assume that
persons who wish to sit on side A can be accommodated on eight chairs in ® P4 ways and two
d

ft
Re

persons who wish to sit on side B can be accommodated on 8 chairs in °P2 ways. Now, 10
in

persons are left, who can sit on 10 chairs on both the sides of the table in 10! ways.
F

8
Hence, the total number of ways in which 16 persons can be seated = ?4 X °?2 X 10!
EXERCISE 15.4
BASIC

1- In how many ways can the letters of the word 'FAILURE' be arranged so that the
consonants may occupy only odd positions?
2. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'STRANGE' be arranged so that
(i) the vowels come together ? (ii) the vowels never come together? and
(iii) the vowels occupy oiily the odd places?
3. How many words can be formed from the letters of the word 'SUNDAY'? How many of
these begin with D?
15.36 MATHEMATICS-XI

4. How many words can be formed out of the letters of the word, 'ORIENTAL', so that the
vowels always occupy the odd places ?
5. How many different words can be formed with the letters of word 'SUNDAY'? How many
of the words begin with N? How many begin with N and end in Y?
6. How many different words can be formed from the letters of the word 'GANESHPURI'? In
how many of these words:
(i) the letter G always occupies the first place?
(ii) the letters P and I respectively occupy first and last place?
(iii) the vowels are always together?
(iv) the vowels always occupy even places?
BASED ON LOTS

ww
7. How many permutations can be formed by the letters of the word, 'VOWELS', when
(i) there is no restriction on letters? (ii) each word begins with E?
(iii) each word begins with O and ends with L? (iv) all vowels come together?
(v) all consonants come together?

Flo
ee
8. How many words can be formed out of the letters of the word 'ARTICLE', so that vowels

rere
occupy even places?

r FF
9. In how many ways can a lawn tennis mixed double be made up from seven married
couples if no husband and wife play in the same set?
uurr
10. m men and n women are to be seated in a row so
foor
that no two women sit together. If m > «
m\(m + l)\
ks s
then show that the number of ways in which they can be seated as
(m-« + !)!*
Yoo
oook

11. How many words (with or without dictionary meaning) can be made from the letters in the
eBB

word MONDAY, assuming that no letter is repeated, if

(i) 4 letters are used at a time? (ii) all letters are used at a time?
(iii) all letters are used but first is vowel?
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ad

12. How many three letter words can be made using the letters of the word 'ORIENTAL'?
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ANSWERS
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1. 576 2. (i) 1440 (ii) 3600 (iii) 1440 3. 720,120 4. 576

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innd

5. 720,120,24 6. 10! (i) 9! (ii) 8! (iii) 7!x 4! (iv) 5!x 6!

7. (i) 720 (ii) 120 (iii) 24 (iv) 240 (v) 144
FFi

8. 144 9. 840

11. (i) 360 (ii) 720 (iu) 240 12. 336

15.5 PERMUTATIONS OF OBJECTS NOT ALL DISTINCT

So far we were discussing permutations of distinct objects (things) by taking some or all at a
time. In tliis section, we intend to discuss the permutations of a given number of objects when
objects are not all different. For example, the number of arrangements of the letters of the word
MISSISSIPPI, the number of six digit numbers formed by using the digits 1,1,2,3,3,4 etc. The
following theorem is very helpful to determine the number of such arrangements.
THEOREM The number ofmutuall}/ distinguishable permutations ofn things, taken all at a time, of
n\
zuhich p are alike of one kind, q alike of second such that p + q = nis
plql

PROOF Let the required number of permutations be x. Consider one of these x permutatior\s.
PERMUTATIONS 15.37

Now, replace p alike things in this permutation by p distinct things which are also different from
others. These p different things may be permuted among themselves in p! ways without
changing the positions of other things. Similarly, if we replace q alike things by q distinct things,
which are also different from others, then they can be permuted among themselves in q\ ways.
Thus, if both the replacements are done simultaneously, then we find that each one of the .r
permutations give rise to p\ x q[ permutations. Therefore, x permutations give rise to xxplx ql
permutations. Now, each of these a: x p! x g!permutations, is a permutation of m different things,
taken all at a time.

XX pl^ ql = Number of permutations of n different things taken all at a time = n\

Hence, .r

p\q\
Q.E.D.

ww
REMARK 1 The number of permutations of n things, of which pj are alike of one kind; P2 are alike of
second kind; p^ are alike of third kind;...; pr are alike ofrth kind such that P1+P2 + ●●● + Pr =

FF loo
n\

Pi! P2 ! P3 !... Pr !

ree
REMARK 2 The number of permutations of n things, of which p are alike of one kind, q are alike of second
n!
kind and remaining all are distinct, is

Fe
plql

Frre
r ur
REMARK 3 Suppose there are r things to be arranged, allowing repetitions. Let further pi, p2>-- - Pr
fforo
the integers such that the first object occurs exactly pj times, the second occurs exactly p2 times, etc. Then
iPl+P2+- + Pr)[
ks
the total number of permutations of these r objects to the above condition is
Pl'-Pl'-Ps'—Pr^-'
YYouo
okoso

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
eeBBo

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

r

EXAMPLE 1 How 7fiany dijferent words can be formed xvith the letters of the word 'MISSISSIPPI' ? In
ad
ouur

hozo many of these permutations four Ts do twt come together? [NCERTl

Yo

SOLUTION There are 11 letters in the given word, of which 4 are S's, 4 are Ts and 2 are P's. So,
total number of words is the number of arrangements of 11 things, of which 4 are similar of one
d

11!
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idnY

kind, 4 are similar of second kind and 2 are similar of third kind i.e.
41412!
FFin

11!
Hence,the total number of words = = 34650.
414I2I

Considering 41's as one letter, we have 8 letters of which 4 are S's and 2 are P's. These 8 letters
8!
can be arranged in ways.
4!2!
8!
Number of words in which 4 I's come together = 4! 2!
= 840.

Hence, number of words in which 4 I's do not come together = 34650 - 840 = 33810.
EXAMPLE 2 How many permutations of the letters of the word 'APPLE' are there?
SOLUTION Here there are 5 letters, two of which are of the same kind. The others are each of its
5! 120
own kind. So, the required number of permutations is 2!1!1!1! 2
= 60.

EXAMPLES Hozo 7nany words can befor7ned using the letter A thrice, the letter B twice and the letter C
thrice ?
15.38 MATHEMATICS-XI

SOLUTION We are given 8 letters viz. A, A, A, B, B, C, C, C. Clearly, there are 8 letters of which
three are of one kind, two are of second kind and three are of third kind.
8!
So, the total number of permutations = =560.
3!2! 3!

Hence, the requisite number of words = 560.

EXAMPLE4 pijjd the number of different permutations of the letters of the word BANANA ?
SOLUTION Clearly, there are six letters in the word 'BANANA' of which three are alike of one
kind (3 A's), two are alike of second kind (2 N's) and one of its own kind.
6!
Total number of their permutations = 3!2!1!
= 60.

Hence, the requisite number of words = 60

w
EXAMPLES (i) How many different words can be formed with the letters of the xuord HARYANA?
(ii) How many of these begin with H and end with N?

Flo
(hi) In how many of these H and N are together?
SOLUTION (i) There are 7 letters in the word 'HARYANA' of which 3 are A's and remaining all

ee
are each of its own kind.
7! 7!

Fr
So, total number of words = — = 840.
3!1!1!1!1! 3!

(ii) After fixing H in first place and N in last place, we have 5 letters out of which three are alike
for
ur
i.e. A's and remaining all are each of its own kind.
5'
So, total number of words = — = 20.
ks
3!
Yo

(hi) Considering H and N together we have 7 - 2 + 1 = 6 letters out of which three are alike i.e.
oo

6!
A's and others are each of its own kind. These six letters can be arranged in ways. But H and N
eB

3!

can be arranged amongst themselves in 2! ways.

6<
Hence, the requisite number of words = — x 2! = 120 x 2 = 240.
ur

3!
ad
Yo

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE 6
How many different words can be formed by using all the letters of the word
d
Re

[NCERT]
in

'ALLAHABAD' ?

(i) In how many of them vowels occupy the even positions ?

F

(ii) In how many of them both L do not come together ?

SOLUTION There are 9 letters in the word 'ALLAHABAD' out of which 4 are A's, 2 are L's and
the rest are all distinct.
9!
So, the requisite number of words = = 7560.
4!2!

(i) There are 4 vowels and all are alike i.e. 4 A's. Also, there are 4 even places viz 2nd, 4th, 6th
41
and 8th. So, these 4 even places can be occupied by 4 vowels in ~
4!
= 1 way. Now, we are left with
5!
5 places in which 5 letters, of which two are alike (2 L's) and other distinct, can be arranged in —
2!

ways.
5' 4' 5'
Hence, the total number of words in which vowels occupy the even places =
PERMUTATIONS 15.39

(ii) Considering both L together and treating them as one letter we have 8 letters out of which A
repeats 4 times and others are distinct. These 8 letters can be arranged in 4!
ways.
8!
So, the number of words in which both L come together = — = 1680.
4!

Hence, the number of words in which both L do not come together

= Total no. of words - No. of words in which both L come together = 7560 -1680 = 5880.
EXAMPLI-7 Find the number of arrangements of the letters of the word INDEPENDENCE. In how
many of these arrangements INCERT]
(i) do the words start ivith P? (ii) do all the vowels always occur together?
(iii) do all the vowels never occur together? (iv) do the words begin with I and end in P?
SOLUTION In the word 'INDEPENDENCE' there are 12 letters of which 3 are N's, 4 are E's and

w
2 are D's. Therefore,
12!
Total number of arrangements = = 1663200
3I4I2I

Flo
(i) After fixing the letter P at the extreme left position, there are 11 letters consisting of 3 N's,
HI

reeee
4E's and 2D's. These 11 letters can be arranged in = 138600
3!4!2!

FFr
11!
Number of words beginning with P = = 138600
3!4!2!
for
(ii) There are 5 vowels in the given word of which 4 are E's and one I. These vowels can be put
ur
5!
together in ways. Considering these 5 vowels as one letter there are 8 letters (taking 7
411!
kkss

8!
Yo

remaining letters) which can be arranged in ways (as there are 3 N's and 2D's). Since
oo

312!
8!
eB

corresponding to each arrangement of 5 vowels there are ways of arranging remaining 7

312!

letters and one letter formed by 5 vowels.

r
ou
ad

Hence,
ft I
1^ fundamental principle of multiplication, the required number of arrangements is
YY

— x — = 16800
3!2! 4!1!
ndd

(iii) The required number of arrangements

Re

= The total number of arrangements - The number of arrangements in which all the
Fi

vowels occur together

= 1663200-16800=1646400

(iv) Let us fix I at the extreme left end and P at the extreme right end. Now, we are left with 10
10!
letters of which 3 are N's, 4 are E's and 2 are D's. These ten letters can be arranged in
4!3!2!

ways.
10!
Hence, required number of arrangements = 41312!
= 12600.

EXAMPLE 8 In how many ways can the letters of the word PERMUTATIONS be arranged if(i) the
words start with P end with S (ii) vowels are all together.
SOLUTION (i) There are 12 letters in the given word of which 2 are T's and the remaining are
10!
distinct. Remaining 10 letters between P and S can be arranged in 2!
ways.
15.40 MATHEMATICS-XI

10!
Total number of words starting with P and ending in S = 2!
= 1814400

(ii) There are 5 vowels in the given word. These vowels can be put together in 5! ways.
Considering these 5 vowels as one letter, we have 8 letters (7 remaining letters and one letter
8!
formed by 5 vowels) of which 2 are T's. These 8 letters can be arranged in ways.
2!

Hence, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, required number of words is

Six —= 2419200.
2!

EXAMPLE 9 How many numbers greater than a million can be formed with the digits 2,3,0,3,4,2,3?

ooww
SOLUTION Any number greater than a million will contain all the seven digits.
Now, we have to arrange these seven digits, out of which 2 occur twice, 3 occurs twice and tlie
rest are distinct.
7!
The number of such arrangements = = 420.
2!x 3!

ee
These arrangements also include those numbers which contain 0 at the million's place.

rFl
re
Keeping 0 fixed at the millionth place, we have 6 digits out of which 2 occurs twice, 3 occurs

Fre
6!
thrice and the rest are distinct. These 6 digits can be arranged in = 60 ways.

rrF
2!x 3!

Hence, the niunber of required numbers = 420 - 60 = 360.

sffoo
ouur
EXAMPLE 10 There are six periods in each working day of a school. In hozv many ways can one arrange 5
subjects such that each subject is allowed at least one period?
kosk

SOLUTION Since each subject is allowed at least one period. So, we first select one subject for
Yo

c 6^
oo

the left out period. This can be done in ways. Now, six subject can be arranged in ways.
Y
BB

6'
Hence, the total number of arrangements = x — =1800
rre

2!
ouu

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

Y
ad

EXAMPLE 11
How many arrangements can be made with the letters of the word 'MATHEMATICS'? In
dY

how many of them vowels are together ?

SOLUTION There are 11 letters in the word 'MATHEMATICS' of which two are M's, two are A's,
innd
Re

two are T's and all other are distinct. So,

111
Fi
F

Required number of arrangements = = 4989600

2!x 2!x 2!

There are 4 vowels viz. A, E, A, I. Considering these four vowels as one letter we have 8 letters
(M, T, H, M, T, C, S and one letter obtained by combining all vowels), out of which M occurs
8!
twice, T occurs twice and the rest all different. These 8 letters can be arranged in ways.
2!x 2!
4!
But, the four vowels {A, E, A, I) can be put together in — ways.
2!

Hence, the total number of arrangements in which vowels are always together = 2!x8! 2l'' ^
2!
= 10080x12=120960.
EXAMPLE 12
If all the letters of the word 'AGAIN' be arranged as in a dictionary, what is the fiftieth
word? [NCERT]

SOLUTION In dictionary the words at each stage are arranged in alphabetical order. Starting
with the letter A, and arranging the other four letters GAIN, we obtain 4! = 24 words.
PERMUTATIONS 15.41

Thus, there are 24 words which start with A. These are the first 24 words.
Then, starting with G, and arranging the other four letters A, A, I, N in different ways, we obtain
4' 24 ^
— = 12 words. Thus, there are 12 words, which start with G.
2! 2
4!
Now, we start with I. The remaining 4 letters A, G, A, N can be arranged in -^^
2!
= 12 ways. So,
there are 12 words, which start with I.
Thus, we have so far constructed 48 words. The 49th word is NAAGI and hence the 50th word is
NAAIG.

ooww
EXAMPLE 13 The letters of the word 'RANDOM' are written in all possible orders and these words are
written out as in a dictionary. Find the rank of the word 'RANDOM'.
SOLUTION In a dictionary the words at each stage are arranged in alphabetical order. In the
given problem we must therefore consider the words beginning with A, D, M, N, O, R in order.
A will occur in the first place as often as there are ways of arranging the remaining 5 letters all at

e
a time i.e. A will occur 5! times. Similarly, D, M, N, O will occur in the first place the same

ree
number of times.

rFl
Fre
Number of words starting with A = 5! = 120
Number of words starting with D = 5! = 120

rrF
Number of words starting with M = 5! = 120
sffoo
ouur
Number of words starting with N = 5! = 120
Number of words starting with 0 = 5! = 120
Number of words beginning with R is 5!, but one of these words is the word RANDOM. So, we
okks

first find the number of words beginning with RAD and RAM.
Yo
oo

No. of words starting with RAD = 3! = 6

Y
BB

No. of words starting with RAM = 3! = 6

Now, the words beginning with 'RAN' must follow. There are 31 words beginning with RAN.
rre

One of these words is the word RANDOM itself.

ouu

The first word beginning with RAN is the word RANDMO and the next word is RANDOM.
Y
ad

Rank of RANDOM = 5 X 120 + 2 X 6 + 2 = 614.

dY

EXAMPLE 14 If the different permutations of the word, 'EXAMINATION' are listed as in a dictionary,
how many items are there in the list before the first word starting with E? [NCERT]
innd
Re

SOLUTION In a dictionary the words at each stage are arranged in alphabetical order. In the
given problem we have to find the total number of words starting with A, because the very next
Fi
F

word will start with E.

For finding the number of words starting with A, we have to find the number of arrangements
of the remaining 10 letters, EXMINATION, of which there are 2 Ts, 2 N's and the others each of
its own kind.
10!
The number of such arrangements = = 907200.
2!2!

Hence, the required number of items = 907200.

EXERCISE 15.5

BASIC

1. Find the number of words formed by permuting aU the letters of the following words:
(i) INDEPENDENCE (ii) INTERMEDIATE (iii) ARRANGE
(iv) INDIA (v) PAKISTAN (vi) RUSSIA
(vii) SERIES (viii) EXERCISES (ix) CONSTANTINOPLE
15.42 MATHEMATICS-XI

2. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'ALGEBRA' be arranged without changing
the relative order of the vowels and consonants?

3. How many words can be formed with the letters of the word 'UNIVERSITY',the vowels
remaining together?
4. Find the total number of arrangements of the letters in the expression c* when
written at full length.
5. How many words can be formed with the letters of the word 'PARALLEL' so that all L's do
not come together?
6. How many words can be formed by arranging the letters of the word 'MUMBAI' so that all
M's come together?

ww
7. How many numbers can be formed with the digits 1,2, 3, 4,3, 2,1 so that the odd digits
always occupy the odd places?
8. How many different signals can be made from 4 red, 2 white and 3 green flags by arranging

Flo
all of them vertically on a flagstaff?

e
9. How many number of four digits can be formed with the digits 1,3,3,0?

reree
BASED ON LOTS

r FF
10. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'ARRANGE' be arranged so that the two R's
are never together?
uurr
foor
11. How many different numbers, greater than 50000 can be formed with the digits 0,1,1,5,9.
12. How many words can be formed from the letters of the word 'SERIES' which start with S
ks s

and end with S?

Yoo
ooook

13. How many permutations of the letters of the word 'MADHUBANT do not begin with M
eBB

but end with I?

14. Find the number of numbers, greater than a million, that can be formed with the digits 2,3,
0,3,4,2,3.
uurr
ad

15. There are three copies each of 4 different books. In how many ways can they be arranged in
Yo

a shelf?

16. How many different arrangements can be made by using aU the letters in the word
dY

'MATHEMATICS'. How many of them begin with C? How many of them begin with T?
Re
innd

17. A biologist studying the genetic code is interested to know the number of possible
arrangements of 12 molecules in a chain. The chain contains 4 different molecules
FFi

represented by the initials A (for Adenine), C (for Cytosine), G (for Guanine) and T (for
Thymine) and 3 molecules of each kind. How many different such arrangements are
possible?
18. In how many ways can 4 red, 3 yellow and 2 green discs be arranged in a row if the discs of
the same colour are indistinguishable? [NCERT]
19. How many numbers greater than 1000000 can be formed by using the digits 1, 2, 0, 2,
4,2,4? [NCERT]
20. In how many ways can the letters of the word ASSASSINATION be arranged so that all the
S's are together? [NCERT]
21. Find the total number of permutations of the letters of the word 'INSTITUTE'. [NCERT]
BASED ON HOTS

22. The letters of the word 'SURITI' are written in all possible orders and these words are
written out as in a dictionary. Find the rank of the word 'SURITI'.
PERMUTATIONS 15.43

23. If the letters of the word 'LATE' be permuted and the words so formed be arranged as in a
dictionary, find the rank of tire word LATE.
24. If the letters of the word 'MOTHER' are written in all possible orders and tliese words are
written out as in a dictionary, find the rank of the word 'MOTHER'.
25. If the permutations of a, b, c, d, e taken all together be written down in alphabetical order as
in dictionary and numbered, find the rank of the permutation debac.
26. Find the total number of ways in which six'+' and four signs can be arranged in a line
such that no two signs occur together.
27. In how many ways can tlie letters of the word "INTERMEDIATE" be aitanged so tliat:

ooww
(i) the vowels always occupy even places?
(ii) the relative order of vowelsand consonantsdo not alter?
28. The letters of the word 'ZENITH' are written in all possible orders. How many words are
possible if all these words are written out as in a dictionary ? What is the rank of the word

e
'ZENITH'?

ree
rFl AUS\NBnS

Fre
1. (i) 1663200 (ii) 19958400 (iii) 1260 (iv) 60

rrF
(v) 20160 (vi) 360 (vii) 180 (viii) 30240
ouur
(ix)
14!
2. 72
sffoo
3. 60480 4. 1260
24
okks
5. 3000 6. 120 7. 18 8. 1260
Yo

9. 9 10. 900 11. 24 12. 12

oo
Y
BB

11! 101 10!

13. 17640 14. 360 15.12!/{3!)‘^ 16.
2!2!2!^ 2!2!2!' 2!2!
rre

17. 369600 18. 1260 19. 360 20. 151200

ouu

9!
YY
ad

21. 22. 236 23. 14 24. 309

2! 3!
dd

25. 93 26. 35 27. (i) 21600 (ii) 21600

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iinn

28. 616

W/WrS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

F

2. The consonants can be arranged among themselves in 4! ways and the vowels among
31 3!
themselves in —
2!
ways. Hence, the required number of arrangements = 4! x —
2!
=72.
9!
4. There are 3 a's, 2b's and 4 c's. So, the total number of arrangements = = 1260.
3!2!4!

7. There are 4 odd digits 1, 1, 3, 3 and 4 odd places. So, odd digits can be arranged in odd
4!
places in ways. The remaining 3 even digits 2,2,4 can be arranged in 3 even places in
212!
3! 4! 3! _
— ways. Hence, the requisite number of numbers = — X —=18.
2! 212! 2!

8. We have to arrange 9 flags, out of wliich 4 are of one kiiid, 2 are of another kind and 3 are of
9!
third kind. So, total number of signals =
4!2!3!
15.44 MATHEMATICS-XI

9. Required number of numbers =

2! 2!'
11. I imbers greater than 50000 will have either 5 or 9 in the first place and will consist of 5
digits.
41
Number of numbers of with digit 5 at first place = —
2!
4!
Number of numbers with digit 9 at first place = —
2!
41 41
Hence, the required number of numbers = — + — = 24.
2! 2!

(4+3+2)! 9!
18. Required number of ways = 4! 3! 2!
= 1260
4! 312!

w
19. Number of numbers greater than 1000000 that can be formed by using the digits 1,2,0,2,4,
2,4.

Flo
= Number of numbers formed by given digits - Number of numbers having 0 as left

reee
most digit
7! 6! 7!-6! 6x6!

FFr
= 360
3!2! 3!2! 312! 312!

20. Considering all S as one letter there are 10 letters containing 3A's, 21's, 2N's, IT, lO which
uurr
10!
for
can be arranged in = 151200 ways.
3!2!2!
kss

21. There are 9 letters in the word INSTITUTE containing 2rs, 3T's, IN, IS, lU and IE. These
ooook
Yo

9!
letters can be arranged in - 30240 ways.
2! 3!
eB

6!
26. Six'+' signs can be arranged in a row in — = 1 way. Now, we are left with seven places in
rr

6!
ou
ad

which four different things can be arranged in P4 ways but as all the four signs are
YY

identical, therefore, four' - sigr\s can be arranged in = 35 ways.

nndd
Re

Hence, the required number of ways = 1 x 35 = 35.

Fi

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

n-l K-1
1. The value of P,+r Pr_iis
2. If"P4:”li=l:2,then« =
3. If ^^Pr =1320, then r =
4. The number of permutations of n distinct object, taken r at a time, when repetitions are not
allowed, is
5. The number of permutations of n distinct objects, taken r at a time, when repetitions are
allowed, is
6. The number of ways'm' men and 'n' women (m > n) can be seated in arow so that no two
women sit together is
7. In an examination there are three multiple choice questions and each question has four
choice. The number of ways in which a student can fail to get all answers correct, is
PERMUTATIONS 15.45

8. The number of ways in which three letters can be posted in five letter boxes, is
9. The number of six digit numbers, all digits of which are odd, is
10, The number of different words that can be made from the letters of the word
INTERMEDIATE, such that two vowels never come together, is
ANSWERS

1. 'Pr 2. 6 3. 3 4. ”Pr 5. t{ ^ m!(m + l)! 7. 63

■ (m-« + !)!

8. 5^ 9. 5^ 10. 6! ^Pf,2. = 151200

—X
2! 3!2!

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

ww
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:

Floo
1. In how many ways can 4 letters be posted in 5 letter boxes?

ee
2. Write the number of 5 digit numbers that can be formed using digits 0,1 and 2.

reer
3. In how many ways 4 women draw water from 4 taps, if no tap remains unused?

rFF
4. Write the total number of possible outcomes in a throw of 3 dice in which at least one of the
dice shows an even number.
uur r
ffoor
5. Write the number of arrangements of the letters of the word BANANA in which two N's
come together.
sks
YYoo

6. Write the number of ways in which 7 men and 7 women can sit on a roimd table such that
ooko

no two women sit together.

eBB

7. Write the number of words that can be formed out of the letters of the word 'COMMITTEE'.
8. Write the number of all possible words that can be formed using the letters of the word
uurr

'MATHEMATICS'.
ad

9. Write the number of ways in which 6 men and 5 women can dine at a round table if no two
Yo

women sit together.

dY

10. Write the number of ways in which 5 boys and 3 girls can be seated in a row so that each girl
Re

is between 2 boys.
nind

11. Write the remainder obtained when l! + 2!+ 3! + ... + 200! is divided by 14.
FFi

12. Write the number of numbers that can be formed using all for digits 1,2,3,4.
ANSWERS

9! 11!
1. 5^ 2. 2x3^ 3. 4! 4. 189 5. 20 6. 7!x 6! 7. 8.
(21)3 21212!

9. 6!x5!10. 2880 11. 5 12. 24

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

1. The number of permutations of n different things taking r at a time when 3 particular things
are to be included is
«-3
(a)
n -
3p
h-3, (b)
n -
3p, (C) ”Pr-3 (d) r! Cr-3
15.46 MATHEMATICS-XI

2. The number of five-digit telephone numbers having at least one of their digits repeated is
(a) 90000 (b) 100000 (c) 30240 (d) 69760
3. The number of words that can be formed out of the letters of the word "ARTICLE" so that

vowels occupy even places is

(a) 574 (b) 36 (c) 754 (d) 144
4. How many numbers greater than 10 lacs be formed from 2,3,0,3,4,2,3?
(a) 420 (b) 360 (c) 400 (d) 300
5. The number of different signals which can be given from 6 flags of different colours taking
one or more at a time, is

ww
(a) 1958 (b) 1956 (c) 16 (d) 64
6. The number of words from the letters of the word 'BHARAT' in which B and H will never

come together, is
(a) 360 (b) 240 (c) 120 (d) none of these

Flo
e
7. The number of six letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word "ASSIST" in

eree
which S's alternate with other letters is

(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 18 (d) none of these

FFr
The number of arrangements of the word "DELHI" in which £ precedes / is
uurr
8.

(a) 30 C^) 60 (c) 120

orr (d) 59
sfo
9. The number of ways in which the letters of the word 'CONSTANT' can be arranged
without changing the relative positions of the vowels and consonants is
kks
Yoo

(a) 360 (b) 256 (c) 444 (d) none of these

oooo

10. The number of ways to arrange the letters of the word CHEESE are
eBB

(a) 120 (b) 240 (c) 720 (d) 6

11. Number of all four digit numbers having different digits formed of the digits 1,2,3,4 and 5
urr

and divisible by 4 is
ad

(a) 24 (b) 30 (c) 125 (d) 100

YYo

12. If the letters of the word KRISNA are arranged in all possible ways and these words are
dd

written out as in a dictionary, then the rank of the word KRISNA is

Re
inn

(a) 324 (b) 341 (c) 359 (d) none of these

13. If in a group of n distinct objects, the number of arrangements of 4 objects is 12 times the
F

number of arrangements of 2 objects, then the number of objects is

(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) none of these
14. The number of ways in which 6 men can be arranged in a row so that three particular men
are consecutive, is
(a) 4!x 3! (b) 4! (c) 3!x 3! (d) none of these
15. A 5-digit number divisible by 3 is to be formed using the digits 0,1, 2,3,4 and 5 without
repetition. The total number of ways in which this can be done is
(a) 216 (b) 600 (c) 240 (d) 3125
16. The product of r consecutive positive integers is divisible by
(a)r! (b) r! + l (c) (r + 1)! (d) none of these

17. If
k + 5 11(^:-1) t+3
h+l = Pf., then the values of k are
2
PERMUTATIONS 15.47

(a) 7 and 11 (b) 6 and 7 (c) 2 and 11 (d) 2 and 6

18. The number of arrangements of the letters of the word BHARAT taking 3 at a time is
(a) 72 (b) 120 (c) 14 (d) none of these.
19.
The number of words that can be made by re-arranging the letters of the word APURB A so
that vowels and consonants are alternate is

(a) 18 (b) 35 (c) 36 (d) none of these

20.
The number of different ways in which 8 persons can stand in a row so that between two
particular persons A and B there are always two persons, is
(a) 60x5! (b) 15x41x5! (c) 4!x5! (d) none of tliese

ww
21. The number of ways in which the letters of the word ARTICLE can be arranged so that even
places are always occupied by consonants is
(a) 576 (b) ^C3x4! (c) 2x4! (d) none of these
22.

Floo
In a room there are 12 bulbs of the same wattage, each having a separate switch. The

ee
number of ways to light the room with different amounts of illumination is

reer
(a) 12^-1 (b) 2
12
(c) 2^^ -1 (d) none of these

rFF
23. There are four bus routes between A and B; and three bus routes between B and C. A man
uur r
can travel round trip in number of ways by bus from A to C via B. If he does not want to use
ffoor
a bus route more tlian once, the number of ways he can make round trip, is
sks
(a) 72 (b) 144 (c) 14 (d) 19
YYoo

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ooko

24. All the letters of the word 'EAMCET' are arranged in different possible ways. The number
eBB

of such arrangements in which two vowels are adjacent to each other, is

(a) 360 (b) 144 (c) 72 (d) 54
uurr

[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
ad

The number of possible outcomes when a coin is tossed 6 times, is

Yo

25.

(a) 36 (b) 64 (c) 12 (d) 32

dY

[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
Re
nind

26.
The number of different four digit numbers that can be formed with the digits 2,3,4,7 and
FFi

using each digit exactly once, is

(a) 120 (b) 96 (c) 24 (d) 100
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
27.
The sum of the digits in unit place of all the numbers formed with the help of 3,4,5 and 6
taken all at a time, is
(a) 432 (b) 108 (c) 36 (d) 18
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ANSWERS

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a)

10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a)
19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b)
15.48 MATHEMATICS-XI

SUMMARY

1. The continued product of first n natural numbers is called the "n factorial" and is denoted
by L«or«!.
Thus, n\ =lx2x3x4x...x(«~l)xn
Factorials of proper fractions and negative integers are not defined.
2. = l-3-5...(2n-l)2'
n!

3. «! +1 is not divisible by any natural number between 2 and n.

4. Let p be a prime number and ti be a natural number, if Ep (n) denotes the exponent of p in «,
then

llowow
n n
+ + ...+

/
where s is the largest positive integer such that p® < « < p® ^ and [x] denotes the greatest
integer less than or equal to .v.

ee
nl
5. If n is a natural number and r is a positive integer such that 0 < r < n, then " ■

Fr
r FF
6. (i) {Fimdamental Principle of Multiplication): If there are two jobs such that one of them can be
Freor
completed in m ways, and when it has been completed in any one of these m ways,
second job can be completed in n ways; then the two jobs in succession can be completed
s for f
u
in n? X « ways,
ok

(ii) (Fundamental Principle of Addition) If there are two jobs such that they can be performed
YYour o

independently in m and n ways respectively, then either of the two jobs can be performed
o

in (ways.
eeBo Bks

7. (i) Let r and n be positive integers such that 1 < r < «. Then, the number of all permutations of
n distinct items or objects taken r at a time is
r
our u

«(H-l)(«-2)(»-3)...(H-(r-l))
ad

(ii) The number of all permutations (arrangements) of n distinct objects taken all at a time is
Yo

nl

(iii) The number of mutually distinguishable permutations of n things, taken all at a time, of
d
Re

nl
in

which p are alike of one kind, q alike of second such that p + q = n, is

plql
FFind Y

(iv) The number of permutations of n things, of which pj are alike of one kind; P2 are alike of
second kind; p^ are alike of third kind; ...; p^ are alike of rth kind such that
n!
Pi + P2 + ... + Pr =n,lS
Pl'-Pl'-Ps'-Pr-
(v) The number of permutatior\s of n things, of which p are alike of one kind, q are alike of
nl
second kind and remaining all are distinct, is
plql
(vi) Suppose there are r things to be arranged, allowing repetitions. Let further pi, P2,... p^ be
the integers such that the first object occurs exactly pi times, the second occurs exactly P2
times, etc. Then the total number of permutations of these r objects to the above condition
(Pl + P2+- + Pr)!
Pl'-Pl'-P3'--Pr I
CHAPTER m

COMBINATIONS

16.1 INTRODUCTION

oww
In the previous chapter, we have studied arrangements of a certain number of objects by taking
some of them or all at a time. Most of the times we are not interested in arranging the objects, but
we are more concerned in selecting a number of objects from given number of objects. In other
words, we do not want to specify the ordering of selected objects. For example, a company may
want to select 3 persons out of 10 applicants, a student may want to choose three books from his

e
library at a time etc.

ree
rFl
Suppose we want to select three persor\s out of 4 persons A, B, C and D. We may choose A, B, C

Fre
or A, B, D or A, C, D or B, C, D. Note that we have not listed A, B, C; B, C, A; C, A, B; B, A, C; C, B, A

rr F
and A, C, B separately here, because they represent the same selection A, B, C. But, they give rise
to different arrangements. It is evident from the above discussion that in a selection the order in
ouur
which objects are arranged is immaterial.
sfoo
16.2 COMBINATIONS
kks

COMBINATIONS Each of the different selections made by taking some or all of a number of objects,
oooo
Yo

irrespective of their arrangements is called a combination.

eBB

ILLUSTRATION 1 List the different combinations formed of three letters A, B, C taken two at a time.
SOLUTION The different combinations formed of three letters A, B, C are: AB, AC, BC.
uurr

ILLUSTRATION 2 Write all combinations offour letters A, B, C, D taken two at a time.

SOLUTION Various combinations of two letters out of four letters A, B, C, D are:
ad
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AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
dd
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(i) In a combination only selection is made whereas in a permutation not only a selection is
iinn

made but also an arrangement in a definite order is considered,

F

(ii) In a combination, the ordering of the selected objects is immaterial whereas in a

permutation, the ordering is essential. For example. A, B and B, A are same as combinations
but different as permutations,
(iii) Practically to find the permutations of n different items, taken r at a time, we first select r
items fi'om n items and then arrange them. So, usually the number of permutations exceeds the
number of combinations,

(iv) Each combination corresponds to many permutations. For example, the six permutations
ABC, ACB, BCA, BAC, CBA and CAB correspond to the same combination ABC.
REMARK Generally we use the word ‘arrangements’ for permutations and the word ‘selections' for
combinations.

NOTATION The number of all combinations ofn objects, taken rata time is generally denoted by C( n, r)
or, ”Cr or.

Thus, "Cr or C («, r) = Number of ways of selecting r objects from n objects.

16.2 MATHEMATICS-XI

Clearly, "C^ is defined only when n and r are non-negative integers such that 0 <r <n.
THEOREM The number of all combinations of n distinct objects, taken rata time is given by
n!
"r =
*-r
(«-r)!r!
PROOF Let the number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at a time be x. Consider
one of these x ways. There are r objects in this selection which can be arranged in r! ways. Thus,
each of the x combinations gives rise to r! permutations. So, x combinations will give rise to
a: X (r!) permutations. Consequently, the number of permutations of n things, taken r at a time is
a: X (r!). But, this number is also equal to
x(r!) = "P,

ww
n
nl nl
X = ... rtp ^
Ly -
r\ {n-r)\r\ (n-r)!
nl

Flo
n
Q = Q.E.D.
{n-r)\rl

e
REMARK 1 We have,

ere
n
nl «(n-1) («-2)... (n-r+ l)(w-r) (n-r-1)... 3.2.1
Cr =

FFr
(n-r)!r! {(n-r) (n-r-1)... 3.2.1} {1.2.3....rj
n (n -1) (n - 2)... (n - r +1)
uurr
n
Cr =
1.2.3....r
orr
sfo
Sometimes this form of^Cj. is also very convenient to use.
nl
kks
REMARK 2 We have, ”0^ = . Putting r = n and r = 0 successively, we obtain
Yoo

(n-r)!r!
oooo

nl nl nl nl
'C = = 1 and, "Cg = '±=1^ "C„=”Cg=l. [V 0! = 1]
eBB

(n-n)!n! n!0! (n-0)!0! nl

nl 1 nl
REMARK 3
n
Cr = = i.e. "Cr xr! = ”Pr.
urr

(n-r)!r! r!l^(n-r)! r!
ad
YYo

16.3 PROPERTIES OF "Cr OR, C(n,r)

In this section, we shall discuss some important properties of "C^.
dd
Re
inn

PROPERTY 1 ForO<r<n, we have = "C„_r-

F

PROOF We find that

n nl nl n
C„-r = Cr
(n-r)l(n-(n-r))! (n-r)!r!
REMARK 1 The use of this property simplifies the calculation of "Cr when r is large.
For example, if we want to calculate ^^Cjg, by using this property, we get
20 20
P _ 20/-> _ Cj = 20.
Li9 - O20_i9-

REMARK 2 The above property can be restated as follows:

Ifx and y are non-negative integers such that x + y = n, then "Cx = ^Cy
This can also be stated as :"Cx = ”Cy ^ x = y, or x + y = n
ILLUSTRATION 1 // "C7 = , find the value ofn.
SOLUTION We know that: ”Cj-="Cy <» x + y=n or x-y.
"C7="C4 => n=7 + 4=ll
COMBINATIONS 16.3

n+ 1
PROPERTY 2 Let n and r be non-negative integers such that r <n Then, "Q + "Q - 1 - Cr-
PROOF We have,
n nl n[ n\ nl
+

{n-r)lr\ {n-(r-1)}! (r-1)! (n-r)\r\ (n-r + l)!(r-1)!

nl nl nl 1 1
+

(«-r)!r(r-l)! (n-r+ 1) (n-r)l{r-1)1 (n-r)!(r-l)! [r n-r + 1

nl (n-r + 1 +r nl (n +1)
(n-r)l(r-1)1 [r (n-r+ 1) (n-r)l(r-l)lr(n-r + 1)
(n +1) h! in+ 1)1 (n + 1)!
^r-
n +

(tt-r + l){n-r)!r(r-l)! (/i-r + l)!r! ({n + l)-r)!r!

ww
REMARK 3 This property is known as Pascal's rule and it can also be proved by giving combinatorial
arguments.

FF loo
I 52-i
ILLUSTRATION 2 Find the value of the expression + S ^Cg-
/=!

ree
5
47 52- ;●
SOLUTION ’'C4 + 2 ^^3
; = i

FrreF
e
49 48 C' .i. ^ C"
= +
C3 +
rur
47
fforo
= ('^C3 + + “8C3 + «C3 + 5»C3 + 5’C3
ks
YYouo

48
C4 + «C3 + “^C3+="C3+5'C3 [v +
ookso

= (^Cg + ^C4> + + ®C3 + ^^3 [V "C,_i + "C,=

tt+ 1
Q]
eeBBo

= % +49^3 51^3
r

= (^^C3 + ^^C4) + ^°C3+^lC3 [V X-1 + "Q =

n+ 1
Q]
ad
ouur
Yo

50
C4+'°C3+51q
(50c^ + 50c^) + 5IC3 [V =
n +
^r]
d
Re
idnY

51
C4 + 5IC3 =
52
C4 [v "C,_1+X
FFin

n „_i
PROPERTY 3 Letn and r be non-negative integers such that 1 <r <n. Then, "Q = -r ● C,_1.
PROOF We find that
nl nOi-1)! n n
K-1
n n -
C, =
(n-r)lrl {(«-1)-(r-l)}!r(r-1)! r {(n-1)-(r-l)}!(r-1)! r

REMARK 4 This property is very useful to find the value of .

8 ,, 10 X—X
9 —8 ^Cn
7^ 10 9 8 , = 120
For example, ^^03 = — 3
x ^€2 = — 3
x —^ x Ci= 1 3 2 1 ^
=
3
X—X—xl
2 1

n-(r-2) jj-(r-l)
REMARK 5 By using the above property, we find that ”Cf= —1 n 2
r r-1 r-2 2 1
r I 9/- 9 8 7
®I
For example, Co. = —x — x—x — = 126.
^ 4 3 2 1
16.4 MATHEMATICS-XI

PR0PERTY4 If l<r<n,then = (« “^ +1) "Q _ i-

PROOF We have.
(«-!)! n! (n-r + l)-«!
^-1
n-
n. = n-
{(n-l)-(r-l))!(r-l)! (n-r)!(r-l)! (n-r + 1) («-r)!(r-l)!
n\ n'
= (n-r + 1) - (n-r + 1) ■
|(n-r + l)!(r-l)! [n-(r-l)l!(r-l)!j
= (n-r + 1) X-l
n
PROPERTY 5
Cx - "Cy => x = y or, x + y
PROOF We have,

ww
n
Q = "Cy
n n n
C r.. ="r 1
Cx =
r -
I ● '-n-yi

FF loo
^n-y

X = y or x~n-y-=>x = y or x + y ~ n.

ree
Rl-MARK 6 If ^Cx = "Cy and x^y, then x + y = n.

FrreF
ILLUSTRATION 3 If "C15 = ”Cg , find the value of'^€21-

e
SOLUTION We have,
rur
Ci5 = "Cg => n = (15 + 8) = 23
fforo f'C^ ="Cy => x + y =n]
It 23^ 23^ [V ="c„_,]
ks
^21 - ^21 “ ‘-23-21
YYouo

23 22
ookso

23
C2 = — X ±±x21c 0 y. « -
X ^r-2
2 1 r r -1
eeBBo

23 22
f£ X — X 1 = 23 X 11 = 253 [v ”Co =1]
2 1
r

ILLUSTRATION 4 x + i ' find the value ofx.

ad
ouur
Yo

SOLUTION We have, x+ A =>x + x + 4=10^2x = 6=>x = 3.

PROPERTY 6 If n is an even natural number, then the greatest of the values ”Cq , “Cj, ”C2 ,”C
d

n
Re
idnY

'S ”C„/2
FFin

Ci,”C2,.. . "c n
n n
If n is an odd natural number, then the greatest of the values C0 /

is "C II-1/2 - ”C„+|/2

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

52
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the following: (i) 10c 8 (ii) (in) C52
SOLUTION (i) ^'^Cg =
10
ClO-8 [V »C,="C It - rl
10 10 9 n n-l
C2 = X — X
Co ●● "C, = Cr-1
2 1 r

— X — X 1 = 45 [V ”Co=l]
2 1
100 100 n
(ii) C98 - ClOO-98 V = Qt-r
COMBINATIONS 16.5

100 100 99
[V "C,=--
n -
Cl = ~r^ ^0
2 1 r

100 99 ,
2 1
[V ”Co=l]
(iii) 52c 52 = 1 [V %=1]
EXAMPLE 2 If ”Cg = ”Cg , find ”€2
SOLUTION If ”Cx = ”Cy and x 9^ y, then a: + y = «. Therefore, ”Cg = "Cg « = (8 + 6) =14
n n n-1
c, =
2 1
[●●● "C, = Q-il
r

= li X — X 1 = 91 [V "Co=i]
2 1

ww
EXAMPLE 3 If ”?r = 720 and "C^ = 120, find r.
SOLUTION We know that
n
Pr 720

Flo
Cr = => 120 = r! = 6 => r! = 3!^ r = 3.
r! r!

ee
EXAMPLE 4 ^the ratio : "C3 is equal to 11: l,find n.

rere
r FF
SOLUTION We have,
2n
C3:"C3 = 11:1
uurr
foor
(2n)!
2»
C3 _ 11 . (2?i-3)!3! 11 (2n)! ^^(«-3)! ^ n
ks s

n nl
(2n-3)!''
Yoo

1 1 nl 1
C3
oook

(n-3)!(3!)
eBB

(2h)(2«-1){2h-2)(2h-3)! (n-3)l 11

(2n-3)! «(/z-l)(»-2)(«-3)! 1
(2n)(2«-l)(2n-2) 11 4(2«-l) 11 .
uurr

= —=> 8«-4 = ll«-22=> 3n = 18=>n = 6

ad

n{n-l) (n-2) 1 n-2 1

Yo

EXAMPLE 5 Prove that:

2” {l-3-5-...(2n-l))
dY

n
nl
Re
innd

SOLUTION We have.
2n! (2?i)! (2n)(2n-l){2«-2)...5-4-3-2-l
FFi

2m
CM
(2«-«)!n! n!«! «!«!

{l-3-5-...(2n-l)}{2-4-6-.,.2«} {1 ● 3-5 ●... (2«-1)}x 2" {1 ● 2● 3●... n}

«!«! «!n!

{l-3-5-...(2n-l))x2"x«! = 2
n {l-3-5...(2n-l)l
nlnl nl

«+ 2 .n-2
EXAMPLE 6 If C8- P4 = 57 :16, find n.
SOLUTION We have,
n + 2/~‘ . M—2
Lg . P4 = 57 :16
n+ 2
Cg _ 57
n-2 16
Pi
16.6 MATHEMATICS-XI

(n + 2)! (»-6)! _ 57
8!0i-6)l'' (n-2)! “ 16
(« + 2)(n + l)K(K-l)(n-2)!^^ 1 57

8! (n-2)! 16
57 19 X 3
(n + 2) (n +1) «(n -1) = — x 81 - x8x7x6x5x4x 3x2x1
16 16

{n + 2){n + l){n-l)n = 143640

=> (n -1) «(n + 1) (« + 2) = 19x3x7x6x5x4x3
(n -1) n (fi + 1) (n + 2) = 19 x (3 x 7) x (6 x 3) x (4 x 5)
(n -1)«(« +1) {71 + 2} = 18 x 19 X 20 X 21 ^ 71 -1 = 18 => n =19
EXAMPLE 7 If ”Cj._i = 36, "Cr = 84 and "Q + j = 126, then find ’ €2-

w
SOLUTION It is given that "Q = 84 and 1 = 126
n

Flo
Cr _ 84
n
Q + l 126

eee
n
r + 1 2 Cr _r + l

Fr
=>
n
n~r 3 ^r+1 n-r
2n-5r = 3
for -(i)
ur
n
Cr r +1
Replacing r by (r -1) in n
, we get
Q+ 1 n-r
ks
Yo

jt
Q-i r
oo

H
Cr n-(r-l)
eB

36 r
V ”Q_i = 36 and"Q =84
84 n-r + 1
r
ou

3
ad

r
= — ^ 3n -lOr = - 3 ...(ii)
n-r +1 7
YY

Solving (i) and (ii), we get r = 3.

3!
nd
Re

^C2 = 3c2 = (3-2)12!

= 3.
Fi

n
Cr n-r + l
NOTE Students are advised to learn that n
ns it is a very useful result.
Cr-1 r

EXAMPLE 8 If ”Pr = ”Pr + 1 ”C^ = "Q _ irfind the values ofn and r.
SOLUTION We have,
}i
p -
h —an
h + 1
n'. nl 1 1
=>«-/■ = 1 ...(i)
(n-r)! (n-r-1)! {n-r){n-r-\)\ (n-r-1)!
n It
and. Cr = Cr-l
n! nl n! nl

(n-r)lr! (n-r + l)!(r-l)l {n-r)lr{r-l)l {n-r+ l){n-r)\(r-\)l

COMBINATIONS 16.7

1 1
=> n-r + l=r n~2r = ~1 ...(ii)
r n-r + 1

Solving (i) and (ii), we obtain w = 3 and r = 2.

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 9
Prove that the product of r consecutive positive integers is divisible by r!.
SOLUTION Let the r consecutive positive integers be {n +1), (n + 2), {n + 3),{n + r). Then,
nl(n +1) (m + 2) {n + 3)... (» + r)
Product = (« + !)(«+ 2) (n + 3)...(« + r) =
n[

1-2-3 - ...n-{n + l){n + 2)...{n + r) _ (77+ r)! (71+ r)!

n\ 77! r!{(?i + r) -7-}!

w
f n +r .. » + r
Cr r!, which is divisible by r! Q is an integer]

Flo
EXERCISE 16.1

eeee
BASIC

Fr
1. Evaluate the following:

(i)
14
C3 (ii) 10 (iii) 35
for (iv)
n+ 1
Cn (V) l_^Cr
ur
r = l

2. If "C12 = "Cs, find the value of n. 3. If'’C4="C6,find^2c„.

ks

4. If"Cio="Ci2,find23c„.
Yo
oo

15
6. If = 7. If^^C 3r Q + 3, find r.
eB

8. If Sq -^C3=^C2,findr.
ur

BASED ON LOTS
ad
Yo

C8:”“^P4=57:16, findn.
u+2
9. If^5(3, 1=11:5, find r. 10. If

11. If 28c 2r = 225:11, find r.

d
Re

● 2r-4
in

12. If ''C4 , ”C5 and ”C^ are in A.P., then find ti. 13. If2'’C3:"C2=44:3,find77.
F

14. Ifl^Q 15. Ifa=^”C2, thenfindthevalueof“C2-

BASED ON HOTS

16. Prove that the product of 2ti consecutive negative integers is divisible by (2«)!

17. For all positive integers 71, show that _1 =^ ^ ^ + l)-

18. Prove that:

in
^2n ■
2n
C„=[1-3-5...(4ti-1)]:[1- 3-5...(2t7-1)]2.
5
19. Evaluate ^^05 + r =S 2
25-r
C4.

20. Let r and n be positive integers such that I <r <n. Then prove the following:
16.8 MATHEMATICS-XI

n
Q M -r +1
(i) (ii)n”-^,_l=(n-r + l)"Q_i
Cr-1 r

n
Cr n n+2
(iii) (iv) + = Q.
C
v-r -11 r

ANSWERS

1. (i) 364 (ii) 66 (iii) 1 (iv) (n + 1) (v) 31 2. 17 3. 66

4. 23 5. 7 6. 8 7. 3 8. 3,5 9. 5 10. 19 11. 7

(m +1) (m) {m -1) (w - 2) 19. 42504
12. 14,7 13. 6 14. 35 15.
8
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

w
16. Let (- r), (- r -1), (- r - 2),..., (- r - 2« +1) be 2n consecutive negative integers. Then, their
product P is given by

Flo
(r-l)!(r) (r + l)...(r + 2«-l)
P = (-l)^"r(r + l)(r + 2)...(r + 2tt-l) =

e
(r-1)!

rree
(r + 2n-l)!_(r + 2«-l)! fr + 2n-\
=> P = {2n)\ = C (2«)!

r FF
2n
(r-1)! (r-l)!(2«)!
Clearly, P is divisible by (2«)!
uurr
for
16.4 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ON COMBINATIONS
kss
In this section, we intend to discuss some problems in real life where the formula for ”Cr and its
ooook
Yo

meaning can be applied.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
eB

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

urr

EXAMPLE 1 Prom a class ofS2 students, 4 are to be chosen for a competition. In how many ways can this
ad

be done ?
Yo

32
SOLUTION Out of 32 students, 4 students can be selected in C4 ways.
dY

32!
Required number of ways C4 =
Re
innd

2814!
Fi

EXAMPLE 2 Three gentlemen and three ladies are candidates for two vacancies. A voter has to vote for
two candidates. In how many ways can one cast his vote ?
SOLUTION Clearly, there are 6 candidates and a voter has to vote for any two of them. So, the
required number of ways is the number of ways of selecting 2 out of 6 i.e. ^C2.
6!
Hence, the required number of ways = ^C2 = 2!4! = 15.

EXAMPLE 3 If there are 12 persons in a party, and if each two of them shake hands with each other, how
many handshakes happen in the party?
SOLUTION It is to note here that, when two persons shake hands, it is counted as one handshake,
not two. So, this is a problem on combinations.
The total number of handshakes is same as the number of ways of selecting 2 persons among 12
12!
persons i.e. C2 = = 66.
lOIx 2!
COMBINATIONS 16.9

EXAMrLE 4 A question paper has tzvo parts, Part A and Part B, each containing 10 questions. If a
student has to choose 8from Part A and 5from Part B, in hoiv many ways can he choose the questions ?
SOLUTION There are 10 questions in Part A out of which 8 questions can be chosen in
ways. Similarly, 5 questions can be chosen from part B containing 10 questions in ^^€5 ways.
Hence, the total number of ways of selecting 8 questions from part A and 5 from part B
10 10! 10!
C8X%5 = 812!'' 5!x5! = 11340.

EXAMPLE 5 In how nuiny ways a committee of 5 members can be selected from 6 men and 5 women,
consisting of 3 men and 2 women ?

oww
SOLUTION Three men out of 6 men can be selected in ^03 ways. Two women out of 5 women
can be selected in ^€2 ways. Therefore, by the fundamental principle of counting, 3 men out of 6
men and 2 women out of 5 women can be selected in

e
FFrlo
6x5x4 5x4
«C3 X 5C2 =

re
3x2x1
X
2x1
= 200 ways.

Free
EXAMPLE 6 In how many ways can a cricket eleven be chosen out of a batch of 15 players if
(i) there is no restriction on the selection?

rF
(ii) a particular player is always chosen?
(Hi) a particular player is never chosen?
fsoor
ouur
SOLUTION (i) The total number of ways of selecting 11 players out of 15 is
skf
15 15 r 15x14x13x12
^15-11 =
— = 1365
11 - {-4 -
ooko

4x 3x2x1
Yo
Y

(ii) If a particular player is always diosen. This means that 10 players are selected out of the
Bo

remaining 14 players.
reB

Required number of ways = ~ ^^^14 -10 = ^^^4 =

uur
oY

(iii) If a particular player is never chosen. This means that 11 players are selected out of the
ad

remaining 14 players.
dY

Required number of ways = = ^^0^4 _ n = - 364

innd

EXAMPLE? A committee of 12 is to be formed from 9 women and 8 men. In how many ways this can be
Re

done if at least five women have to be included in a committee ? In how many of these committees (i) the
Fi
F

women are in majority (ii) the men are in majority ?

SOLUTION There are 9 women and 8 men. A committee of 12, consisting of at least 5 women, can
be formed by choosing:
(i) 5 women and 7 men (ii) 6 women and 6 men (iii) 7 women and 5 men
(iv) 8 women and 4 men (v) 9 women and 3 men
Total number of ways of forming the committee
= % X *C7 + X «C6 + % X % + 5Cg X «C4 + X
= 126 X 8 + 84 X 28 + 36 X 56 + 9 X 70 + 1 X 56 = 6062

Clearly, women are in majority in (iii), (iv) and (v) cases as discussed above.
So, total number of committees in which women are in majority

= ^C7 X + ^Cg X ^C4 + ^C9 X = 36 X 56 + 9 X 70 + 1 X 56 = 2702

16.10 MATHEMATICS-Xi

Clearly, men are in majority in only (i) case as discussed above.

So, total number of committees in which men are in majority = C5 x Oj = 126 x 8 = 1008.

EXAMPLE 8 A committee of three persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In
how many ways can this be done? How many of these committees would consist ofl man and 2 women?
[NCERT]

SOLUTION There are 5 persons (2 men and 3 women). In order consitute a committee of 3
persons we need to select three persons out of given 5 persons. This can be done in ^C3 ways.
5!
So, the committee can be formed in ^C3 3!2!
= 10 ways.

Now, 1 man can be selected from 2 men in ways and 2 women can be selected from 3 women

w
in C2 ways.
Therefore, required number of committees is Cj x '^C2 = 2 x 3 = 6

Flo
EXAMPLE 9 What is the number of ways of choosing 4 cards from a pack of 52 playing cards? In how

e
many of these

ree
(i) four cards are of the same suit? (ii) four cards belong to four different suits?

FFr
(iii) four cards are face cards? (iv) two are red cards and two are black cards?
(v) cards are of the same colour? [NCERT]
cn

for
ur
SOLUTION Four cards can be chosen from 52 playing cards in C4 ways.
52 52! 49 X 50 X 51 X 52
Now, C4 = = 270725
kkss
4814! 2x 3x4
Yo

Hence, required number of ways = 270725

oo

(i)
' *
There are four suits (diamond, spade,
^
club
1
and heart) of 13 cards each. Therefore,
1^
there are
eB

13
C4 ways of choosing 4 diamond cards, ^■’C4 ways of choosing 4 club cards, C4 ways of
choosing 4 spade cards and ^^04 ways of choosing heart cards.
ur

13!
Required number of ways = ^^04 + ^^C4 + = 4 x ^^04 =4x = 2860
ad

9!4!
YYo

(ii) There are 13 cards in each suit. Four cards drawn belong to four different suits means one
card is drawn from each suit. Out of 13 diamond cards one card can be drawn in ways.
d

Similarly, there are ways of choosing one club card, ways of choosing one spade card
Re
in

and ways of choosing one heart card.

F

Cjx %i=13^
13 13 13
Number of ways of selecting one card from each suit = x C| x
19
(iii) There are 12 face cards out of which 4 cards can be chosen in C4 ways.
1 ●y 12!
Required number of ways = C4 = = 495
4!8!
9A
(iv) There are 26 red cards and 26 black cards. Therefore, 2 red cards can be chosen in C2 ways
and 2 black cards can be chosen in ways. Hence, 2 red and 2 black cards can be chosen in
s2
26 26!
C2x“C2 = = (325)^ =105625 ways.
24! 2!)
9A
(v) Out of 26 red cards, 4 red cards can be chosen in C4 ways. Similarly, 4 black cards can be
chosen in 26C4 ways.
26!
Hence,4redor4blackcardscanbechosenin^^C4 + =2x =2x 4! 22!
= 29900 ways.
COMBINATIONS 16.9

EXAMPLE 4 A question paper has two parts, Part A and Part B, each containing 10 questions. If a
studmt has to choose 8from Part A and 5from Part B, in how many ways can he choose the questions ?
10
SOLUTION There are 10 questions in Part A out of which 8 questions can be chosen in Cg
ways. Similarly, 5 questions can be chosen from part B containing 10 questions in ways.
Hence, the total number of ways of selecting 8 questions from part A and 5 from part B
10
C« X 5 - =11340.
8!2! 5!x5!

EXAMPLE 5 In how many ways a committee of 5 members can be selected from 6 men and 5 women,
consisting of 3 men and 2 women ?

ooww
SOLUTION Three men out of 6 men can be selected in ^C3 ways. Two women out of 5 women
can be selected in ^€2 ways. Therefore, by the fundamental principle of counting, 3 men out of 6
men and 2 women out of 5 women can be selected in
6x5x4 5x4
^C3X^C2 =

ee
= 200 ways.
3x2x1 2x1

rFl
re
EXAMPLE 6 In how many ways can a cricket eleven be chosen out of a batch of 15 players if

Fre
(ii) a particular player is always chosen?
(i) there is no restriction on the selection?

rrF
(in) a particular player is never chosen ?
sffoo
ouur
SOLUTION (i) The total number of ways of selecting 11 players out of 15 is
15 n — 15/^ _ ls 15x14x13x12
<'11- ‘-15-Il¬ ^4 = = 1365
okks
4x 3x 2x1
Yo
oo

(ii) If a particular player is always chosen. This means that 10 players are selected out of the
Y
BB

remaining 14 players.
Required number of ways = ^'^C|o = -10 = ^"^^4 = l^^l
rre

(iii) If a particular player is never chosen. This means that 11 players are selected out of the
ouu
Y
ad

remaining 14 players.
dY

Required number of ways = _ n = ^^^3 = 364

innd

EXAMPLE 7 A committee of 12 is to be formed from 9 women and 8 men. In how many ways this can be
Re

done if at least five women have to he included in a committee ? In how many of these committees (i) the
Fi
F

women are in majority (ii) the men are in majority ?

SOLUTION There are 9 women and 8 men. A committee of 12, consisting of at least 5 women, can
be formed by choosing:
(i) 5 women and 7 men (ii) 6 women and 6 men (iii) 7 women and 5 men
(iv) 8 women and 4 men (v) 9 womenand 3 men
Total number of ways of forming the committee
= ^C5 X SCy + "Ce X X 8C5 + ^ ^ 8^^
= 126 X 8 + 84 X 28 + 36 X 56 + 9 X 70 + 1 X 56 = 6062

Clearly, women are in majority in (iii), (iv) and (v) cases as discussed above.
So, total number of committees in which women are in majority

= ^Cy X + ^Cg X ®C4 + % X ®C3 = 36 X 56 + 9 X 70 +1 X 56 =2702

16.10 MATHEMATICS-XI

Clearly, men are in majority in only (i) case as discussed above.

So, total number of committees in which men are in majority = C5 x °Oj = 126 x 8 = 1008.
EXAMPLE 8 A committee of three persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In
how many ways can this be done? Hozv many of these committees would consist ofl man and 2 women?
[NCERT]

SOLUTION There are 5 persons (2 men and 3 women). In order consitute a committee of 3
persons we need to select three persons out of given 5 persons. This can be done in ^€3 ways.
5!
So, the committee can be formed in ^€3 3!2!
= 10 ways.
A

Now, 1 man can be selected from 2 men in ways and 2 women can be selected from 3 women

w
● Zr-
m C2 ways.
Therefore, required number of committees is Cj x C2 = 2 x 3 = 6

Flo
EXAMPLE 9 Vfhat is the number of ways of choosing 4 cards from a pack of 52 playing cards? In how

e
many of these

ree
(i) four cards are of the same suit? (ii) four cards belong to four different suits?

FFr
(iii) four cards are face cards? (iv) two are red cards and two are black cards?
(v) cards are of the same colour? [NCERT]
for
ur
SOLUTION Four cards can be chosen from 52 playing cards in ways.
52 52! 49 X 50 X 51 X 52
Now, = 270725
kkss
4814! 2x 3x4
Yo

Hence, required number of ways = 270725

oo

(i) There are four suits (diamond, spade, club and heart) of 13 cards each. Therefore, there are
eB

13
C4 ways of choosing 4 diamond cards, ‘^C4 ways of choosing 4 club cards, C4 ways of
1

choosing 4 spade cards and ^'^C4 ways of choosing heart cards.

ur

13!
Required number of ways = ^^C4 + ^^€4 + ^^C4 + ^^C4 =4x =4x = 2860
ad

9!4!
YYo

(ii) There are 13 cards in each suit. Four cards drawn belong to four different suits means one
card is drawn from each suit. Out of 13 diamond cards one card can be drawn in ^^C^ ways.
d

Similarly, there are ^'’C^ ways of choosing one club card, ways of choosing one spade card
Re
in

and ways of choosing one heart card.

F

Cjx "^^Cix ^^Ci=13^

13
Number of ways of selecting one card from each suit = x
12
(iii) There are 12 face cards out of which 4 cards can be chosen in C4 ways.
12!
Required number of ways = - = 495
4!8!

(iv) There are 26 red cards and 26 black cards. Therefore, 2 red cards can be chosen in C2 ways
and 2 black cards can be chosen in ^^€2 ways. Hence, 2 red and 2 black cards can be chosen in
n2
26 26!
C2 X 26c2 = 24! 2!
= (325)^ =105625 ways.
(v) Out of 26 red cards, 4 red cards can be chosen in ways. Similarly, 4 black cards can be
chosen in 26C4 ways.
26 26!
Hence, 4 red or 4 black cards can be chosen in C4 + C4 = 2 X 26C4 = 2 X 4! 22!
= 29900 ways.
COMBINATIONS 16.11

EXAMPLE 10 Out of 5 men and 2 women, a committee of 3 is to be formed. In how many ways can it be
formed if at least one woman is to be included ?
SOLUTION The committee can be formed in the following ways:
(i) By selecting 2 men and 1 woman (ii) By selecting 1 man and 2 women
Now, 2 men out of 5 men and 1 woman out of 2 woman can be chosen in ^€2 x ways.
And, 1 man out of 5 men and 2 women out of 2 women can be chosen in x ^€2 ways.
.●. Total number of ways of forming the committee = ^€2 x x ^€2 = 20 + 5 = 25.
EXAMPLE 11 In how many ways can a cricket team be selected from a group of 25 players containing 10
batsmen, 8 bowlers, 5 all-rounders and 2 wicket keepers ? Assume that the team of 11 players requires 5
batsmen, 3 all-rounder, 2 bowlers and 1 wicket keeper.

ww
SOLUTION The selection of team is divided into four phases:
(i) Selection of 5 batsmen out of 10. This can be done in ^^€5 ways,
(ii) Selection of 3 all-rounders out of 5. This can be done in ^€3 ways,

Floo
(iii) Selection of 2 bowlers out of 8. This can be done in ®C2 ways,

ee
(iv) Selection of one wicket keeper out of 2. This can be done in ways.

reer
rFF
The selection of team is completed by completing all the four phases.
The team can be selected in ^^05 x ^03 x ®C2 x = 141120 ways.
uur r
EXAMPLE 12
ffoor
A committee of 5 is to be formed out of 6 gents and 4 ladies. In how many ways this can be
done, when
sks
(i) at least two ladies are included? (ii) at most two ladies are included ?
YYoo

SOLUTION (i) A committee of 5 persons, consisting of at least two ladies, can be formed in the
ooko

following ways:
eBB

I Selecting 2 ladies out of 4 and 3 gents out of 6. This can be done in ^€2 ^ ways,
n Selecting 3 ladies out of 4 and 2 gents out of 6. This can be done in ^03 x ^€2 ways,
uurr

in Selecting 4 ladies out of 4 and 1 gent out of 6. This can be done in ^€4 x ^Ci ways.
ad
Yo

Since the committee is formed in each case. Therefore, by the fundamental principle of addition.
The total niunber of ways of forming the committee = ^€2 x ^€3 + ^03 x ^€2 + ^04 x
dY
Re

= 120 + 60 + 6=186
nind

(ii) A committee of 5 persons, consisting of at most two ladies, can be constituted in the
FFi

following ways:
I Selecting 5 gents only out of 6. This can be done in ways,
n Selecting 4 gents only out of 6 and one lady out of 4. This can be done in ^04 x ways,
in Selecting 3 gents only out of 6 and two ladies out of 4. This can be done is ^€3 x ^€3 ways.
Since the committee is formed in each case. So, the total number of ways of forming the
committee = x x ‘*€2 = 6 + 60 +120 =186.
EXAMPLE 13 A box contains 5 different red and 6 different white balls. In how many ways can 6 balls be
selected so that there are at least two balls of each colour ?
SOLUTION The selection of 6 balls, consisting of at least two balls of each colour from 5 red and
6 white balls, can be made in the following ways :
(i) By selecting 2 red balls out of 5 and 4 white balls out of 6. This can be done in
^C2 X ^C4 ways.
16.12 MATHEMATICS-XI

(ii) By selecting 3 red balls out of 5 and 3 white balls out of 6. This can be done in
^C3 X ^C3 ways,
(iii) By selecting 4 red balls out of 5 and 2 white balls out of 6. This can be done in
^C4 X ^C2 ways.
Since the selection of 6 balls can be completed in any one of tl\e above ways.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of addition, the total number of ways to select the balls
= ^C2 X ^C4 + X ^C3 + ^C4 X ^C2 = 10 X 15 + 10 X 20 + 5 X 15 = 425.
EXAMPLE 14 For the post of 5 teachers, there are 23 applicants, 2 posts are reserved for SC candidates
and there are 7 SC candidates among the applicants. In how many ways can the selection be made ?

ww
SOLUTION Clearly, there are 7 SC candidates and 16 other candidates. We have to select 2 out
of 7 SC candidates and 3 out of remaining 21 candidates. This can be done in ^ C2 x 3 ways.
Tlie number of ways of making the selection = ^C2 x

Flo
3 = 27930.

e
eree
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

FFr
EXAMPLE 15 How many triangles can be formed by joining the vertices of a hexagon ?
uurr
SOLUTION There are 6 vertices of a hexagon. One triangle is formed by selecting a group of 3
vertices from given 6 vertices. This can be done in ^03 ways. orr
sfo
6!
Number of triangles = ^C3 = 3! 3! = 20.
kks
Yoo
oooo

EXAMPLE 16 How many diagonals are there in a polygon with n sides ?

SOLUTION A polygon of n sides has n vertices. By joining any two vertices of a polygon, we
eBB

obtain either a side or a diagonal of the polygon. Number of line segments obtained by joining
the vertices of an n sided polygon taken two at a time
urr

w(«-l)
= Number of ways of selecting 2 out of 0 = ^ 2
ad
YYo

Out of these lines, n lines are the sides of the polygon.

n{n-l) n{n~3)
Number of diagonals of the polygon =
dd

-n
2 2
Re
inn

EXAMPLE 17 A polygon has 44 diagonals. Find the number of its sides.

F

SOLUTION Let there be n sides of the polygon. We know that the number of diagonals of n
. n(n-3)
sided polygon is .

H (« - 3)
2
= 44=>n^-3M-88 = 0=>(n-ll)(« + 8) = 0 => n = ll {V «>0)

Hence, there are 11 sides of the polygon.

EXAMPLE 18 How many chords can be drawn through 21 points on a circle?
SOLUTION A chord is obtained by joining any two points on a circle. Therefore, total number of
chords drawn through 21 points is same as the number of ways of selecting 2 points out of 21
points. This can be done in C2 ways.
^1 21!
Hence, total number of chords = C2 = = 21 X 10 = 210.
1912!
COMBINATIONS 16.13

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 19 A person wishes to make up as many different parties as he can out of his 20 friends such
that each party consistsof the same number of persons. How many friends should he invite?
SOLUTION Suppose he invites r friends at a time. Then the total number of parties is
We have to find the maximum value of which is for r = 10, because is maximum for
r = nf 2, when n is even.
Hence, he should invite 10 friends at a time in order to form the maximum number of parties.
EXAMPLE 20 Ifm parallel lines in plane are intersected by a family ofn parallel lines. Find the

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number of parallelograms formed.
SOLUTION A parallelogram is formed by choosing two straight lines from the set of m parallel
lines and two straight lines from the set of n parallel lines.
Two straight lines from the set of m parallel lines can be chosen in ”'C2 ways and two straight

e
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lines from the set of n parallel lines can be chosen in ”C2 ways.

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Hence, the number of parallelograms formed = ^€2 x ”C2

Free
_m{m-l) ^n{n-l) _mn {m -1) {n -1)

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2 2 4

EXAMPLE 21 There are 10 points in a plane, no three of which are in the same straight line, excepting 4
fsfoor
points, which are collinear. Find the (i) number of straight lines obtainedfrom the pairs of these points; (ii)
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number of triangles that can be formed with the vertices as these points.
kosk
10
SOLUTION (i) Number of straight lines formed joining the 10 points, taking 2 at a time = C2
10!
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= 45.
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Y

218!
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4!
Number of straight lines formed by joining the four points, taking 2 at a time = ^^€2 = 212! = 6
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But, 4 collinear points, when joined pairwise give only one line.
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Required number of straight lines = 45 - 6 +1 = 40.

ad

10!
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(ii) Number of triangles formed by joining the points, taking 3 at a time = = = 120.
317!
innd

Number of triangles formed by joining the 4 points, taken 3 at a time = **03 = = 4.

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But, 4 collinear points cannot form a triangle when taken 3 at a time.

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F

So, Required number of triangles = 120 - 4 =116.

EXAMPLE 22 In a plane there are 37 straight lines, of which 13 pass through the pomt A and 11 pass
through the point B. Besides, no three lines pass through one point, no line passes through both points A
and B, and no two are parallel. Find the number of points of intersection of the straight lines.
SOLUTION Thenumber of points of intersection of 37 straight lines is €2- But 13 straight lines
out of the given 37 straight lines pass through the same point A. Therefore instead of getting
13
C2 points, we get merely one point A. Similarly, 11 straight lines out of the given 37 straight
lines intersect at point B. Therefore instead of getting ^^€2 points, we get only one point B.
37 13 11
Hence, the number of intersection points of the lines is C2- C2- C2 + 2=535.
EXAMPLE23 From a class of 25 students, Ware to be chosen for an excursion party. There are 3 students
who decide that either all of them will join or none of them will join. In how many ways can they be
chosen ? [NCERTl
SOLUTION We have the following possibilities:
16.14 MATHEMATICS-XI

(i) Three particular students join the excursion party: In this case, we have to choose 7 students
from the remaining 22 students. This can be done in Cy ways,
(ii) Three particular students do not join the excursion party: In this case, we have to choose 10
students from the remaining 22 students. This can be done in Cjg ways.
Hence, the required number of ways = C7 + Cjg = 817190.
EXAMPLE 24 A hoy has 3 library tickets and 8 books of his interest in the library. Of these 8, he does not
want to borrow Chet7tistry Part II, unless Chemistry Part I is also borrowed. In how many ways can he
choose the three books to be borrowed ?

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SOLUTION We have the following two possibilities:
(i) When Chemistry part I is borrowed: In this case the boy may borrow Chemistry Part II. So, he
has to select now two books out of the remaining 7 books of his interest. This can be done in ^ C2
ways,

e
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(ii) When Chemistry part 1 is not borrowed : In this case the boy does not want to borrow

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Chemistry Part II. So, he has to select three books from the remaining 6 books. This can be done
● 6,-

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m C3 ways.

F
Hence, the required number of ways = 'C2 + “C3 = 21 + 20 = 41.

rF
EXAMPLE 25 In hozu many ways can 7 plus f+) signs and 5 minus {-} signs be arranged in a rozu so that
fsfoor
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no two minus signs are together ?
SOLUTION The plus signs can be arranged in only one way, because all are identical, as shown
kosk
below:
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+ + + + + + +
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Y
BB

A blank box in the above arrangement shows available space for the minus signs. Since there are
7 plus signs, the number of blank boxes is therefore 8. The five minus signs are now to be
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arranged in the 8 boxes so that no two of them are togetlier. Now, 5 boxes out of 8 can be chosen
in ®C5 ways. Since all minus signs are identical, so 5 minus signs can be arranged in 5 chosen
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boxes in only one way. Hence, the number of possible arrangements =1 x °C5 x 1 = 56.
dY

EXAMPLE 26 In how many ways can 21 identical books on English and 19 identical books on Hindi be
placed in a row on a shelf so that two books on Hindi may not be together?
innd
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SOLUTION In order that no two books on Hindi are together, we must first arrange all books in
Fi

English in a row. Since all English books are identical, so they can be arranged in a row in only
F

one way as shown below:

xExEx£x£x...x£x£

Here, £ denotes the position of an English book and x that of a Hindi book.
Since there are 21 books on English, the number places mark x are therefore 22. Now, 19 books
on Hindi are to be arranged in these 22 places so that no two of them are together. Out of 22
places 19 places for Hindi books can be chosen in ^^C^g ways. Since all books on Hindi are
identical, so 19 books on Hindi can be arranged in 19 chosen places in only one way. Hence, the
22
required number of ways = 1 C19X 1=1540.
EXERCISE 16.2
BASIC

1. From a group of 15 cricket players, a team of 11 players is to be chosen. In how many ways
can this be done?
16.15
COMBINATIONS

2. How many different boat parties of 8, corisisting of 5 boys and 3 girls, can be made from 25
boys and 10 girls?
3. In how many ways can a student choose 5 courses out of 9 courses if 2 courses are
compulsory for every student?
4. In how many ways can a football team of 11 players be selected from 16 players? How
many of these will (i) include 2 particular players? (ii) exclude 2 particular players?
5. There are 10 professors and 20 students out of whom a committee of 2 professors ^d 3
students is to be formed. Find the number of ways in which this can be done. Further find in
how many of these committees:
(i) a particular professor is included, (ii) a particular student is included.
(iii) a particular student is excluded.
6. How many different products can be obtained by multiplying two or more of the numbers

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3,5,7,11 (without repetition)?
7. From a class of 12 boys and 10 girls, 10 students are to be chosen for a competition; at least

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including 4 boys and 4 girls. The 2 girls who won the prizes last year should be included. In
how many ways can the selection be made?

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8. How many different selections of 4 books can be made from 10 different books, if
(ii) two particular books are always selected;

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(i) there is no restriction;

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(iii) two particular books are never selected?
9. From 4 officers and 8 jawans in how many ways can 6 be chosen (i) to include exactly one
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officer (ii) to include at least one officer?
ffoor
10. A sports team of 11 students is to be constituted, choosing at least 5 from class XI and at
sks

least 5 from class XII. If there are 20 students in each of these classes, in how many ways can
YYoo

the teams be constituted?

ooko

11. A student has to answer 10 questions, choosing at least 4 from each of part A and part B. If
eBB

there are 6 questions in part A and 7 in part B, in how many ways can the student choose 10
questions?
In an examination, a student has to answer 4 questions out of 5 questions; questions 1 and 2
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12.

however compulsory. Determine the number of ways in which the student can make
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are
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the choice.

13. A candidate is required to answer 7 questions out of 12 questions which are divided into
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two groups, each containing 6 questions. He is not permitted to attempt more than 5
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questions from either group. In how many ways can he choose the 7 questions?
ind
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BASED ON LOTS

14. There are 10 points in a plane of which 4 are collinear. How many different straight lines
can be drawn by joining these points.
15. Find the number of diagonals of (i) a hexagon (ii) a polygon of 16 sides.
16. How many triangles can be obtained by joining 12 points, five of which are collinear ?
17. In how many ways can a committee of 5 persons be formed out of 6 men and 4 women
when at least one woman has to be necessarily selected ?
18. In a village, there are 87 families of which 52 families have at most 2 children. In a rural
development programme, 20 families are to be helped chosen for assistance, of which at
least 18 families must have at most 2 children. In how many ways can the choice be made ?
19. A group consists of 4 girls and 7 boys. In how many ways can a tern of 5 members be
selected if the team has (i) no girl? (ii) at least one boy and one girl? (iii) at least 3
INCERTl
girls?
16.16
MATHEMATICS-XI

20. A committee of 3 persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In how
many ways can this be done? How many of these committees would consist of 1 man and 2
women?
[ncert;
21. Find the number of (i) diagonals (ii) triangles formed in a decagon.
22. Determine the number of 5 cards combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if at least one of the
5 cards has to be a king ? [NCERT]
23. We wish to select 6 persons from 8, but if the person A is chosen, then B must be chosen. In
how many ways can the selection be made ?
24. In how many ways can a team of 3 boys and 3 girls be selected from 5 boys and 4
girls? [NCERT]
25. Find the number of ways of selecting 9 balls from 6 red balls, 5 white balls and 5 blue balls if
each selection consists of 3 balls of each colour. [NCERT]

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26. Determine the number of 5 cards combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if there is exactly
one ace in each combination. [NCERT]
27. In how many ways can one select a cricket team of eleven from IZplayers in which only

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5 persons can bowl if each cricket team of 11 must include exactly 4 bowlers?

reee
28. A bag contains 5 black and 6 red balls. Determine the number of ways in which 2 black and
3 red balls can be selected. [NCERT]

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29. In how many ways can a student choose a programme of 5 courses if 9 courses are available
and 2 specific courses are compulsory for every student? [NCERT]
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for
30. A committee of 7 has to be formed from 9 boys and 4 girls. In how many ways can this be
done when the committee consits of;
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(i) exactly 3 girls? (ii) at least 3 girls? (iii) at most 3 girls? [NCERT]
ooook

31. In an examination, a question paper consists of 12 questions divided into two parts i.e.. Part
Yo

I and Part II, containing 5 and 7 questions, respectively. A student is required to attempt 8
eB

questions in all, selecting at least 3 from each part. In how many ways can a student select
the questions? [NCERT]
rr

BASED ON HOTS
ou
ad

32. A parallelogram is cut by two sets of m lines parallel to its sides. Find the number of
YY

parallelograms thus formed.

33. Out of 18 points in a plane, no three are in the same straight line except five points which are
nndd

collinear. How many (i) straight lines (ii) triangles can be formed by joining them ?
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ANSWERS
1. 1365 2. 6375600 3. 35 4. 4368 (i) 2002 (ii) 364
■ 5. 51300 (i) 10260 (ii) 7695 (iii) 43605 6. 11 7. 104874
8. (i) 210 (ii) 28 (iii) 70 9. (i) 224 (ii) 896 10. 2(^% x ^Oq)
11. 266 12. 3 13. 780 14. 40 15. (i) 9 (ii) 104 16. 210 17. 246
18. 52Ci8 X 35^2 + 35^^ ^ ^ 35^ 0 19. (i) 21(ii) 441(iii) 91
20. 10, 6 21. (i) 35 (ii) 120 22. 886656 23. 22 24. 40 25. 2000
26. 778320 27. 3960 28. 200
29. 35 30. (i) 504 (ii) 588 (iii) 1630 31. 420 32. (
m + 2
C2)"
33. (i) 144 (ii) 806
H/NTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
25 10
2. Required no. of boat parties = Cg X C3-
16.17
COMBINATIONS

3. Since 2 courses are compulsoty . So, the student is to choose 3 courses out of the remaining 7
courses. This can be done in ' C3 ways.
4. We have to select 11 players out of 16. So, required number of ways =
(i) Since 2 particular players are always included, so, we have to select 9 players out of
the remaining 14 players. This can be done in ways,
(ii) Since 2 particular players are excluded from every selection, so, we have to select 11
players from the remaining 14 players. This can be done in ways.
6. Total number of products = Number of ways of selecting 2 or 3 or all out of 4 numbers
3,5,7,11
= ^C2 + ^C3 + ^C4=6 + 4 + 1=11.
7. Since two girls who won the prizes last year are to be included in every selection. So, we

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have to select 8 students out of 12 boys and 8 girls, choosing at least 4 boys and at least two
girls. This can be done in Cg X ®C2 + X ®C3 + X ®C4 =104874 ways.
12

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9. (i) Required number of ways = ^Ci x ^€5
(ii) Required number of ways = Total no. of ways-No. of ways of selecting no officer

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12^ 8^
= ^6- ^6-

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20 'r*
10. Required number of ways = x x ^5‘
11. The various possibilities are : (i) 4 from part A and 6 from part
rF B (ii) 5 from part A and 5
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from part B (iii) 6 from part A and 4 from part B.
ffoor
So, the required number of ways = ^€4 x x + ^Cg x = 266.
ks

12. Required number of ways = C2.

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ookos

13. Required number of ways = x ^€2 + x + ^04 + ^€2 x =780.

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14. Number of straight lines = ^^€2 - ^€2 +1-

16. Number of triangles =
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ad

18. 52 families have at most 2 children, while 35 families have more than 2 children. The
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selection of 20 families of which at least 18 families must have at most 2 children can be
made as imder:
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(i) 18 families out of 52 and 2 families out of 35

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or. (ii) 19 families out of 52 and 1 family out of 35

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or, (iii) 20 families out of 52.

19. (i) From a group of 4 girls and 7 boys, a team of 5 consisting of no girls can be chosen
in^Cs =21 ways.
(ii) A team of 5 consisting of at least one boy and one girl can be chosen in
X ^C4 + ^C2 X ^C3 + ^€3 X ^C2 + ^C4 X = 441 ways.
(iii) A team of 5 consisting of at least 3 girls can be chosen in
^C3 X 7c2 + ^C4 X = 91 ways.
21. A conunittee of 3 persons out of 2 men and 3 women can be constituted in 3 = 10 ways.
A <5

A committee of 1 man and 2 women can be constituted in x €2=6 ways.

22. Required number of combinations = Total number of 5 card combinations
- Number of 5 car combinations having no king.
= 52C5-‘^C5 = 886656.
16.18
MATHEMATICS-XI

24. Number of ways of selecting team = ^03 x ^03 = 40.

25. Number of ways of selecting 9 balls = x ^03 x ^03 = 2000.
26. Out of 4 aces one ace can be selected in ways and from the remaining 48 cards, four
cards can be selected in ^^04 ways. So, number of 5 cards combinations consisting of
exactly one ace = x ^®C4 =778320.
27. Required number of ways = ^04 x .
28. Out of Sblack and 6 red balls, 2blackand 3 red balls can be chosen in^C2 x ^€3 =200 ways.
29. Required number of ways = Number of ways of selecting 3 courses out of 7 courses.
= ^03 ways = 35.

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30. (i) A committee consisting of 3 girls and 4 boys can be formed in x ^03 =504 ways,
(ii) A committee consisting of at least 3 girls can be formed in ^04 x ^€3 + ^03 x ^04

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=588 ways,
(iii) A committee of at most 3 girls can be formed in

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C7 X Cq + x X ^C2 + ^C4 X = 1632 ways.
31. At least 3 questions can be selected in the following ways:
Parti PartU

Fe
Frre
3 5
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4 4
fforo
5 3

So, required number of ways = ^03 x ^Cg + x + ^Cg x = 420.

ks
YYouo

32. Each set of parallel lines consists of (w + 2) lines and each parallelogram is formed by
okoso

choosing two lines from the first set and two straight lines from the second set.
m+2 m+2
Hence, the total number of parallelograms = C2 X C2-
eeBBo

16.5 MIXED PROBLEMS ON PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

r

In this section, we intend to discuss some practical problems where both permutations and
ad
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combinations are used as is illustrated in the following examples.

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
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BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, how many words of 3 consonants and 2 vowels can be
FFin

EXAMPLE 1

formed ?
SOLUTION Three consonants out of 7 and 2 vowels out of 4 can be chosen in x ^C2 ways.
Thus, there are ^Cg x ^C2 groups each containing 3 consonants and 2 vowels. Since each group
contains 5 letters, which can be arranged among themselves in 5! ways.
Hence, the required number of words =(^€3 x ^€2) x 5! =25200.
EXAMPLE 2 How manyfour-letter words can beformed using the letters of the word 'FAILURE', so that
(i) F is included in each word ? (ii) F is 7iot included in any word ?
SOLUTION There are 7 letters in the word 'FAILURE'.
(i) To include F in every 4 letter word, we first select four letters from the 7 letters of the word
'FAILURE' such that F is included in every selection. This can be done by selecting three letters
from the remaining 6 letters i.e. A, I, L, U, R, E in *^Cg ways. Now, there are 4 letters in each of
16.19
COMBINATIONS

^C3 selections. Consider one of these ^€3 selections. This selection contains 4 letters which can
be arranged in 4! ways. Thus, each of ^C3 selections provides 4! words.
Hence, the total number of words = ^03x4! = 480.
(ii) If F is not to be included in any word, then we first select 4 letters from the remaining 6
letters. This can be done in ways. Now, every selection has 4 letters which can be arranged
in a row in 4! ways.
Hence, the total number of words = x 4! = 360.
EXAMPLE 3 Hoiv many words with or without meaning, can be formed using all the letters of the word
EQUATION at a time so that vowels and consonants occur together? [NCERT]
SOLUTION There are 5 vowels and 3 consonants in the word EQUATION. All vowels can be

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put together in 5! ways and all consonants can be put together in 3! ways. Considering all vowels
as one letter and all consonants as at letter, vowels and consonants can be arranged in 2! ways.
Therefore, vowels and consonants can be put together in 5! X 3!x 2!waysi.e. 1440 ways.

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BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

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How many five-letter words containing 3 vowels and 2 consonants can be formed using the

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EXAMPLE 4

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letters of the word 'EQUATION' so that the two consonants occur together ?
SOLUTION There are 5 vowels and 3 consonants in the word 'EQUATION'. Three vowels out
uur r
of 5 and 2 consonants out of 3 can be chosen in ^03 ^€2 ways. So, there are ^C3 x ^€2 groups
foor
each containing 3 consonants and two vowels. Now, each group contains 5 letters which are to
sks

be arranged in such a way that 2 consonants occur together. Considering 2 consonants as one
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letter, we have 4 letters which can be arranged in 4! ways. But two consonants can be put
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together in 2! ways. Therefore, 5 letters in each group can be arranged in 4!x 2! ways.
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Hence, the required number of words = (^03 ^C2)x 4!x 2! = 1440.

How many words with or without meaning, each 2 of vowels and 3 consonants can be
uurr

EXAMPLE 5

formed from the letters of the word DA UGHTER ? INCERTl

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There are 3 vowels and 5 consonants in the word DAUGHTER out of which 2
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SOLUTION

vowels and 3 consonants can be chosen in ^C2 ^ ^C3 ways. These selected five letters can now
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be arranged in 5! ways.
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innd

Hence, required number of words = ^C2 x ^03 x 5! = 3 x 10 x 120 = 3600

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EXAMPLE 6 The English alphabet has 5 vowels and 21 consonants. How many words with two different
vowels and 2 different consonants can beformed from the alphabet ? [NCERTl
SOLUTION Out of 5 vowels and 21 consonants, 2 vowels and 2 consonants can be chosen in
^C2 X ^^2 ways. These selected 4 letters can now be arranged in 4! ways. Therefore, by the
fundamental principle of counting, required number of words is
^C2 X ^^2^ 4!=10x 210 X 24=50400.
EXAMPLE 7 In how many ways can 5 girls and 3 boys be seated in a row so that no two boys are
together? [NCERT]
SOLUTION Since boys are to be separated. Therefore, let us first seat 5 girls. This can be done in
5! ways. For each such arrangement, three boys can be seated only at the cross marked places.
xGxGxGxGxGx
16.20
MATHEMATICS-XI

There are 6 crossed marked places and three boys can be seated in 3 x 3! ways. Hence, by the
fundamental principle of counting, the total number of ways is 5! x x 3! = 14400.

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLES How many words can be formed by taking 4 letters at a timeout of the letters of the word
'MATHEMATICS'.

SOLUTION There are 11 letters viz. MM, AA, TT, H, E, I, C, S. All these letters are not distinct, so
we cannot use choose 4 letters from the following ways:
(i) All the four distinct letters: There are 8 distinct letters viz. M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S out of which 4
can be chosen in ^€4 ways. So, the total number of groups of 4 letters = ^04. Each such group

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has 4 letters which can be arranged in 4! ways.
Hence, the total number of words = ®C4 x 4! = = 1680.
(ii) Two distinct and two alike letters: There are 3 pairs of alike letters viz MM, AA, TT, out of
which one pair can be chosen in

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ways. Now we have to choose two letters out of the

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remaining 7 different types of letters which can be done in ^C2 ways. So, the total number of

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groups of 4 letters in which two are different and 2 are alike is x ^C2-Each such group has 4
letters of which 2 are alike and remaining two distinct and they can be arranged in ~ ways.
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foor
Hence, the total number of words in which two letters are alike = ^Ci x x — = 756.
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(iii) Two alike of one kind and two alike of other kind: There are 3 pairs of 2 alike letters out of
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which 2 pairs can be chosen in ways. So, there are ^€2 groups of 4 letters each. In each
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group there are 4 letters of which 2 are alike of one kind and two alike of other kind. These 4
4!
letters can be arranged in 2!2!
ways. Hence, the total number of words in which two letters are
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ad

4!
alike of one kind and two alike of other kind = ^€2 x 18.
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2! 2!
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From (i), (ii) and (iii) the total number of 4 letter words = 1680 + 756 +18 = 2454.
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EXAMPLE 9 Eighteen guests have to be seated, half on each side of a long table. Four particular guests
innd

desire to sit on one particular side and three others on the other side. Determine the number of ways in
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which the seating arrangement can be made.

SOLUTION Since four particular guests want to sit on a particular side A (say) and three others
on the other side B (say). So, we are left with 11 guests out of which we choose 5 for side A in
ways and the remaining 6 for side B in ways. Hence, the number of selections for the
two sides is ^^05 x
Now 9 persons on each side of the table can be arranged among themselves in 9! ways.
11!
Hence, the total number of arrangements = ^^5 x x 9! x 9! =
6!5!
X 9!x 9!

EXAMPLE 10 How many four-letter words can beformed using the letter of the word 'INEFFECTIVE' ?
SOLUTION There are 11 letters in the word 'INEFFECTIVE', viz. EEE, FF, H, C, T, N, V.

The four-letter words may consist of:

(i) 3 alike letters and 1 distinct letter
COMBINATIONS 16.21

(ii) 2 alike letters of one kind and 2 alike letters of the second kind
(iii) 2 alike letters and 2 distinct letters
(iv) all different letters
Now we, shall discuss these four cases one by one:
(i) 3 alike letters and 1 distinct letter: There is one set of three alike letters viz. EEE. So, three alike
letters can be selected in one way. Out of the 6 different letters F, I, T, N, V, C one letter can be
selected in ways. Thus, three alike and one different letter can be selected in 1 x
ways. So, there are groups each of which contains 3 alike letters and one different letter.
4!

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These 4 letters can be arranged in ways.
3!1!

Hence, the total number of words consisting of three alike and one distinct letters
4!
= X 4 = 24.
3!1!

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(ii) 2 alike letters of one kind and 2 alike letters of second kind: There are three sets of two alike letters

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selected in ^€2 ways. So, there are ^€2 groups
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viz EE, FF, II. Out of these three sets two can be

F
each of which contains 4 letters out of which 2 are alike of one type and two are alike of second

rF
4!
type. Now, 4 letters in each group can be arranged in 2! 2!
ways.
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Hence, the total number of words consisting of two alike letters of one type and 2 alike letters of
4!
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second type = C2 x 2!2!
= 18.
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(iii) 2 alike and 2 different letters: Out of 3 sets of two alike letters one set can be chosen in
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ways. Now, from the remaining 6 distinct letters, 2 letters can be chosen in ^€2 ways. Thus, 2
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alike letters and 2 distinct letters can be selected in ('^Ci x °C2) ways. So, there are ( x C2)
4!
ouu
Y

groups of 4 letters each. Now, letters of each group can be arranged among themselves in —
ad

2!
dY

ways.
Hence, the total number of words consisting of two alike letters and 2 distinct
innd
Re

= X ^C2 X -
2!
=540.
Fi
F

(iv) All different letters: There are 7 distinct letters E, F, I, T, N, V, C out of which 4 can be selected
in^C4 ways. So, there are groups of 4 letters each. The letters in each groups can be
arranged in 4! ways.
So, the total number of 4 letter words in which all letters are distinct = x 4! = 840.
Hence, the total number of 4-letter words = 24 +18 + 540 + 840 = 1422.
EXAMPLE 11 In how many ways can the letters of the word PERMUTATIONS be arranged if there are
always 4 letters between P and S ? [NCERT]

SOLUTION There 12 letters in the given word of which 2 are T's. There can be 4 letters between
P and S in one of the following ways:
(i) There are 2T's and 2 other letters from the remaining 8 letters (excluding 2T's and P
and S).
(ii) One T and 3 other letters from the remaining 8 letters,
(ui) There is no T and 4 other letters.
16.22 MATHEMATICS-XI

Let us now find the number of words in each case.

(i) In the first case, 2 letters can be chosen from remaining 8 letters in ^ C2 ways. Now, 2T's and 2
4!
other letters can be arranged between P and S in ways. Also, P and S can interchange their
2!

positions. So, 2T's and 2 other letters can be arranged between P and S in ®C2 x ~ x 2! ways.
Considering these six letters as one letter and the remaining 6 letters can be arranged in 7! ways.
Total number of words, in this case = ®C2 x —
2!
x 2! x 7!
(ii) In this case, 3 letters can be chosen from the remaining 8 letters in ®C3 ways. Now, one T and

ooww
3 other letters from the remaining 8 letters can be arranged between P and S in 4! ways. Also, P
and S can interchange their positions. So, one T and 3 other letters can be arranged between
P and Sin C3x4!x2! ways. Considering these six letters as one letter and the remaining 6
letters can be arranged in 7! ways.

e
Total number of words formed = ®C3x4!x2!x7!

ere
(iii)

rFl
In this case, 4 letters other than 2T's can be chosen from the remaining 8 letters in ^€4 ways.

Fre
These 4 letters can be arranged between P and S in 4! ways. Also, P and S can interchange their

rrF
positions in 2! ways. Thus, 4 letters between P and S can be arranged in ®C4 x 4!x 2! ways.
Taking these 6 letters as one letter with the remaining 6 letters (including 2T's), we have 7 letters
sffoo
ouur
which can be arranged in ^ ways.
kosk
Q 7!
Number of words formed =°C4x4!x2!x
Yo

2!
oo
Y

Hence, total number of words = x — x 2!x 7!+ x 4!x 2!x 7!+® Cj x 4!x 2!x —
BB

2! ^ 2!
= 25401600
rre

EXERCISE 16.3
ouu
Y
ad

BASIC
dY

1. How many different words, each containing 2 vowels and 3 consonants can be formed with
5 vowels and 17 consonants?
innd
Re

2. Tliere are 10 persons named P^, P2, P3 ..., PlQ. Out of 10 persons, 5 persons are to be
arranged in a line such that is each arrangement P^ must occur whereas P4 and P5 do not
Fi
F

occur. Find the number of such possible arrangements.

3. How many words, with or without meaning can be formed from the letters of the word
'MONDAY', assuming that no letter is repeated, if (i) 4 letters are used at a time (ii) all
letters are used at a time (iii) all letters are used but first letter is a vowel? [NCERT]
4. Find the number of permutations of n distinct things taken r together, in which 3 particular
things must occur together.
5. How many words each of 3 vowels and 2 consonants canbe formed from the letters of the
word INVOLUTE? INCERT]
6. Find the number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time such that two
specified things occur together? [NCERT]

BASED ON HOTS

7. Find the number of ways in which: (a) a selection (b) an arrangement, of four letters can be
made from the letters of the word 'PROPORTION'.
COMBINATIONS 16.23

8. How many words can be formed by taking 4 letters at a time from the letters of the word
'MORADABAD7

9, A business man hosts a dinner to 21 guests. He is having 2 round tables which can
accommodate 15 and 6 persons each. In how many ways can he arrange the guests?
10. Find the number of combinations and permutations of 4 letters taken from the word
'EXAMINATION'.

11. A tea party is arranged for 16 persons along two sides of a long table with 8 chairs on each
side. Four persons wish to sit on one particular side and two on the other side. In how many
ways can they be seated?
ANSWERS

h-3
1. 816000 2. ^C4x5! 3. (i) 360 (ii) 720 (iii) 240 4. Cr-3 (r-2)! 3!

w
n-2
5. 2880 6. 2 (r -1) Pr-2 7. (a) 53 (b) 758 8. 626

9. ^^Ci5x14!x5! 10. 2454 11. %4 X (8!)^

Flo HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

ee
c 17
1. 2 vowels out of 5 and 3 consonants out of 17 can be chosen in C2 x C3 ways.

Fr
Now, 5 letters in each selection can be arranged in 5! ways.
So, total number of words = ^€2 x ^^03 x 5! = 816000 for
ur
3. (i) Total number of 4 letter words formed from the letters of the word 'MONDAY"
= ^C4x4!=360.
ks
Yo

(ii) Total number of words formed by using all letters of the word 'MONDAY'
oo

= 6! =720
eB

(iii) There are two vowels A and O. So, first place can be filled in 2 ways and the remaining
5 places can be filled in 5! ways.
So, total number of words beginning with a vowel = 2x5! = 240.
r
ou
ad

5. Required number of words = ^

n-2
Cr _ 2 ways. Cor\sider two
Y

6. Out of (n-2) remaining things select (r-2) things in

specified things as one and mix it with (r - 2) selected things. Now we have (r -1) things
nd
Re

which can be arranged in (r -1)! ways, but two specified things can be put together in 2!
n-2
ways. Hence, required number of ways = C,_2x(r-l)!x2L
Fi

9. Total number of ways = ^Cgx 141x5!

11. 4 persons wish to sit on side A(say) and two on the other side B(say). So, 10 persons are left,
outof which 4 persons for side A can be selected in ^®C4 ways and 6 persons for side B from
the remaining 6 persons in ways. Hence, the number of selections for two sides
10
C4 X Now, 8 persons on each side can be arranged amongst themselves in 8! ways.
Hence, the total number of seating arrangements = ^*^C4 x x 8! x 8!
REVISION EXERCISE

1. Eight chairs are numbered 1 to 8. Two women and 3 men wish to occupy one chair each.
First the women choose the chairs from amongst the chairs 1 to 4 and then men selects from
the remaining chairs. Find the total number of possible arrangements.
16.24 MATHEMATICS-XI

. 2. A candidate is required to answer 7 questions out of 12 questions, which are divided into
two groups, each containing 6 questions. He is not permitted to attempt more than 5
questions from either group. Find the number of different ways of doing questions.
3. Out of 18 points in a plane, no three are in the same line except five points which are
collinear. Find the number of lines that can be formed joining the points.
4. We wish to select 6 persons from 8, but if the person A is chosen, then 6 must be chosen. In
how many ways can selections be made?
5. How many automobile license plates can be made if each plate contains two different
letters followed by three different digits?
6. Find the number of permutations of n distinct things taken r together, in which 3 particular

ooww
things must occur together.
7. Find the number of positive integers greater than 6000 and less than 7000 which are
divisible by 5, provided that no digit is to be repeated.
8. There are 10 persons named ^1' ^2' -^3/ ●●●^10- Out of 10 persons, 5 persons are to be

e
arranged in line such that in each arrangement Pj must occur whereas P4 and do not

re e
occur. Find the number of such possible arrangements.

rFl
Fre
9. There are 10 lamps in a hall. Each one of them can be switched on independently. Find the

rrF
number of ways in which the hall can be illuminated.
10. A box contains two white, three black and four red balls. In how many ways can three balls
sffoo
ouur
we drawn from the box, if atleast one black ball is to be included in the draw.
11. Find the number of integers greater than 7000 then can be formed with the digits 3, 5, 7, 8
oksk
and 9 where no digit is repeated.
Yo

12. If 20 lines are drawn in plane such that no two of them are parallel and no three are
oo
Y

concurrent, in how many points will they intersect each other?

BB

13. In a certain city, all telephone numbers have six digits, the first two digits always being 41
rre

or 42 or 46 or 62 or 64. How many telephone numbers have all six digits distinct?
ouu

14. In an examination, a student has to answer 4 questions out of 5 questions; questions 1 and 2
Y
ad

are however compulsory. Determine the number of ways in which the student can make
dY

the choice.

15. 18 mice were placed in two experimental groups and one control group, with all groups
innd
Re

equally large. In how many ways can the mice be placed into three groups?
16. A bag contains six white marbles and five red marbles. Find the number of ways in which
Fi
F

four marbles can be drawn from the bag if (i) they can be of any colour (ii) two must be
white and two red and (iii) they must all be of the same colour.
17. In how many ways can a football team of 11 players be selected from 16 players? How
many of them will (i) include 2 particular players? (ii) exclude 2 particular players?
18. A sports team of 11 students is to be constituted, choosing at least 5 from Class XI and at
least 5 from Class XII. If there are 20 students in each of these classes, in how many ways can
be the team be constituted?

19. A group consists of 4 girls and 7 boys. In how many ways can a team of 5 members be
selected if the team has (i) no girls (ii) at least one boys and one girl (iii) at least three girls.
ANSWERS

n-3
1. 1440 2. 780 3. 144 4. 22 5. 468000 6. Cr_3x(r-2)!x 3!
7. 112 8. 4200 9. 1023 10. 91 11. 192 12. 190 13. 8400 14. 3
COMBINATIONS 16.25

18!
15.
16. (i) llQ (ii) ^C2X®C2 (iii) ^C4 + ^C4 17. (i) (ii)
{6lf
18. 2(2°C5
20
X
Cg) 19- (i) 21 (u) 441 (iii) 91
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

1. If = 840 and "Q = 35, then r =

15 15
2. The value of Cg + C5-1=C(,- C7 is

3. The value ’'Pj. -r "Q is

ooww
4. If n is even, then "Q is maximum when
n-2
5. If2x "C5 =9x Cg, then « =
6. If"C r-1 = 36, % = 84 and "Q+ j = 126, then r =

e
ree
rFl
7. If'»Ci5 + 2(^®Ci6)+ ^^Ci6+l="C3 ,thenn =

Fre
8. If"Ci2 ="C6,then"C2=

rrF
9. Ifl89c3^ +
189 190
Q = Q, tlien r =
ouur
sffoo
10. If''P4 =24.''C5, then the value of n is
okks
11. The value of "Q + 2 j +” C,_2, 2 < r < n, is
Yo
ooo

12. A box contain 2 white balls, 3 black balls and 4 red balls. The number of ways three balls be
BB

drawn from the box if at least one black ball is to be included in the draw is
rr e

13. Three balls are drawn from a bag containing 5 red, 4 white and 3 black balls. The number of
ways in which this can be done if at least 2 are red is
ouu
ad
YY

14. The total number of ways in which six '+' and four signs can be arranged in aline such
that no two signs occur together is
15. A committee of 6 is to be chosen from 10 men and 7 women so as to contain at least 3 men
dd

and 2 women. The number of different ways this can be done, if two particular women
Re
iinn

refuse to serve on the same committee is

F

16. The number of committees of five persons with a chair person can be selected from 12
persons, is
17. The number of automobile license plates that can be made if each plate contains two
different letters of English alphabet followed by three distinct digits, is
18. The number of permutations of « distinct objects taken r at a time in which tliree particular
objects occurs together is
19. Out of 10 persons P^, P2,...,Pjo/ 5 persons are to be arranged in a line such that in each
arrangement P^ must occur whereas P4 and do not occur. Tlie number of such
arrangements is
ANSWERS

n
1. 4 2. 0 3. r! 4. r = - 5. 10 6.3 7. 20 8. 153
2
16.26 MATHEMATICS-Xi

«+2
9. 36 10. 9 11. Cr 12. 64 13. 80 14. 35 15. 7800 16. 3960
n-3
17. 4,6800 18. C,_3(r~2)!3! 19. 7C4x5!
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:
m
n + r
1. Write S Q in the simplified form.
r=0

2. If 35c n + 7
35
C4,, _ 2 , then write the values of n,
3. Write the number of diagonals of an n-sided polygon.

w
4. Write the expression ^ _ ^ + 2 x "C^ in the simplest form.
6

Flo
56-r
5. Write the value of 2
r = l
C3 + 30q.

e
6. There are 3 letters and 3 directed envelopes. Write the number of ways in which no letter is

rree
put in the correct envelope.

r FF
7. Write the maximum number of points of intersection of 8 straight lines in a plane.
8. Write the number of parallelograms that can be formed from a set of four parallel lines
uurr
intersecting another set of three parallel lines.
for
9. Write the number of ways in which 5 red and 4 white balls can be drawn from a bag
kss

containing 10 red and 8 white balls.

ooook
Yo

10. Write the number of ways in which 12 boys may be divided into three groups of 4 boys
each.
eB

11. Write the total number of words formed by 2 vowels and 3 consonants taken from 4 vowels
and 5 consonants.
urr
ad

ANSWERS
Yo

1.
n+m+
^ n(n-3) n+ 2
5. 56c4
dY

«+ 1 2. 3,6 4. ^r+ 1 6. 2
2
Re

12!
innd

7. 28 8. 18 9. X «C4 10.
11. ^C2x5C3x5!
(41)3 3!
Fi

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

1. If _io , then is equal to
(a) 4896 (b) 816 (c) 1632 (d) none of these
2. If 20c, = 20c r + 4 ' then'’C 3 is equal to
(a) 54 (b) 56 (c) 58 (d) none of these
15
3. If = Cy + 2' ^ is equal to
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
4. If^°C r+1 -
20
, then r is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 19 (d) 12
COMBINATIONS 16.27

5. If C {n, 12) = C (n, 8), then C (22, n) is equal to

(a) 231 (b) 210 (c)252 (d) 303
6. If'"Ci=”C2,then
(a) lm=n (b) 2m=n(n + l) (c) 2m=n(n-l) (d) 2n=m(m-l)
7. If"Ci2=”C8,thenn =
(a) 20 (b) 12 (c)6 (d) 30

8. If"CV+”Cr+l=”‘'^*/then:c =
(a) r (b) r-1 (c) n (d) r + 1

9 if(«^-«)c2=<'»^-'^>C4,thenfl =

ww
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c)4 (d) none of these

10. ®Ci + ®C2 + ®C3 + ®C4 + ^Cs is equal to

FF loo
(a) 30 (b) 31 (c)32 (d) 33

ree
11. Total number of words formed by 2 vowels and 3 consonants taken from 4 vowels and 5
consonants is equal to

Fr reF
e
(a) 60 (b) 120 (c) 7200 (d) none of these
rur
12. There are 12 points in a plane. The number of the straight lines joining any two of them
fforo
when 3 of them are coUinear, is
ks
(a) 62 (b) 63 (c) 64 (d) 65
YYouo

13. Three persons enter a railway compartment. If there are 5 seats vacant, in how many
ookso

ways can they take these seats ?

eeBBo

(a) 60 (b) 20 (c) 15 (d) 125

14. In how many ways can a committee of 5 be made out of 6 men and 4 women contcdning at
r

least one women ?

ad
ouur

(c) 186 (d) none of these

Yo

(a) 246 (b) 222

15. There are 10 points in a plane and 4 of them are collinear. The number of straight lines
d

joining any two of them is

idnY
Re

(a) 45 (b) 40 (c)39 (d) 38

FFin

16. There are 13 players of cricket, out of which 4 are bowlers. In how many ways a team of
eleven be selected from ftiem so as to include at least two bowlers ?
(a) 72 (b) 78 (c)42 (d) none of these

17. If Cq + Cl + C2 +... + C„ = 256, then ^C2 is equal to

(a) 56 (b) 120 (c)28 (d) 91

18. The number of ways in which a host lady can invite for a party of 8 out of 12 people of
whom two do not want to attend the party together is
(a) 2x % + “Cj (b) wcj + %
(c) “Cg-%6 (d) none of these

19. Given 11 points, of which 5 lie on one circle, other than these 5, no 4 lie on one circle. Then Ihe
number of circles that can be drawn so that each contains at least 3 of the given points is
16.28 MATHEMATICS-XI

(a) 216 (b) 156 (c) 172 (d) none of these

20. How many different committees of 5 can be formed from 6 men and 4 women on which
xact 3 men and 2 women serve ?

(a) 6 (b) 20 (c) 60 (d) 120

21. = 43c 3r + 1' then the value of r is

(a) 12 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 10 (e) 14

22. The number of diagonals that can be drawn by joining the vertices of an octagon is

oww
(a) 20 (b) 28 (c) 8 (d) 16

23. The value of + +

+^C7 is

ee
(a) a -1 (b) T -1 (c) r-\
8
(d) 2
8

FFrlo
r
24. Among 14 players, 5 are bowlers. In how many ways a team of 11 may be formed with at

rF
least 4 bowlers?

ee
(a) 265 (b) 263 (c) 264 (d) 275

rF
ouru
25. A lady gives a dinner party for six guests. The number of ways in which they may be
selected from among ten friends if two of the friends will not attend the party together is
ffosor
(a) 112 (b) 140 (c) 164 (d) none of these
os k
n + 1
26. If C3=2-”C2, thenn =
ook
Yo
Y

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c)5 (d) 6

Bo

27. The number of parallelograms tliat can be formed from a set of four parallel lines
reeB

intersecting another set of three parallel lines is

ooY

(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 18

uur

28. The number of ways in which a committee consisting of 3 men and 2 women, can be chosen
ad

from 7 men and 5 women, is

dY

(a) 45 (b) 350 (c) 4200 (d) 230

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
nind
Re

29. The number of signals that can be sent by 6 flags of different colours taking one or more at a
F
Fi

time is

(a) 63 (b) 1956 (c) 720 (d) 21

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
30. The straight lines /^, I2 and are parallel and lie in the same plane. A total number of m
points are taken on /j, n points on li, k points on The maximum number of triangles
formed with vertices at these points are
m+n+k m+n+k
(a)
TH/^ ti/--
k^
C3 (b) ^3“ ^3“ ^3 ^3

(C) '"C3+"C3+‘^C3 (d) ’"Cjx'-Csx^Cj INCERT EXEMPLAR]

31. The number of committees of five persons with a chairperson that can be formed from 12
persons, is
12
(a) (b) C4 (c) 12 X 4 (d)
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
COMBINATIONS 16.29

32. Total number of words formed by 2 vowels and 3 consonants taken from 4 vowels and 5
consonants is equal to
(a) 60 (b) 120 (c) 7200 (d) 720
[NCERT EXEMPLARl
33. A five digit number divisible by 3 is to be formed using the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
without repetitions. The total number of ways this can be done is
(a) 216 (b) 600 (c) 240 (d) 3125
[NCERT EXEMPLARl
34. Everybody in a room shakes hands with everybody else. The total number of hand shakes
is 66. The total number of persons in the room is
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ww
35. The number of triangles that are formed by choosing the vertices from a set of 12 points,
seven of which lie on the same line is
(a) 105 (b) 15 (c) 175 (d) 185

Floo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
36. Given 5 different green dyes, four different blue dyes and three different red dyes, the

ee
number of combinations of dyes which can be chosen taking at least one green and one blue

reer
dye is

rFF
(a) 3600 (b) 3720 (c) 3800 (d) 3600
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
uur r
37. The total number of 9 digit numbers which have all different digits is
ffoor
(a) 10! (b) 9! (c) 9x9! (d) 10x10!
sks

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
YYoo

38. The number of parallelograms that can be formed from a set of four parallel lines
oooko

intersecting another set of three parallel lines is

eBB

(a) 6 (b) 18 (c) 12 (d) 9

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
39. The number of 5-digit telephone numbers having at least one of their digits repeated is
uurr
ad

(a) 90,000 (b) 10,000 (c) 30240 (d) 69760

Yo

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
40. The number of ways in which we can choose a committee from four men and six women so
dY

that the committee includes at least two man and exactly twice as many women as men, is
Re

(a) 94 (b) 126 (c) 128 (d) none of these

ind
FFin

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

41. The number of ways in which a team of eleven players can be selected from 22 players
always including 2 of them and excluding 4 of them, is
16 20
(a) ''Cn (b) C5 (c) ^●’€9 (d) C9
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ANSWERS

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d)

9. (b) 10. (b) 11- (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b)
17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (c)
33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (a)
41. (c)
16.30 MATHEMATICS-XI

SUMMARY

1. If H is a natural number and r is a non-negative integer such that 0 < r < », then
nl
(i) "Q = (ii) "Q X r! =
{n-r)\r\
(iii) "C, =
n +
(iv)
n n-1 - n n-1 n~2
(v) ''Q=-"-' Cr-l = r
n-2
— X X .
r r -1 " ^ r r-1 r-2 1

(vi) "Cj. = "Cy => X = ij or, x + y = n

(vii) If«isanevennaturalnumber,thenthegreatestamong"Co , "C2,.../ "Cnis”C n ●

w
If n is an odd natural number, then the greatest among ”Cq , "C^, "C2, - ●., "C„ is
n
C I or, "C„+ 1 .

Flo
2 2

2. The number of \vays of selecting r items or objects from a group of n distinct items or objects
n\

ee
IS =

(«-r)!r!

Fr
for
ur
ks
Yo
oo
eB
ur
ad
Yo
d
Re
in
F
CHAPTER IZ

BINOMIAL THEOREM

17.1 INTRODUCTION

An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial expression.

f 2 3^

w
For example, (a + b), (2x - 3y), x + — , X + — , — - etc. are binomial expressions.

Flo
Similarly, an algebraic expression containing three terms is called a trinomial. In general,
expressions containing more than two terms are known as multinomial expression.

reee
The general form of the binomial expression is (a: + a) and the expansion of (a: + a)”, neN is

FFr
called the binomial theorem. This theorem was first given by Sir Issac Newton. It gives a formula
for the expansion of the powers of a binomial expression.
uurr
In earlier classes, we have learnt that:
for
{x + =1
kkss

(a: + = X + a
Yo
oooo

2 2 2
(a: + ti) = a: + 2ax + a
eB

(x + fl)^ = x^ + 3x^a+3xa^ +
rr

(x + a)^ = x^ + 4x^ a + 6x^ 0^ + 4x a^ + a^

ou
ad

We observe that the coefficients in the above expansions follow a particular pattern as given
YY

below:
nndd
Re

Index of the binomial Coefficients of various terms

Fi

0 1

1 1 1

2 1 2 1

3 1 3 3 1

4 1 4 6 4 1

We also observe that each row is bounded by 1 on both sides. Any entry, except the first and
last, in a row is the sum of two entries in the preceding row, one on the immediate left and the
other on the immediate right. The above pattern is known as Pascal's triangle. It has been
checked that the above pattern also holds good for the coefficients in the expansions of the
binomial expressions having index (exponent) greater than 4 as given below.
17.2 MATHEMATICS-XI

Index of the binomial Coefficients of various terms

0 1

1 1 V 1

2 1 V 2 V 1

3 1 V 3 V 3 V 1

4 1 V 4 V 6 V 4 V 1

5 1 V 5 V 10 V 10 V 5 V 1
6 I V 6 V 15V 20V 15V 6 V 1

Pascal’s Triangle

ww
Using the above Pascal's triangle, we obtain
1
(x + a) x-^ a

Flo
or, (x + a)^ = x^ a^ + x'^ a'^ 'Co=l = ti

ee
2 2 2

rere
(:c + fl) = X + lax + a

r FF
■.●^Co=1,^C,=2,^C2=1
2-2 2
or. (x + af = + ^C-i X a
uurr
{x + = x^ + 3x^n + 3xfl^ +
foor
3-3 3
(X + = ^Co x^ / + x^ “ ^C2 x3 - 2,2 ^ ^C3 X
ks s
a
or.
Yoo

(x + a)^ = x*^ + 4x^(7 + 6x2(j2 + 4xa^ +

ooook

4-3 _3 4-4 A
{X + £7)^
eBB

£7 + X £7
or.

5-4 a A +,5r ^5-5 5

(X + £7)^ = ^Cq X^ £7° + ^Ci X^ ■ ^ £7^ + ^€2 X L5 X £7
uurr

By looking at the above expansions we can easily guess that the general formula would be of the
ad

form as given in the following theorem.

Yo
dY

17.2 BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR POSITIVE INTEGRAL INDEX

Re

THEOREM If X and a are real numbers, then forallneN,

innd

Co / <7° + "Cl + "C2 ^ + "Q ^ d +...

ti n n -

(X + £7)
FFi

+ ”c H-1 x^d-^ + ”C„ X° £7”

71

Z "Cr x” ' £?'■

n
i.e.. (x + £7)
r = 0

PROOF We shall prove the theorem by using the principle of mathematical induction on >7.
Let P {«) be the statement;
Co / fl" + "Cl X"-lfl'+"C2X
n -

(x + £7)
n II
+... + "C,x £?'’ +...

+ "C„ x° £7”
1 - 1
+ "C„_1 X^ £7
Step I We have, P (1): (x + £7)^ = ^Cq x^ £7^ + x^ £7^
We know that: (x + £7)^ = X + £7 = ^Cq X^ X^ £7^
P (1) is true.
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.3

Step II Let P (m) be true. Then,

m-1 1 , wi m-1 2 1 7H - 1 HI,-. 0 m
(:c + fl) = Cq + C^x a + C2X Q +...+ Cm-1 X a + C,„ X a ●●●(i)
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true. For this we have to show that
m + 1 m + 1
(.v + fl) Cn a: »,+ l a0 + + +
m + 1
m + 1
Now, (a: + a)

= {x + a).{x + af = (x + fl) '"Co x'” / + '"Cj x m-1 I? 1 +, ... HI,- HI - r r

+ Cr X fl +...

, /l'” " 1 m,-. 0 HI

+ L,„ _ 1 X a + C,„ X a

w
m+ 1 0
+ ("'Ci + '"Co);r'"n' + rC2 + '"Ci)x
m m-1 .2
CqX a a +...

m + 1
+ ( C, + Cr _ 1) X ('"C 1 + %,) x^ a'" + '"C„, a

Flo
m -

m + 1
Cn X,m + 1 ^0 HI + 1 C-^x HI a 1 + m + 1 m-1 .2
___^m-Hl^^_^{m+l)-r^r

e
C2X a +.

ree
m + 1 HI,-. , HI,-. HI + 1-
+ ... + a
+ Cr = r = 1, 2, 3,..., m

FFr
m + 1

P {m +1) is true.
urr
Thus, P («i) is true => P (m + 1) is true.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the theorem is true for all n e N.
or
sf
Q.E.D.
kks
Yo
ooo

17.3 SOME IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS FROM THE BINOMIAL THEOREM

In this section, we shall draw some useful conclusions from the binomial theorem,
eB

(i) We have.
n
n x~ n~r r
(x + a) Z Cr x a
ur

r = 0
ad
YYo

or. (x + a)" = "Cox"a^ + "C,xH - 1 1

a + C2 X
II,-

Since r can have values from 0 to n, the total number of terms in the expansion is (n +1).
dd
Re

(ii) The sum of the indicesof x and a in each term is n.

in

(iii) Since "C^ = ”C for r = 0,1, 2, ...,n

F

n-T '

Ci="C,«-1/ C2="C„_2=...
n
●● '-0 - ^n/

So, the coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and end are equal. These coefficients
are known as the binomial coefficients,

(iv) Replacing a by -a, we get

H -1 1 H,- n-2 2 It,-.
(x - a) - Cq X a - Cj X a + C2 X a
- C3X

H
n ^ / i\r tt-r r
i.e. (x-a) 1 (-1) Cr X a
r=0

Thus, the terms in the expansion of (x - a)" are alternatively positive and negative, the last term
is positive or negative according as n is even or odd.
17.4 MATHEMATICS-XI

(v) Putting x = l and a = a: in the expansion of (x + af, we get

(1 + x)" = "Co + "CiX+”C2 3:^+... + "C, / +... + "C„x''
i.e. (1 + xf = Z "Cr /
r = 0

This is the expansion of (1 + x)" in ascending powers of x.

(vi) Putting <7 = 1 in the expansion of (x + a)”, we get
(1 + X)" = "Co x" + "Cl x"- ^ + ”C2 x”-2 +... + ”c, x"-^ 4-... + 1 x+ "C n

(l + x)''= r =Z 0 "C, x"""

ww
i.e.

This is the expansion of (1 + x)” in descending powers of x.

(vii) Putting x = 1 and a = - x in the expansion of (x + a)”, we get

Flo
(1 - X)" = "Co - ”Ci X + ”C2 x^ - "C3 x^ +... + (-!)'■ "C, x^ +... + (-1)” ”C„ x".

e
eree
I.e. (1-x)” = r Z= 0 (-1)" ”C, x"

FFr
(viii) The coefficient of (r + l)lh term in the expansion of (1 + x)” is "C^.
uurr
(ix) The coefficient of x^ in the expansion of (1 + x)" is "C^.
orr
sfo
(x) (x + a)" + (x-a)” = 2j"Cox"A^ + "C2x"“^A^ + ”C4X
n-4 .4
A + ...
kks
Yoo

«-3 3
(x + a)”-(x-a)" = 2rCiX "-^a^ + ”C3X
oooo

«md. A + ...
eBB

NOTE: Ifn is odd than {(x + a)" + (x ~ a)"} and l(x + af - (x - a)"} both have the same number of terms
n + 1
equal to whereas if n is even, then l(x + a)” + (x - a)”| has ~ ^ terms and
urr

2 12 /
ad

j(x
I + a)"-(x - a)”|/JAS —
YYo

terms.
J \2y
dd

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Re
inn

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

F

Type I DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF TERMS IN THE EXPANSIONS OF BINOMIAL AND TRINOMIAL
EXPRESSIONS

EXAMPLE 1 Find the number of terms in the expansions of the following:

(i) (2x - 3yf (ii) (1 + 5 ^2 x)^ + (1 -5 V2 x)^
10 n
(iii) (Vx + +(4x- (iv) (2x+3y-4z)
8 8 2^20
(v) [(3x + y)‘’-(3x-y)‘^l (vi) (1 + 2x + x‘)-
SOLUnON (i) Theexpansionof(x + A)"has(n + l)terms. So,theexpansionof(2x-3y)^hasl0
terms.

(i) If n is odd, then the expansion of (x + a)" + (x - of contains —— terms. So, the expansion
V ^ >

of(l+5 V2x)^ + (1-5 V2 x)^ has = 5 terms.

BINOMIALTHEOREM 17.5

(iii) If n is even, then the expansion of |(x + /?)”+ (a: - fl)”|

n
has — +1 terms.

So, {^fx + has 6 terms.

(iv) We have.

(2x+3y-4zf =
^l2x +(3y-42)|

w
= "Co (2xf {3y-4zf + "Cj {2xf ” ^ (3y - 4z)^ + "Cj (2xf (3y - 4zf +...
+ "C„. 1 (22)' (3y-4z)"- ' + "C„ (3y -4z)".
Clearly, the first term in the above expansion gives one term, second term gives two terms, third

e
term gives three terms and so on.

row
re
(« + !){«+ 2)
So, total number of terms = 1 + 2 + 3 + ...+n + (n + l) =
2

(v) If n is even, then | (;c + o) (j: - fl)"| has ^ terms. So, (3x + y)® -{3x-y)

FFllo
8

eeF
n
has4 terms.

(vi) We have.

u = {(l+:c)^}
20

r
(1 + 2x + x^f^ 40

sFr
= (1+X)

kro
0 00

So, there are 41 terms in the expansion of (1 + 2:r + x )

uor
offo
Type II EXPANDING A GIVEN EXPRESSION USING THE BINOMIAL THEOREM
0 R
kos
EXAMPLE 2 Expand {x + 2a) by binomial theorem.
Y
Yo
eerBB
oo

SOLUTION Using binomial theorem,

(x^ + 2a)^ = ^Cq (x^)^ (2fl)° + ^Ci (x^)^ {2a)^ + ^€2 (x^ {2a)^
rY

+ ^€3 (x^)^ (2a)^ + ^C4 (x^) (2a)^ + % {x^ {2af

u

= + 5 (X®) {2a) +10 (x^) (4fl^) +10 (x^) {8a^) + 5 (x^) (16 a^) + 32
ou
ad
do

= x^° +10 X® fl + 40 x^ + 80 x^ + 80 x^ + 32 o®
nY

EXAMPLE 3 Expand (2x - 3y)^ by binomial theorem.

nid

SOLUTION Using binomial theorem, we obtain

Re

(2x-3y)^ ={2x + {-3y))^

F
Fi

= ^Co (2x)^ (- 3y)° + % (2x)® (- 3y) + ^€2 {2x)^ (- 3y)^ + (2x)^ (- 3y)® + ^04 (- 3y)^
= 16 x^ + 4 (8x®) (- 3y) + 6 (4x^) (9y^) + 4 (2x) (- 27 i/) + 81 y^
= 16x^ - 96x®y + 216xV - 216xy^ + 81y^
EXAMPLE 4 By using binomial theorem, expand:
(i) (l + x + x^)® (ii) (1-x + xV
SOLUTION (i) Let y = x + x^. Then, INCERT EXEMPLAR]
2s 3
(1 + X + x^) = (1 + y)® = ^Co + ®Ciy+®C2y^ + ®C3y®= l + 3y+3y^ + y®
= 1 + 3 (x + x^) + 3 (x + x^)^ + (x + x^)®
= 1 + 3 (x + x^) + 3 (x^ + 2x® + x^) + I ®Co X® (x^)® + x
+ ®C2 X (xV+®C3X^x^)®}
3-2
17.6 MATHEMATICS-XI

= 1 + 3 (:c + + 3 (:c^ + 2x^ + x^) + (x^ + 3x“^ + 3x^ + .r^)

= + 3x^ + 6x^ + 7x^ + 6x^ + 3x +1
2
(ii) Let y = -x + x . Then,
2A
= (1 + y)^ = ^Cq + y + ^C2 + ^C3 y^ +

w
{1-x + x^)

= 1 + 4y + 6y^ + 4y^ +y^ = 1 + 4(-x + x^) + 6(-x + x^)^ + 4 (-x + + (-x + x^)
= 1 -4x (1 -x) + 6x^ (1 -x)^ -4x^ (1 -x)^ + x^ (1 -x)^

e
= l-4x(l-x) + 6x^(l-2x + x^)-4x^{^Co-^C|X+^C2 x^-^CgX^)

e
o
wr
4^4 4^
Cq Cj X C2 X — C3 X + C4 X

r
+ X

F
= 1 - 4x + 4x^ + 6x^ (1 -2x + x^) -4x^ (1 - 3x + 3x^ -x^)+ x^ (1 -4x + 6x^ -4x^ + x^)

ullo
= 1 - 4x + 4x^ + 6x^ - 12x^ + 6x^ - 4x^ + 12x^ - 12x^ + 4x^ + x"^ - 4x^ + 6x^ - 4x^ + x®
r FF
e
= 1 - 4x + lOx^ - 16x^ + 19x^ - 16x^ + lOx^ - 4x^ + x®

rsre
A

oF
uo
k
f X 2
EXAMPLES Using bhiomial theorem, expand 1 + ,x^O.
2 x^
SOLUTION We have,
oofr [NCERT]
sf
4
ko
Y
= n +
(x 2
2 x> [2 X
BB
Yo
Y
oo

2f 2f Ac,
/

-V^C2
X 2
4p
Lq +, 4p(-1 + "^3
er

2 2
re

U XJ 2 X, .2
uu

^ 2
2'l + 6, - 4 x^ 8 X 2
od

= 14-4 2 + ^ +4-^ —
Yo
ad

[2 X) 4 8
n

-f f--
/ \3 / n2
x^V 2^° 2^1
\ 4p^0 X
X + ^C2 V.2,
ndi

2J '^2j Xj ^
Re
F
Fi

0
2f ( 2 ^4
z' _ .\ / z'

4.4r
+ Lt ^
—
H2 y V X) 1^2^ \ x^

(.3
= 1 4- 2x s'! + 6. —
- x^ — 2r, 4 ^ 4- 4
A X 8_ 3x_6
X) 4 -i2j [8 2 X

3 2
2 , x‘ 4 . x 8 16
4- 4- 4x - X — — 4- 6x — X +4X-X- —
4
16 8 X 4 X X X

'i {

=
,1 -f 2x —
^ 8
4-
3 2
— X
24fx^ 325- - 6x 4- —
—12 4—^ 4-
24
+
X^ 2 ,
X 4-6 -^4- —r
16 16

xj 2 X 2 2 X
^ X 16 r2 X 4
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.7

= {l-12 + 6) + {2x-6x)+ -x^~x

3 2 2 X
+ — + — +
^ (-8 24 h—
24 16 32 16

^)'W~x^jx^\^
+
a 2 16 K X
2 3 4
r A X X a: 16
= -5-4a: + — + — + +
2 2 16
2 2 3
EXAMPLE6 Find the expansion of{3x -2ax+3a ) using binomial theorem. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
(3x'^-2ax+ 3a^)^

|(3x^ -2flx) + 3fl^|

ww
= ^Cq {3x'^-2axf {3a^f + (3at^ ~2ax)^ {3a^) + ^€2 {3x'^-2ax)^ (3a^)
+ ^C3(3x^-2axf(3a^)
= (3x^-2ax)^ + 9a^ (3x^-2ax)^ + 2?/ (3^-2ax) + 2?/

Flo
e
= 1 ^Cq (3:c^)^(-2flA:)^ +^C^(3xY (~2ax)^+^C2 (3x^) (~2ax)^+^C^ (3xY (-2fl.v)^|

eree
FFr
+ 9a^ (9x^ ~12ax^ + 4a^ x^) + 27a‘^(3x^ -2ax) + 2z/
uurr
= (27:c^ -54 x^ a+ 36x^ ^ - 8x^ a^) + (8U-^ a‘ -108x^ + 36x^ a‘^)
+ {81x^ /-54^:fl^) + 27/ orr
sfo
= 27x^ -54A + 117a:^ -116x^ +117x^ -54x/ + 27rt^
kks
Yoo
oooo

1
All
EXAMPLE? Using binomial theorem, expand x + -
eBB

y
SOLUTION We have.
11 aO /1 A
urr

1 11 11 1
X + — Cn X
ad

y \y y yj
YYo

a5 ( - a6
-^iir
+ C4 X —
4flf 4- HrCo
+ X
(^ A®
— ^
dd

vVy y) y y y
Re
inn

/. ^ 10 11
2 1
+
11
Cg X + X 1 11
+ “C
1
F

11
yj ,y y)
10 9 8 7 6 5
= x'^ll^ + 55 ^ + 165 -^ + 330 ^ + 462 ^ + 462 ^
y y2 y3 y,4 y,5 y,6

330x^ 165.t^ 55x^ llx 1

+ + + +
7 8 10 11
y y y
n
n
Q 3" = 4
H
EXAMPLES Prove that 2 [NCERTl
r = 0

SOLUTION We have,
a,+ x)xJi — Cq +. n,-. X +, n,^
C2 X 2 + ... + 7f/->
Cfj X H
n
n
or. (1+x) 2 "CV x''
r = 0
17.8 MATHEMATICS-XI

Putting :ic = 3 on both sides, we get

n n

(1 + 3)'
r
Z= 0 "C, 3'' or, 4" = r =2 0 "Q 3^

Type III ON APPLICATIONS OF BINOMIAL THEOREM

EXAMPLE 9 Find an approximation of{0.99f using the first three terms of its expansion. INCERT]

w
SOLUTION We have,
\5
(0.99)^ = (1 - 0.01)^ = f 1 - 100
— j

e
x2
1 f + ^cA- r 1 f
+ ^C2 X f 100,
—
1
= ^Co-^Cix -^c -"C5

e
HiooJ

o
^100 100

wr
100

r
10 10 5 1
+ +

F
100 10000 1000000
(100)^ (100)^

ullo
r FF = 1 - 0.05 + 0.001 = 0.951

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

[Neglecting fourth and other terms]

e
rsre
EXAMPLE 10 Using binomial theorem, compute the following:

oF
uo
k
(i) (99f (ii) (102)^ (iii) (10.lf
SOLUTION
(99)^ = (100-1)^
(i) We have, oofr
sf
ko
Y
0
= ^Cq X (100)^ - X (100)^ + ^C2 X (100) ^ X (100)^ + ^€4 x (100)^ - % x (100)
BB
Yo

= (100)^ - 5 X (100)^ +10 X (100) ^ -10 X (100)^ + 5 x

Y
oo

100 -1
= 10^° -5x10® +10^ -10®+5x10^ -1
er
re

= (10^° +10^ + 5 X 10^) - (5 X 10® +10® +1) = 10010000500 - 500100001

uu

= 9509900499.
od

(ii) We have.
Yo
ad

(102)® = (100 + 2)®

n

= ®Co X (100)® + ®Cj X (100)® X 2 + ®C2 X (100)^ x 2^

ndi

+ ®C3 X (100)® X 2® + ®C4 X (100)^ X 2^ + ®Cs X (100)^ x 2® + ®C^ x (100)° x 2®

Re
F

= (100)® + 6 X (100)® X 2 + 15 X (100)^ x 2^ + 20 x (100) ® x 2® + 15 x (100)^ x 2^

Fi

+ 6x(100)^x2®+2®
= 10"" + 12 X 10"“ + 6 X 10^ + 16 X 10^ + 24 X 10® + 192 x 10^ + 64
12 10

= 1126162419264.
(iii) We have,
(10.1)® = (10 + 0.1)®
= ®Cq X (10)® X (0.1)° + ®Cj X (10)^ X (0.1) + ®C2 X (10)® X (0.1)^ + ^C3 X (10)^ X (0.1)®
®C4 X (10)^ X (0.1)^ + ®Cs X (10)° X (0.1)®
+

= (10)® + 5 X 10^ X 0.1 + 10 X 10 ® X (0.1)^ + 10 X (10)^ X (0.1) ® + 5 X 10 X (0.1)^ + (0.1)®

= 10® + 5 X 10® + 10^ +1 + 5 X 0.001 + 0.00001
= 100000 + 5000 +100 +1 + 0.005 + 0.00001 = 105101.00501.
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.9

n+ 1
EXAMPLE 11 Write dozvn the binomial expansion of (l + .x) , when a: = 8. Deduce that
n+ 1
9 -Sn-9 is divisible by 64, where n is a positive integer. [NCERT]

SOLUTION We have,
n+ 1 ^ 2 H+ 1 n+ 1
C3X^+...+
H + 1 M + 1/-. , n + l/~. w+ 1
(1 + x) — L.Q 4- Cj X + C2X +

Putting a: = 8, we get
Cl (8)^"'" ^02(8)^ + ”■^^03(8)^ +...+"■' n+ 1 (8)"^^ ...(i)
« + 1 n + 1 1
(1 + 8) Cq +
1 = l+(tt + l)x8 + n+ 1 C2 (8)2 + "-^^C3 (8)3+... + ”^^C„^i(8)
n+ 1
9«+
9"+ 1
-8tj-9=(8)^ j C2 + (8) + ^C4 (8)^ +... + 1(8)"“^}
H + 1
JI +

llowow
)l+ 1
9 - 8/1 - 9 = 64 X an integer
9"+ 1 - 8n - 9 is divisible by 64.

EXAMPLE 12 Using binomial theorem, prove that 6” - 5/i always leaves the remainder 1 when divided

ee
by 25. [NCERT]

Fr
SOLUTION We have,
6"-5/1 = (1+5)"-5/1
r FF
6” -5/1 =
H
Cq + "Cl X (5) + "C2 X (sf + "C3 X (5)^ +... + "C„ Freor X (5)
rt
-5/1
s forf
u
6" -5/1 = 1 + 5/1 + "C2 X 5^ + "Ca X 5^ +... + "C„ X 5" -5/i
ok

6"-5/1-1 = "C2x5^ + "C3x5^+... + "C„x5

YYour o

6" -5/1-1 = 5^ l"C2 + "C3 X 5 + "C4 X 5^ + ... + "C„ X 5 I

o

n-2
eeBo Bks

6" -5/1-1 - 25 X an integer

r

6" - 5/1 = 25 X an integer + 1

our u
ad

6" -5/1 leaves the remainder 1 when divided by 25.

Yo

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

d
Re

Type IV ON EXPANSION OF A BINOMIAL BY USING BINOMIAL THEOREM

in

EXAMPLE 13 Using binomial theorem, expand j(x + i/)^ +(x-y)^j and hence ifnd the value of
FFind Y

|(72+1)®+(V2-1)5 .
SOLUTION We have,
5 5^ 3 2 5^ 1 4I
(x + yf+{x-yf 2| Cq X + C2X y + C4A: y| = 2fx^ +10xV +5xy^
Putting x = f2 and y = 1, we get
{f2+lf = 2 |(V2)^ + 10 (V2)^ + 5 V2|= 2(^472 + 2072 +5 72^=58 72
EXAMPLE 14 IfO be the sum of odd terms and E that of even terms in the expansion of{x + of, prove
that:
c2 / 2 2j 2n 2n
(i) E ={x ~a ) (ii) 4 0E=(x + a) -(x-a)

(iii) 2(0^ +E^)=(x + a)

2/1 2«
+ {x-a) . [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
17.10 MATHEMATIC&-XI

SOLUTION We have,
n-l +, C„H a^
n

n n n-2 2 n n- 3 3
(x + a) Cq / + ”C2 ;e a +... +
Cl a: a +...

(x + a)’" = O + E ●●●(i)
n n H - 1 1 «/-. n-2 .2 n- 3 .3
and, (a: - a) Cq x'" - ”Ci a: fl + C2 a: a
-”C3X a +...

«-l «-l
+ "C„(-1)%
H
+ "C n -
a

oww
-2 2
Cl a: "-\^ + ’'C3X
n n n-3 3
Cq / + ”C2/
H
(x-a) a +... a +...

(x-af = 0-E ●..(ii)

e
(i) Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get

FFrlo
re
{x + af{x-af = (0 + £)(0-£)

Free
(ii) We have.

rF
40£ = (0+£)^-{0-E)^
fsoor
ouur
4 0E =
|(Ar + fl)"| -|(Ar-fl)”| [Using (i) and (ii)]
skf
ooko

2n 2n
40E = {x + ar‘-{x-a)
Yo
Y

(iii) Squaring (i) and (ii) and then adding, we get

Bo
reB

(a: + a)^ -¥{x-a)

2n
= (O + E)^ + (O -E)^ =2(0^+ e\
Type V ON APPLICATIONS OF BINOMIAL THEOREM
uur
oY

1000000
EXAMPLE 15 Which is larger{1.01) or, 10,000? [NCERTl
ad

SOLUTION We have,
dY

1000000
(1.01) -10000
innd
Re

1000000
= (1 + 0.01) -10000
Fi

1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000

C2 (0.01)^+...
1000000
F

Cq + Cl (0.01) + .+
^1000000 ^ (0.01) -10000

= (1 + 1000000 X 0.01 + other positive terms) -10000

= (1 +10000 + other positive terms) -10000
= 1 + other positive terms > 0
1000000
(1.01) >10000

EXAMPLE 16 If a and b are distinct integers, prove that a” - b” is divisible by {a - b), whenever neN.
[NCERTl
SOLUTION We have,
n n
a = {{a-b)+b\
a" ='‘Cq {a-bf+''C^ {a-b) “~h^+'‘C2 {a-b)
H-1
+...+”C n-l {a-b)b + "C„b
n

-&"=(fl-&)'' + "Ci {a-b) ""^l7^ + "C2 {a-b) «-2^2 X 71-1 {a-b)b‘‘ ^

n n
^ a
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.11

II-1 II-2
b + "C2 (a -b) ”-^b'^ + ... + ‘‘C II-1
It It
=> a
+ ^Ciia-b)
Clearly, RHS is divisible by (a-b). Hence, fl” -b" is divisible by (a -b).
EXAMPLE17 Using binomial theorem, prove that >100^^+99^^. [NCERT EXEMPLAR!

SOLUTION Let a: = 101'"'^ and y = 100^° + 99^°. Then,

50

x-y = lor'^ -100^° -99^*^

50

50 50 50
x-y = lOr'' -99-^" -100

ooww
x-y = (100 + 1)^°-(100-1)
50 50
100

Cj X 100^^ + ^°C3 X 100^^ +... + ^°C49 X 1001 -100

50 50
X-y = 2

ee
50 50 47 50 50
AT-y = 100 +2x C3 X100 +... + 2X C49XIOO-IOO

r
rFFl x-y = 2x^^C3x100^^+... + 2x^°C49x100

Free
a: - y = « positive integer

rF
x-y>0 => A:>y => 101^° >100^^ + 99
50

fsfoor
ouur
EXERCISE 17.1
kosk
BASIC
Yo

1. Using binomial theorem, write down the expansions of ^e following:

oo
Y
BB

1
(i)(2i+3y)® (u)(2i-3y)^ (iii) AT—
X
(iv) (1 - 3xf
rre

X a
(v) ax — (vi) (vii) i^-Jx - (viii) (1 + 2a: - 3x^)'
ouu

in ix
Y

I ^
ad

( AT+1--1")^
dY

(ix) (x) (1-2x+3xY

l XJ
innd

2. Evaluate the following:

Re

(i) (l + 2 4if +0.-2 4if (ii) (V2+1)^+(V2-1)^

Fi
F

(iii) (3 + 42f -(3-4if (iv) (2 + ^f+(2-^f

(V) (43 + if -(43-if (vi) (0.99)^ + (1.01)^
(vu) (43+42f-(43-42f [NCERT]
\6 / r— ●x6 4
(viii) ^x + 1 +^x-l
\
+
.Jx + 1 -^x -1 (ix) X + Jx^ -1 + x- -1

(x) ■ -1 I +|/-yja^ -1 | [NCERT, NCERT EXEMPLAR!

x4
4 4 /'
3. Find(fl + b)^-(<7-6)^.Hence,evaluate ^3 + 1 - V3 - V2 . [NCERT]
\ / \

4. Find (a: +1)^ + (x -1)^. Hence, or otherwise evaluate (V2 +1)^ + ^/2 -1)^. [NCERT]
17.12 MATHEMATICS-Xl

BASED ON LOTS

5. Using binon\ial theorem evaluate each of the following:

(i) (96)^ INCERT] (ii) (102)^ [NCERT] (iii) (101)^ [NCERT] (iv) (98)^ [NCERT]
3n
6. Using binomial theorem, prove that 2 - 7« -1 is divisible by 49, where neN.
2n+ 2
7. Using binomial theorem, prove that 3 - 8« - 9 is divisible by 64, n e N.
3«
8. If n is a positive integer, prove that 3 - 26n -1 is divisible by 676.
BASED ON HOTS
10000

ooww
9. Using binomial theorem, indicate which is larger(l.l) or 1000? [NCERT]
4000
10. Using binomial theorem determine which number is smaller (1.2) or 800?

11. Find the value of (1.01)^^ + (1 - 0.01)^^ correct to 7 places of decimal.

4«+ 4
12, Show that 2 -15n-16, where n e N is divisible by 225. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

e
re e
rFl ANSWERS

Fre
1. (i) 32 + 240 x^i/ + 720 x^y^ + 1080 + 810 xy"^ + 243 /

rrF
(ii) 16 x^ - 96 x^y + 216 x'^y^ - 216 xy^ + 81 y^
sffoo
ouur
(iii) >:^-6:c^ + 15:c^-20 + ^--^ + ^
1
oksk
6
x X X
Yo

(iv) 1 -21a: + 189:c^ -945x^ + 2835x^ -5103x^ +5103x^ -2187x^

oo
Y
BB

6ab^
(v) a^x^ - 6 a^x% + 15 a^xh^ - 20 +15 ^ +
rre

4 6
X x X

3 2 2 _3
ouu

(vi) _ - 6 -y + 15 - - 20
, X , X X
+15 - - 6 ^
a
Y
ad

3
^ x^ X
dY

(VU) X^ -6x^/3 + 15 X^/3 „2/3 _ 20 ^ 15 ^2/3 ,4/3 _ ^ ^1/3 ^5/3 ^ ^2

innd
Re

(viii) 1 + lOx + 25x^ - 40x^ - 190x^ + 92x^ + 570x^ - 360x^ - 675x® + 810x^ - 243x^°
Fi
F

(ix) x^ + 3x^ -5 +

(x) 1 - 6x + 21x^ - 44x^ + 63x^ -54x^ + 27x^

2. (i) 2 (1 + 40x + 80x^) (ii) 198 (iu)1178V2 (iv) 10084 (v) 152 (vi) 2.0020001
(vii) 396 V6 (viii) 16x (4x^ - 3) (ix) 64x^ - 96x^ + 36x^ - 2
(x) 2/ +12/ -lOfl^ -4fl^ + 2
3. 8{a^b + ab^),A046 4. 2(x^ + 15x^ + 15x^ +1), 198
5. (i) 884736 (ii) 11040808032 (iii) 104060401 (iv) 9039207968
10000
9. (1.1) >1000 10. 800 11. 2.0090042
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.13

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

2. (vii) We know that (a: + o)" -(x - a)” = 21 "“V + "C3X

n-3 .3
a

■ (V3+V2)^-(V3-V2)^= 2|^Cl{V3)^V2)^+^C3(V3)^V2)^ + ^C5(V3)^^/2f}

w
= 2 (6 X 9 X -^6 + 20 X 6 X y/6 + 6 x 4 x -^/6)
= +120V6+24V6l = 2x198^6 = 396^6

e
(x) Using (x + fl)” + (x - fl)” = 2 I + ”C2X
n-2 2
fl +...kweget

e
o
wr
4

r
-1 ^

F
ullo
— \2 / ,— 0

= 2^ 4/-. / 2v0 f rr
1 +^C2(aVf^
r FF Co (fl ) yja
\
1
1
4^ , 2^4
+€4(0)
rr -1

e
rsre
oF
uo
k
= 2 (fl® + 6fl^ -5/ - 2fl^ +1) = 2.7® + I2a^ - lOo^ - 4a^ + 2
oofr
sf
3. Using (x + a)" - (x - a)" = 21 CjX a + C3X
?I - 1 1 U/^ X- 3_3
ko
n
Y
a' + we get
BB
Yo

{a + bf-{a-b)‘^ = 2|^Cifl^&^ +^030^^1 = 2(4a^& + 4flb^) = 8ab{a^+b^)

Y
oo
er
re

(V3 + V2)^ -(V3 - V2)^ = 8-^3 X V2 |(V3)^ + {^2}^ | = 40V6

uu
od
Yo

4. Using(x + fl)” + (x -fl)" =2|^”Cqx” + ”€2 x

ad

x-2 _2
a +... , we get
n

(X +1)^ + (X -1)^ = 2f ^Co;c^ + ^C2X^ + ^C4X^ + ^Qx = 2(x^ + 15x^+15x^+l) 0

ndi
Re
F

Putting X = y/2, we get

Fi

(V2 + 1)^ + (V2 -1)^ = 2 |(V2)^ + 15 (V2)^ + 15 (V2)^ + l| = 2 (8 + 60 + 30 +1) = 198

5. (i) 96^ = (100-4)^

= ^Cq (100)^ (4)^^ - ^Cj (100)^ (4)^ + ^C2 (100)^ (4)^ - (100)° (4)^
= 10^ -12 X 10^ + 4800 - 64 = 1000000 -120000 + 4800 - 64 = 884736

(ii) (102)^ = (100 + 2)^

= ^Cq (100)^ 2' +
^Ci(lOO)'^ X 2 + ^C2 X (100)^ X 2^ + ^C3 x (100)^ x 2^
+ ^C4 X (100)^ X 2^ + % X (100)° X 2^
= 10^° + 10^ + 40 X 10^ + 80 X 10^ + 80 X 10^ + 32 = 11040808032
17.14 MATHEMATICS-XI

(iii) (101)^ = (10^ +1)^

= ^Co (10^)° + ^Ci(lO^)^ + ^C2 (10^)^ + (10^)^ + ^C4 (10^)
= 1 + 400 + 6 X 10^ + 4 X 10^ +10® = 104060401

w
(ix) (98)^ = (100-2)®
= ®Co (100)® - ®Ci(100)^ X 2 + ®C2 X (100)® X 2 - ®C3 X (100)^ x 2®
+ ®C4 X (100)^ X 2^ - ®Cg X (100)° X 2®

e
= 10^° -10° + 40 X 10® + 8000 - 32 = 1039207968

wr
lloo
r
9. Using (x + fl)" =”Cox”ii° + “CjX +... + ”C„ x° fl", we get
n-l 1 n-3 .3
a + C3X a

F
u
10000

(1.1)
10000
= fi.i

r FF 10

n2 10000

rsee
10000 10000 10000 10000- 1 ■)

Fr
Cq + Cjx — + +... + ^10000
uo 10 lOJ 10

k
o
10000
10000 if 10000 n
= 1 +1000 + fo
ofr C2 X
lOJ
+ ... +
^10000
10
kso
Y
10000

(1.1)
10000
-1000 = 1 +
10000
rC9 X M' 10000- 1
B

+ ...+ ^10000
eBrY

2 [10)
Yo

10
oo

10000 10000
(1.1) -1000>0 => (1.1) > 1000
e

4n+4 4(h+1) -15«-15-1

uru

12. 2 -15n-16 = 2
od

4sH+1
= (2’) -15 (« + !)-!
Yo
ad

n+1
= 16"^ ^-15(h + 1)-1
n

= (1 ^-15)"^^-15 (n + l)-l
ndi

n+1
Re

Ci(15) +”■' ^ C2 (15)^ +"■' ^C3(15)®+

«+l
F

Cq +
Fi

«H-1 n+1
+
^n+1 (15) -15 (n + l)-l

= jl+15 (h + 1) +
rt+1
C2 (15)^ +”■*■ ^ C3 (15)®+...+
n+1 n+1
C„.i(15)

-15(n + l)-l
n+ 1 n+ 1 n+ 1 n-l
= 225 C2 + C3 (15) +...+ ^n+ 1 (15)

- 225 X A natural number.

4n+4
Hence, 2 -15n -16 is divisible by 225.
17.4 GENERAL TERM AND MIDDLE TERMS IN A BINOMIAL EXPANSION
We have.
r r . , /I— ^0 n
{x + fl)” = "C„*%“ + "Cix
n- 1 1 n— n-

a + C2X fl +... + C.JJ X a

BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.15

We find that: The first term = Cqx a

H-1 1
The second term = x a

n n-2 2
The third term C2 X a

n— 3 3 j
The fourth term = x a , and so on.

We thus observe that the suffix of C in any term is one less than the number of terms, the index of
a: is n minus the suffix of C and the index of a is the same as the suffix of C.

Hence, the(r + l)th termisgivenby "Q x^~^ /.Thus,if jdenotes the (r +1)^*^ term, then

oww
n-r r
= Cr X a

This is called the general term, because by giving different values to r we can determine all terms
of the expansion.

e
FFrlo
Since, (x-fl)” -{x+ (-«)}”. So, the general term in the binomial expansion of (x-fl)" is given by

re
^r+l="Qx"-''(-fl/=(-l)^”Qx
n-r r

ree
a

F
In the binomial expansion of (1 + x)”, the general term is given by

rF
= "C, x''
fsoor
ouur
In the binomial expansion of (1 - x)”, the general term is given by
skf
= (-1/ "Q /
ooko
Yo

NOTE: In the binomial expansion o/(x + <7)”, the r*^' term from the end is ((n + l)-r + l)
Y
Bo

= {n-r + 2)th ter?n from the beginning.

reB

17.4.1 MIDDLE TERMS IN A BINOMIAL EXPANSION

The binomial expansion of (x + a)” contains {n +1) terms. Therefore,

uur
oY
ad

th
ft
(i) If n is even, then — +1 term is the middle term.
dY

th th

(ii) If n is odd, then ^

n + S
innd
Re

and terms are the two middle terms.

2 2
Fi
F

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

Type I ON FINDING THE GENERAL TERM OR AN INDICATED TERM IN THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION OF
SOME GIVEN EXPRESSION
^ 6
EXAMPLEi Write the general term in the expansion of{x - y) . [NCERT]

SOLUTION We have, (x^ - yf =

The general term in the expansion of the above binomial is given by
6,-. , 2',6-r r 6 12-2r r
[V T,^1="C, X
H-
Q (x ) (-#= (-1) Cr X y

12
2
EXAMPLE 2 Find the 10th term in the binomial expansion of 2x + —
xj
17.16 MATHEMATICS’XI

SOLUTION We know that the (r + l)th term in the expansion of (.r + fl)" is given by
= "Q a
12
( 2 1^
Therefore, in the expansion of lx + — , the tenth term T^q is given by
xj

2^12-9^
T10 = Z9+ 1
12
C9 (2x") Here: n = 12, r = 9, x = 2x^ and a = —
KxJ X

12 2x3 1 12 1
T’lO C9 (lx-) I X —
9
=
3
X J
12 8 12x11x10 1760 12 12
C9 - C3

ww
ho - C3 -3
X 3x2x1 X X
3

12
X 3a

Floo
EXAMPLE 3 Find the 9th term in the expansion of —
V a
x^

ee
SOLUTION We know that the (r + l)th term in the expansion of (x + af is given by

reer
n-T r

h + i = Cf x a

rFF
12
3a
uur r
Therefore, in the expansion of — , the 9th term Tg is given by
a
ffoor
2
X J
12-8 / 8 4 /■ ,8 4
sks
fx^ 3a 3a 12
12^ C4 X 3® X
12 X
h - ^8 + 1 Cs -
YYoo

=>
2 ^8 2 12
ooko

X J X J X

- /12- -12 4x0 8

eBB

T9 = ( C4 X a )3
Ax 5f
EXAMPLE 4 Find the 6th term in the expansion of 2
uurr
ad

T 9
Yo

4x 4:c 5 'l
SOLUTION Clearly, = < — +
2x
5 2x 5
dY
Re

x9-5
9^ f 4x 5f
nind

[V T,^i=:"Qx
n - r r-i
h = h^l== ^5 ~r a ]
5 j I 2xJ
FFi

^^6
f .
4x1
\4
(Ax^^f 5 f [V ^C5=^C4l
- ^ - - C4
-

.5 2x; I 5 / \
2x

9x 8x7 X 6 5= 5040
T'6 = - 4x 3x2x1 5^ / \
2®x® X

18

EXAMPLES Find 13th term in the expansion of 9x 3^x

^ ,x?6 0. INCERT]

SOLUTION Clearly,
xl8 18
1 -1
9x- = 9x +
3-fx [3^)
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.17

12 12
18-12 1 1
^13 “^12+1“ ^^^12
3^j 3^fx
18 18!
Q = 1216! = 18564
- Cg X y X X X <j
^2 X g

3f 3 X'
EXAMPLE 6 Find the 4th tenn from the end in the expansion of —^~~z
X o

SOLUTION Clearly, the given expansion contains 8 terms.

So, 4th term from the end =(8 - 4 + l)th =5th term from the beginning

w
7-4/ 3^
Required term =75 = T^+ ■[ 7cU4 f —3 X

Flo 3/
\3 / 'x\f 12 ^

e
?c^3 ~23 X
7x6x5 3^ x_ 35 6 ●●● V ^3

ree
— X
U4
j
6 3x2x1 6^ 48

FFr
y \

25
1
EXAMPLE 7 Find the 11 th term from the end in the expansion of 2x-—^
for .
ur
X

SOLUTION Clearly, the given expansion contains 26 terms.

kkss

So, 11th term from the end = (26 - 11 + l)th term from the beginning i.e. 16th term from the
Yo
ooo

beginning 15
1
eB

25 25-15
Required term = Tjg - \ Ci5 (2x) 2
-X ;
15 10
^ 2
ur

25 25
<^15^- 20
ad

30
X X
YYo

Type IJ ON FINDING THE MIDDLE TERM(S)

/ 2 2
d
Re

EXAMPLE 8 Find the middle term in the expansion of -x-

in

2a:,
F

\th
20
SOLUTION Here n = 20, which is an even number. So, +1 term i.e. 11th term is the
V 2
middle term.

3V"
20-10
20 2 2 20 10
Hence, themiddleterm =Tn =Tio+1 = ClO T ^ Cio X
\ ^ ^ 2x

X
3f
EXAMPLE 9 Find the middle tenns in the expansion of 3x-—-
6
.

_. . . ... X
sf
SOLUTION The given expression is 3x- —6 . Here n-7, which is an odd number.
17.18 MATHEMATICS-XI

th th
7+1 7 + 1
So, and + 1 i.e. 4th and 5th terms are two middle terms.
2 J 2

13
r4=r3+i=^C3(3xf-=' 3 7 105x
Now,
6
= (-l) C3(3x)^ - D 8

3)^ 3)^ 35 a*
15

T5=T^^.2=^Q(3x)
7-4 X
7f^ /n \3 X
and. = C4(3a) —■
I ' 6 48

13 15
105 A 35 a
Hence, the middle terms are - and
8 48

ww
III ON FINDING THE COEFFICIENT FOR A GIVEN INDEX (EXPONENT) OF THE VARIABLE
11
S')
EXAMPLE 10
Find the coefficient ofx^^ in the binomial expansion of 2x^ - , when x=^0.

Flo
xj

2 3^^

ee
10
SOLUTION Suppose (r + l)th term contains a in the binomial expansion of 2a —

rere
xj

r FF
11 2ai-r 3Y r 11
Now, ^r + 1 = Cr (2a") - = (-1) ...(i)
xj
uurr
10
foor
ifr.r+l contains a , then 22 - 3r = 10 ^ r = 4. So, (4 + l)th i.e. 5th term contains a^^.
ks s
Putting r = 4 in (i), we get
Yoo

Tj = (-1)“ "C42
11-4
x3^xa'0 ^ 11
C4 X 2^ X 3*^ X A
10
ooook

10 11
Coefficient of a C4 X 2^ X 3^
eBB

15
32 -17
EXAMPLE 11
Find the coefficients ofx and X in the expansion of a** -
uurr

I X J
ad
Yo

15
32 f 1
SOLUTION Suppose (r + l)th term involves a in the expansion of a^ —5
dY

_ - O
A
Re
innd

\r
15 4.15-r 1 r 15 60-7r
Now, .Tr + 1 Cr(^’) = (-l) Cr ^
3
FFi

For this term to contain a , we must have: 60 - 7r = 32 => r =4.

So, (4 + l)th i.e. 5th term contains x^^.

Putting r = 4 in (i), we get
Tg = (-1)^ ^^C4 ^
15 32
C4 A .
32 15
Coefficient of a C4 = 1365.
15
1
a^ -
-17
Suppose (s + l)th term in the binomial expansion of 3
contains a
^ J

15 4sl5-s 1 s 15 60-7s
Now, Ts Q (X-*)
+ 1
3 =(-i) Qa ...(ii)
^ X J
17.19
BINOMIALTHEOREM

-17
If this term contains x ,we must have: 60 - 7s - -17 ^ s==ll
-17
So, (11 + l)th i.e. 12th term contains x
Putting s =11 in (ii), we get
-17 15 -17
Ti2 = (-1)
11 15
Cii a:
-17 15
Cii X C4 X [v"C,=”C„_,]
-17 15
Coefficient of x C4 = -1365.
EXAMPLE 12 Find the coejficient ofx y in the expansion of{x + ly) . INCERT]

SOLUTION Suppose x^ y^ occurs in (r +1)^^ term of the expansion of {x + 2yf.

Now,

ww
9-r 9-r r

Tr + 1 = X (:r) X {2yf = X 2" X X xy

This will contain x^ y^, if 9 -r = 6 and r = 3 => r = 3

9! 9x8x7x6!

Flo
Coefficient of = ^C3 x 2^ = 3!6! x2^ =
3!x 6!
X 8 = 672

ee
40 2 27
EXAMPLE 13 Find the coefficient ofx^ in the expansion of{l + 2x + x ) .

rere
rFF
SOLUTION We have.
27

{(1 +
uur r
2x27 54
= {l + x)
(1 + 2x + x^)
foor
occurs in (r +1)*^ term in the expansion of (1 +
40
ks s
Suppose X
Yoo

54
oook

Now, + 1 Cr X
eBB

40 54
For this term to contain a:^, we must have r - 40. So, coefficient of x C40.

A LITER We know that the coefficient of in (1 + x)" is .

uurr

. /T v54 . 54,-n
ad

40
Coefficient of x m(l + x) IS C40.
Yo

11
6 I 2 3 '
Frove that there is no term involving x° in the expansion of 2x — , where r ^ 0.
dY

EXAMPLE 14
Re
innd

f
SOLUTION Suppose x^ occurs in (r+ 1)^^ term in the expansion of 2x — .
FFi

11 2xll-r sY 11
Cr (-I)" 2
11-r
s'" X
22- 3r
...(i)
Nov/, jT. ^ I Cr (2x-)
xj

For this term to contain x^, we must have: 22-3r = 6=> r ~ which is a fraction. But, r is

a natural number. Hence, there is no term containing x^.

Type IV ON FINDING THE TERM INDEPENDENT OF THE VARIABLE

10
f 2 1
EXAMPLE 15 Find the term independent ofx in the expansion of 3x
2x^J
SOLUTION Let (r + l)th term be independent of x in the given expression.
17.20 MATHEMATICS-XI

Now, =
10 1 10 10-r lY 20-5r
Q 3 X

[ 2x^ I 2j
This term will be independent of x, if 20 - 5r = 0 => r = 4.
So, (4 + l)th i.e. 5th term is independent of x. Putting r = 4 in (i), we get
10 10 X 9 X 8 X 7 729 76545
T5 = C4^ 3^ --2 4x 3x2x1
X
16 8
76545
Hence, required term =
8

EXAMPLE 16 Find the term independent ofx in the expansion of

n12 10

(i) fx-i (ii)

f
2x-±
1

ww
X)

SOLUTION (i) Let (r + l)th term be independent of X in the given expression.

Floo
\r
12 12-rT 1 12 12-2r
Now, T^+j CrX Q X
X)

ee
For this term to be independent of x, we must have 12 - 2r = 0 =^> r = 6.

reer
rFF
So, (6 + l)th i.e. 7th term is independent of x. Putting r = 6 in (i), we get
12
Ce (-1)*^ =
12
T7 =
uur r
Hence, required term =
12
C6
ffoor
(ii) Let (r + l)th term be independent of x in the given expression.
sks

1Y
YYoo

10 10-r T 10 10-r 10-2r

ooko

Now, Tr+i = Cr (2x) X - =(-i) Cr2 ...(i)

X^
eBB

For this term to be independent of x, we must have 10 - 2r = 0 => r = 5.

So, (5 + l)th i.e. 6th term is independent of x. Putting r = 5 in (i), we get
uurr

5 10 10-5 10 10x9x8x7x6
Te = (-1) C5.2 Csx2^ = X 32 = - 8064
ad

5x4x3x2xl
Yo

Hence, required term = - 8064

dY

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

Re
ind

Type 1 ON FINDING THE UNKNOWN WHEN A RELATION BETWEEN TWO OR MORE TERMS IS GIVEN.
FFin

EXAMPLE 17 Find n, if the ratio of thefifth term from the beginning to the fifth term from the end in
( 1
the expansion of ^ + -^ isfe-A. INCERT]
¥3
SOLUTION We find that
th
Fifth term from the end = (n +1 - 5 +1)term from tlie beginning
= (n - 3) term from the beginning
4 n-4
«-4 /●

Cif/2
1
= ”C4x2 4 xi3
n
Now, 75 -T4+ 1 =
^
\«-4
n-(n-4)/ j
I
n n 1
and. ^n-3 “^(h-4)+ 1 = = 'r «-4 X 2x
1^3 n-4

3 4
BINOMIALTHEOREM 17.21

^5 V6
It is given that —
«-3 1
«-4
1
>/6 =>2 n-4 ^ n-4 ^
n
C4 X 2 4 X —
^ 3 4 X 3 4 . L.4 - _4
n-4 I
n
4
C„ _ 4 X 2 X 3
n-8 ?j - 8

2 4 X 3 4
«-8 n -8
n-8
(2x3) 4 =6^/^ =>6 4 = 6^/2

ooww
= —=> ji-8=2=> n = 10
4 2
50
EXAMPLE 18 Find a, if 17th and 18th terms in the expansion of{2 + a) are equal. INCERT]

SOLUTION We have,
34 16
%=ri6+l=“Ci6(2)
50-16 16 50

e
a
C16 X 2 X a

ree
and,

rFl
^18=^17+1=
50
^17
50-17
a
17 50
C 17 X 2'
33
X fl
17

Fre
It is given that 17^^ and 18*^ terms are equal.

rrF
i.e. T^':’
17 =7i8
50 34 16 50,.. 33 .17
ouur
C16 X 2 X a sffoo
^17 X 2” X fl

50c 16 a
17
50! 331171
X 2 =
17
X 2=1
X 2 = ^ a =
34116!^ 50!
okks
50 16 34
^17 a
Yo
oo

Tijpe II ON MIDDLE TERM{S) IN A GIVEN EXPANSION

Y
BB

2n .
EXAMPLE 19 Show that the middle term in the expansion o/(l + x) IS
rre

l-3-5...{2n-l) t -X [NCERT]
«!
ouu
YY
ad

SOLUTION The exponent of (1 + x) in (1 + x)^ is an even number lit

sth
2n 2n
i.e. {n +1) term is the middle term in the binomial expansion of (1 + x) .
dd

So, y + 1
Re
iinn

2ii 2n - « n 2n n (2n)! n
Now, T.n+ 0.(1) X X
F

1 - n
(2n-«)!«!
1 - 2 ● 3 ● 4 ● 5 ● 6... (2m - 3) (2n - 2) (2n -1) (2«) X
H

n!n!

|l-3-5...(2n-3) (2«-l)|| 2-4-6..

. (2m-2)(2w)| .1

n\n\

|i-3-5...(2m-3) (2n-l)||l-2-3...(n-l) («)|2” n\n\

n

|l-3-5...(2n-3) (2«~1)|m!-2
n n
● X
1-3-5...(2n-l) 2”x"
n\n\ n!
17.22
MATHEMATtCS-XI

,2«
/ 1
EXAMPLE 20 Show that the middle term in the expansion of x — IS

l-3-5...(2;i-l) n
(-2) [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
n\
7n th
( 1 2n th
SOLUTION The exponent in x — is an even natural number. So, — +1 i.e. (rt +1)
\ xj 2

term is the middle term and is given by

iT
n
2n 2n-n n (-1) l-2-3-4-5-6...(2n-l)(2n) n
^1+ 1 - C„ W X X
x(-l)

oww
n
n! nl X n\n\

^n+ 1 -
|l-3-5...(2«-l) II 2-4-6...
(2«-2)(2«)} x(-l) n

nlnl

|l-3-5...(2n-l) ||l-2-3...(n-l)

e
FFrlo
re
ti
+ 1 - ' x(-l)
n!rt!

Free
l-3-5...(2«-l) 2tl / ●! xrt l-3-5...(2«-l) n
+ 1 - X (-1) = x(-2)
;i! n\

rF
2ji
EXAMPLE 21 Prove that the coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of{l + is equal to the
oor
ouur
2n-l
kffs
su7n of the coefficients of middle terms in the expansion of [\ + x) INCERT]
2it
SOLUTION As discussed in the previous example, the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)
kos
Yo

is given by .t”.
ooo
Y

n
BB

So, the coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)^ is n

re

2n-l
Novkf, consider the expansion of (1 + x) . Here, the index (2n -1) is odd.
uur
oY

th
ad

\th
(2/i-l) + l (2n-l) + l th
So, and + 1 i.e. « and (n +1) terms are middle terms.
dY

2 2

(l)(2n-l)-(n-l) ^
1-1 2n-l n-1
Now,
innd

-^(n~l)+ 1 = ^j-1
Re

2h-1 2n-l
Fi

n
F

and. '^n+ 1 C„n X

2n~l ln-1^
So, the coefficients of two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x) are
Qj-1 and
‘
2n-l
C...

Sum of these coefficients = 2/t-V

2tt-l
+ Cn

2n tt+ 1
n ~ Cn [V + Q]
2n
= Coefficient of middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)
Tijpe III ON FINDING THE COEFFICIENT OF A GIVEN EXPONENT OF THE VARIABLE
EXAMPLE 22 Find the coefficient ofx^ in the expansion of the product (1 + 2x)^ {1 -x)^. (NCERT)

SOLUTION We have.
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.23

1 + % (2x) + ^C2 (2:*:)^ + (2xf + {2xf + % {2xf + (2j:)^|

4i- 7Ci:c-.^C2:t"-"C3x3H-^C4:.^-^C5X^+...
= (1 + 12x + 60x^ +160x^ + 240x^ + 192x^ +...)
X (1 -7x + 21x^ - 35x^ + 35x^ -21x^ +...)
Coefficient of x^ in the product = 1 x (-21) +12 x 35 + 60 x (-35) +160 x 21 + 240 x -7 +192 x 1
= - 21 + 420 - 2100 + 3360 -1680 +192 = 171

oww
10

EXAMPLE 23
Find the value of a so that the term independent ofx in + “y is 405.

10
f
SOLUTION Let (r + 1)* term in the expansion of +-^

e
be independent of x.

FrFlo
re
Now,

Free
10 10-r
/
a
.
10
5-^:
Tr.l Cr {^) Cr X 2 a

rF
2

This will be independent of x, if fsfoor

ouur
5_I_2r = 0 => 5-— = 0 => 5 = — ^ r = 2
kosk
2 2 2
10
Putting r = 2 in (i), we get: T3 = C2
Yo
oo

It is given that the term independent of x is equal to 405.

Y
BB

C2 a^ = 405 => 45fl^ = 405 => = 9 => a = ± 3

10
rre

Type IV PROBLEMS RELATING TO COEFRCIENTS IN A BINOMIAL EXPANSION

In solving the problems relating the coefficients in the binomial expansion we generally use the
oYuu
ad

following results:
(i) Coefficient of (r + l)th term in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)" is "C^.
dY

(ii) Coefficient of x^ in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)” is .

innd
Re

(iii) Coefficient of./ in the expansion of (1 - x)“ is (-1)^ "C^ .

(iv) Coefficient of (r +1) th term in the expansion of (1 - x)” is (-1)^ ”Cr.
Fi
F

, prove that the coefficients ofa'^ and a" are equal.

m + n
EXAMPLE 24 In the binomial expansion of{I +1^)
[NCERT]
SOLUTION Let A and B be the coefficients of a”^ and <?” respectively in the expansion of
rn+n
(l+«) .Then,
m + n m + n (m + n)!
A - Coefficient of a”‘ in the binomial expansion of (1 + a) Cm
mini
...(i)

m+ n m + n (m + n)l
B = Coefficient of fl” in the binomial expansion of (1 + /?) C„
mini
...(ii)

m + n
Clearly, A = B i.e. the coefficients of fl"' and a" in the binomial expansion of (1 + a) are equal.
2h-1
EXAMPLE 25 Provethatthecoefficientsofx" in {\ + x)^ is twice the coefficient of x'^ in (1 + x)
INCERTl
17.24 MATHEMATICS-XI

2n
SOLUTION Let A and B be the coefficients of in the binomial expansions of (1 + x) and
2«-l
(1 + x) respectively. Then,
2n 2n {2n)\ (2n)(2n-l)! o {2n-V)\
A = Coefficient of x' in (1 + x) cn ~
n\n\ n{n-l)\n\ (n-l)!rt!
and.
2ji - 1 2« - 1 (2n-l)!
B = Coefficient of x” in (1 + x) Cn -(ii)
(«-l)!n!

From (i) and (ii), we find that:

2n 2JI-1
A = 2B i.e. Coefficient of x” in (1 + x) = 2 X Coefficient of x" in (1 + x)

loow w
EXAMPLE 26 /?i the binomial expansion of (a + bf\ the coefficients of the fourth and thirteenth terms are
equal to each other. Find n.
SOLUTION The coefficients of the fourth and thirteenth terms in the binomial expansion of

ree
(a + b)’^ are ”C3 and respectively. It is given that:
»

F
Coefficient of 4th term in (f? + = Coefficient of 13th term m{a + b)
n
r FF
C3 =”Ci2 => n = 15 [v => x = ij,orx + y=n]
rre
fofr oF
EXAMPLE 27 Find a positive value of m for which the coefficient ofx^ in the expansion of{l + xf" is 6.
u
ks
[NCERT]
YYouro

SOLUTION We know that the coefficient of x^ in (1 + x)” is . Therefore, coefficient of x^ in

s oo

(1 + x)”’ is ”*C2- It is given that the coefficient of x^ in (1 + x)^ is 6.

eeBBook

, '»C2=6^^^^^=6
^ 2!
r
ouru

=> 7n^-m =12 => riP' -m-12 = 0 => {m - A} {m + 3) =0 => m - 4 = 0 m = 4.

ad

[●.■ m + 3 0]
Yo

EXAMPLE 28 If the Coefficients of{r - and (2r -1)^^ terms in the expansion of (1
34
+ .x) are equal,
find r. INCERTl
d
Re

of (1 + x)" is ”C^ _ j.
iYn

SOLUTION We know that the coefficient of term in the expansion

FFind

Therefore, Coefficients of (r - 5)^^* and (2r -1)^^' terms in the expansion of (1 + x) ^ are r-6
34
and C2r _ 2 respectively. It is given that these coefficients are equal
34
Cr - 6 _
-
34,-.
‘“2r - 2

r-6 =2r-2 or, r - 6 + 2r - 2 = 34 = ”Cg => r = s OT, r + s =n

3r - 8 = 34 [-.● r - 6 = 2r - 2 ^ r = - 4, which is not possible]
3r=42 => r=14

Type V PROBLEMS BASED ON CONSECUTIVE TERMS OR CONSECUTIVE COEFFICIENTS

If consecutive terms or coefficients of consecutive terms in the expansion of (x + aff are given,
we assume that the consecutive terms are , (r +1)* and (r + 2)'^ i.e. 7J- , 7^ + j and + 2-
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.25

T.r+ 1 n-r +1 a
In case of consecutive terms, we find and— . It should be noted that
Tr ^r-l Tr r X

th Ih
r coefficient
and
(r +1) coefficient
In case of consecutive coefficients, we find the ratios — th th
(r +1) coefficient (r + 2) coefficient
etc. to get equations and solve them. In computing these ratios, we may use the following
results:
n
n c r+
_ n-r + 1 and
1 n-r

cTZ
n n
r + 1
r
Cr

ooww
EXAMPLE 29 The coefficients of three consecutive terms in the expansion o/(l + x)” are in the ratio
1:7:42. Findn. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let the three consecutive terms be rth, (r+l)th and (r + 2)th terms. Their
coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)”are”Cr _ i/”Cr and j respectively. It is given that,

ee
n n
Cr 7
^ = 1 and

r
rFFl
ree
H
= l:7:42.i.e.

F
n n
Cr 7 C r+1 42

rF
n
Cr-1 1 r 1 n-r + 1
= - => n-8r + l = 0
Now, fsfoor
ouur
n n
7 n~r+l 7
Cr Q-i r
kosk
n
r + 1 Cr+ 1
5l_ - Z
n-r
Yo

and, — => n-7r-6 = 0 ...(ii)

oo

n
n
42 6 r + 1
Y

Cf + 1
n -r
Q
BB

Solving (i) and (ii), we get r = 7 and n = 55.

rre

EXAMPLE 30 In the binomial expansion of{l + xf, the coefficients of the fifth, sixth and seventh terms
ouu
Y
ad

are in A.P. Find all values ofn for which this can happen.
dY

SOLUTION The coefficients of fifth, sbcth and seventh terms in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)

C5 and "C^ respectively. We are given that ”€4 , "C5 and

n ti

are in A.P.
11/^
are C 4'
innd
Re

2 "C5 = "C4 + "Ce

Fi
F

n «

2 = C4 +
C6
[Dividing both sides by ”05]
H n

C5 "C5

2 =
5
+
n -5 ”cy _ n-r + l
n
«-4 6
Cr-l r

30 + (n-4) (n-5)
2 =
6 (n - 4)

12n-48 = 30 + «^-9n + 20 «^-21tt + 98=0 => (n-14)(n-7) = 0 => n = 7,14.

- 1 r r + 1
EXAMPLE 31 If the coefficients ofd ,a ,a in the binomial expansion o/(l + of are in A.P., prove
that n^ - n (4r + 1) + 4r^ - 2 = 0. [NCERTl
17.26 MATHEMATICS-XI

SOLUTION The coefficients of d \ d and a

r+ 1 n
in the binomial expansion of (1 + a) are

n n
Cr_i/ Q and "C r + I respectively. It is given that _y and "C^ + j are in A.P.
2"C, =
n n
Q-i Q+ 1
2 = +
w n
Cr Cr
n
r n -r
Q « -r +1
2 = +
« -r +1 r + 1 n

Cr-1 r

2 =
r(r + l) + (n-r) {n-r + 1)
(r + 1) (n-r + 1)

ww
2|(«-r + l) (r + 1)} = r (r +1) + (n - r) (n - r +1)
2 2 2 2

Flo
2nr-2r +2n + 2=r +r + n -2nr+r +n-r

-4«r-J7 + 4r^-2 = 0 => -n(4r + 1) + 4r^-2 =0

ee
rere
EXAMPLE 32 The coefficients of{r - rth and (r +1)^^* terms in the expansion of{x + 1)" are in the

rFF
ratio 1:3:5. Find n and r. [NCERT]
uur r
the expansion of (jr + 1)” is _ i-
SOLUTION We know that the coefficient of rth term in
foor
Therefore, coefficients of (r-1)*^, r^^ and (r + 1)^ terms are "Q
n
_ 1 and ”C^
sks
2 '
Yoo

respectively. It is given that

oook

n
Q_2:”C,_i:"Q =1:3:5
eBB

Q-1_3
n n
Cr = — and
n-r + 1
— and
n-r+2 3 Q n-r + 1
n n n

Cr-l 3 Cr_2 ^ 3 r-1 1

Cr-l
uurr

r r
ad

^ 3n-8r + 3 = 0 and n-4r+5 = 0 ^ n=7 and r = 3

Yo
dY

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

Re
innd

Type I ON FINDING THE UNKNOWN WHEN THE VALUE OF A TERM IS GIVEN

FFi

fl ●oglO^
EXAMPLE 33 If the third term in the expansion of —+ a: is 1000, then ifnd x.
X

SOLUTION We have, T3 = 1000

T2+ 1 = 1000
n5-2
VC2 fl- = 1000 => 10(a:^°S10^)2 X X
-3
= 1000
V xj
■

loglO ^ -3 21ogiox-3
X X = 100 ^ X
= 10^ => 2 logio X - 3 = 10^
2 2
21ogio^-3 = => 2y - 3 = —, where y = logio X
logic ^ y
1
2y^-3y-2 = 0 (2y +1)(y-2) = 0 => y = 2 or y = -~
^ 2
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.27

1
loSlO ^ = 2or,logio3: = “=> ^ = 10^ = 100 or, a: =10
VTo'
6
1 1

EXAMPLE 54
Ij the fourth term in the expansion of ■ \ ^ ^ + X 12 ● is equal to 200 and x>l,

then find x.
SOLUTION It is given that T4 = 200
=> T3+ 1 = 200
6-3 3/2
.. J 1

ww
=>
3 .
1
(X
V12^3
y =200 => 20 ^logA:+ 1 =200

]j^losx^l

Flo
3 1 1
+ -

e
2 log X + 1
^=10^1 1

j = logx 10

eree
^ X +

2[lo$x + l^

FFr
3
3 1 1 1
+ 1=2. where y = logm x
uurr
H —

2^1ogioA: + l 4 logio X 2(y + l) 4 y' ^

orr
sfo
6 +y+l
= 1 => y^ + 3y-4 = 0 => (y + 4) (y-1) = 0=> y = 1,-4
4(y + l) y
kks
Yoo

=> logj^o X = I, -4=> x=10or, x = 10"^=> x = 10 Iv x>ll

oooo

EXAMPLE 35 For what value of x is the ninth term in the expansion of

eBB

10

^log3^
x-1
+ 7
+ 3(-l/8)log3(5'^ 1+1) is equal to 180?
urr
ad
YYo

SOLUTION We know that ^ =N.

10
dd

x-1 10
x-1
+ 7 1/8
Re

^25-’'”l+7 +(5
+ 1) x-1
g(-1/8) logs (5
inn

+ + 1)
F

Let Tg be the 9th term in the above expansion. Then,

Tg = 180
8

Cg 1^25^-'+7| |(5^-' + ir^^®}

10
= 180

+ 7) (5"^"1+1)"1 = 180
10 x-1
Cg (25
y^+7
x-1
45(25"" 1+7) = 180 =>
25 + 7
= 4 => = 4, where y = 5
x-1

5^"l + 1 5^“i +1 y +1

y^-4y+3 = 0=i> (y-3)(y-l) = 0=> y = 3,-1

x-1 x-1
5 = 3 or, 5 = 1 => 5^ = 15 or, 5^ = 5 => X = logs x-1.
17.28 MATHEMATICS-XI

if
EXAMPLE 36 If the fourth term in the expansion of ax + —
X IS ^, then find the values ofa and n.
SOLUTION It is given that

I => "C3 (ot) -3fif "

n 5 «- 3

2 ^ 2

Clearly, RHS of the above equality is independent of x. Therefore, n-6 = 0 => n = 6.

Putting n = 6 in (i), we get
3 5 6x5x43 5 3 1 1
Cr>a = - => a a => a
2 3x2x1 2 8 2

ooww
Hence, a= — and 11 = 6.
2

Type IT ON MIDDLE TERM (S) IN A BINOMIAL EXPENSION

EXAMPLE 37 Find the value of a for which the coefficients of the middle terms in the expansions of

e
(1 + ca)^ and (1 - ccr)^ are equal, find a.

ree
rFl
SOLUTION In the expansion of (1 + ox)^. Middle term = ^€2 (otx)^ = 6a2 ..2

Fre
rrF
In the expansion of (1 -ca)^. Middle term = ^C3 (-co:)^ =-20 x^
It is given that:
ouur
sffoo
Coefficient of the middle term in (1 + cu:)^ = Coefficient of the middle term in (1 - co:)^
okks

6ct^=-20a^ ^ a = 0, a = - —
Yo

10
ooo

10
BB

1 63
EXAMPLE38 If the middle term in the binomial expansion of —+ xsinx is equal to —,find the
rr e

value ofx. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ouu

nIO th
ad
YY

fl 10
SOLUTION In the binomial expansion of — + xsin x —+ 1 i.e. 6th term is the middle
) V2
dd

term. It is given that

Re
iinn

.p 63
■‘6
8
F

n10-5
10 fl 63
^5 (x sin =
8

10! , . ,5 63 , . .5 I 1 , 1 . n / i\H ^ >7

(sm x) = — (sm x) = - => smx = —= sm—=> x=nn+{-l) —,neZ
5!5! 8 2> 2 6 6

Type III ON COEFFICIENTS OF TERMS IN A BINOMIAL EXPANSION

\tn
3
EXAMPLE 39 The sum of the coefficients of first three terms in the expansion of x —j /X 0,

m being a natural number, is 559. Find the term of the expansion containing x^. INCERT]
SOLUTION We have.

3f
Nffl
\tn
3 m r' m m,-. m-1 3 1 m-2 0 3
CqX + CiX 2 + C2X 2 2
X ) K X J < X ; ^ X
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.29

V"
3 -2m
Cq x'" + (- 3 X '"C^) JC 3+(9x”'C2)x'"-S... + "'C„(- 3fxx
m m -
X -
2
X )

Clearly, the coefficients of first three terms are: ^”Cq , - 3 x '”Cj and 9 x '”C2
It is given that the sum of these coefficients is 559.
Cn - 3 X '"Ci + 9 X "'C2 =559
m

9m (m -1)
1 - 3m + =559 => 2 - 6m9m (m-1) =1118
2

9m^-15m-1116 = 0 => 3m^-5m-372 = 0

3m^ - 36m + 31m - 372 = 0 => 3m(m-12) + 31 (m-12) = 0

ww
{m-12)(3m+ 31) = 0 =i* m = 12 [●.● meN 3m + 31 0]
Suppose (r +1)^^ term contains x^.
Now,

Flo
\r
m- 3r 12 12- 3r
’^r + 1 ~ ='”Cr(-Sfx Q(-3)'’x [v m = 12]

ee
K X J

rere
This will contain x^, if 12 - 3r = 3 i.e. r = 3. Putting r = 3 in

rFF
r + j, we get

C3 (-3)^x^^"^=-5940j:^
12
Required term = 15 =
uur r
ffoor 11 11
( 1 , -7 . 1
EXAMPLE 40 FiW the coefficient ofx^ in ax'^ + — and X in ax - and find the relation
sks
V bx) bx^,
Yoo
ooko

between a and b so that these coefficients are equal.

11
eBB

SOLUTION Suppose x^ occurs in (r +1)*^^ term of the expansion of ax^ + —bx)

Now,
uurr
ad

(1
Cj. a n-r^-r ^22-3r
11 2vll-r 11
Cr {ax ) -(i)
Yo

bx
dY

This will contain X ,if

Re

22 - 3r = 7 => 3r = 15 => r = 5.
innd

Putting r = 5 in (i), we obtain that

FFi

11
7 f 2 1 11 r’ .,6 ,,-5
Coefficient of x in the expansion of ax + — IS
C5 A 0 .
bx^
11
—7 th 1
Supposes occurs in (r +1)" term of the expansion of ax
bx^j ■
\r
11 11-r 1 11 11-r 11- 3r
Now, +i Cr (ax) Cr a (-1/ b~^ X (ii)

_ y
This will contain x , if
11 - 3r = -7 =i> 3r = 18 r = 6.

Putting r = 6 in (ii), we obtain that

17.30 MATHEMATICS-XI

_ 7
Coefficient of x in the expansion of ax -

bx^,
If the coefficient of x
7
in ax
2
+ —
iV'
i 1
is equal to the coefficient of x in ax - , then
bx
bx^j
11
Csa^b~^ = =>
11 11
“Cs =
11
ab = Cg => = 1 C6
2n

EXAMPLE 41 If x^ occurs in the expansion of x^ +— , prove that its coefficient is

ww
{2n)\
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
An~p 2n + p
{ 3 I 3

Flo n2ji

ee
SOLUTION Suppose x^ occurs in (r +1)^ term in the expansion of x^ + —
xj

rere
rFF
2n 2n 4}}-3r
Now, Trr+ 1 Cr (X^) Cr X
uur r
X
V foor /

4n-p
For this term to contain x^, we must have 4n-3r = p => r =
3
sks

4« -p
Yoo

2n
Coefficient of x^ = “‘Cr where r =
oook

3
(2n)\ An-p
eBB

, where r =
(2n-r)!r! 3

(2n)! (2n)!
uurr

'4«-p 2« + p' 4« -p
ad

2n-
An -p I I r
Yo

{ 3 ) 3 / I 3 / \ 3 )
dY

EXAMPLE 42 Find the coefficient ofx” in the expansion of (1 + x) (1 - x)”.

Re
innd

SOLUTION Coefficient of x" in (1 + x) (1 - x)

n
FFi

H-1
= Coefficient of x” in (1 - x)” + Coefficient of x
n
in(l -x)
H -1 n
= (-1)" "C„+{-l) C„-i= (-1)" (i-«)
A 9 11
EXAMPLE 43 Find the coefficient of X in the expansion of {I + x + x +x ) .
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION (1 + X + X^ + x^)^^ = {(1 + x) + X^(l + x)l^^ = 1(1 + X) (1 4- X^)^^l =(1 + x)^’ (1 + X^)^^
Co x^ x^ xS^'Cs xV..l X
11

'^Co+''Cix2+i1c2(x2)2+''C3(x2)^4....
Coefficient of x^ in (1 + x + x^ + x^)^ = ^^Cox^1C2-^”C2X^1Ci4-“C4x'^Co
= 55 + 55x11 + 330 = 990
BINOMIALTHEOREM 17.31

EXAMPLE 44 If the coefficients of x and in the expansion of (1 + x)"^ (1 - a:)” are 3 and ~ 6
respectively. Find the values ofm and n.
SOLUTION We have,
(1 + xf^ (1-x)
H

Cq Cl X + "C2 X^
/ 1 vH n

Co + '"Cj ;c + ""C2 +.... + "'C,,, 'x

m m n
X + (-1) Q, X

Co''Cl-"Co "'CiV +
m m

Co "Co -
m
Cq C-2 + Uq L-2 - L-i L-i X +

oww
It is given that the coefficients of x and x^ in the expansion of (I + x)”' (I - x)" are 3 and - 6
respectively.
m
Cl "Ci = -6
m
.nir- «r- m

“V Oq L-i - L-o Cl) = 3 and, Lq O2 + Oq (-2

e
m - n = 3 and « («-l) + m(m-l) -Imn- -12

m-n = 3 and (m-n)^ -(m + n) =-l2 => m-« = 3 andm+n = 2l

re
=> m =12,« = 9

FFrllo
Type IV ON FINDING THE TERM INDEPENDENT OF THE VARIABLE

rF
EXAMPI.E 45 Find the coefficient of the term independent of x in the expansion of

ee
lO
ouru x + l x-l

rF
SOLUTION We have, fosor
os kf
x + l x-l x-l
1/2
x2/3.;,V3^1
ook
Yo

x-x
Y

x'/2 + l ( X 1/2
Bo

1/3 2/3 .1/3 -I

+ 1) + 1)
reeB

-X

x^/^-x'/^+l x^/2 1/2 _i

ouY

X
ur
ad

= ;,V3^j_j_^-l/2^^1/3_^-V2
dYo

.10
nidn

x + l x-l
Re

x^'^-xV^+1 x-x^'^
F
Fi

.10.
1/3 1/2
Let + 1 be the general term in x Then,

lO-r _ r
- l/2^r
10
C, (-!)'■ (X )' =(-!)'' ^°Cr X 3 2
For this term to be independent of x, we must have
10-r _ Lr = 0=> 20-2r-3r = 0=>r = 4
3 2
10
So, required coefficient = C4(-l)^ = 210.
EXAMPLE 46 Find the greatest value of the term independent of x in the expansion of
10
cos a
X sm a + , where a e R.
X
17.32 MATHEMATICS-XI

th
SOLUTION Let (r +1) term be independent of x.
10 10-r COS a 10 10-2r 10-r
Now, .Tr + 1 Cr (JT sin a)
X
Cr X (sin a) (cos a)^

If it is independent of x, then r ~ 5.
10
C5 (sin a cos a)^ =
10
Term independent oix = = C5 X 2 ^ (sin 2 a)^
10 10!
Clearly, it is greatest when 2 a = n/2 and its greatest value is C5 X 2-5 =
2^ (5!)^
Type V ON COEFFICIENTS OF TERMS IN A BINOMIAL EXPANSION
5 21 22 30
EXAMPLE 47 Find the coefficient of X in the expansion of {I + x) + (1 + +...-f (1 +
SOLUTION We have,

ww
(l + x)^^ + (l + x)^ + ... + (l + x)
30

10
21 (1 + x) -1 31 21

Floo
= (1+A-r -a+x)
(l + x)-l

ree
.'. Coefficient of x^ in the given expression = Coefficient of in 1 j(l + x)
31 21
-a + x)
lx [

rFee
= Coefficient of in j (1 + x)
31 21
-(1 + ^)

rF
rur
3V 21 ^
ffoor
= ^6“ ^6
EXAMPLE 48 Find the coefficient ofx^^ after simplifying and collecting the like terms in the expansion
s
osk
YYoou

o/(l + ;r)™ ^x{l+xf^^ ^x^il + xf^^ +...+ X

1000
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
oook

SOLUTION Let S = (l + x)^°°° + x(l + x)^^ + x^(l+x)^^®

1000
eBB

+ ...+ ;c . Clearly, it is a G.P.

consisting of 1001 terms with first term (1 + and common ratio .
1 +x
uur r

1001
ad

X
1-
Yo

1001 1001
1000 1 + x 1000 (1+^) -X 1001 1001
S = (l + x) ● =(1+^) ■

1000
● =(1+T) -x
X
H + X)
dY

1-
Re

1 + x^
idn
FFin

in S = Coefficient of in j (1 + x)
50 1001 1001
Coefficient of x -X

50 1001 1001
= Coefficient of x in (1 + x) ^50-
-1 { 1Y'
EXAMPLE 49 If n is a positive integer, find the coefficient of X ^ in the expansion of {\ + xf^ 1+— .
X)

SOLUTION Clearly, [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

n 2n
(1 + X)
x”
n
X) X

2n
●1 A" -1 (1 + x)
Coefficient of x in (14- x)” 1 + - = Coefficient of x in
X) X

tl-1 2n 2n^
= Coefficient of x in (1 + x) -
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.33

2/J-l
EXAMPLE 50 // in the expansion of(l - x) , the coefficient ofx is denoted by a^, then prove that
(V-l + «2»-r =0-
SOLUTION We have,
- 1 2;i - 1
= Coefficient of ^ in (1 - x)
2n-\
= (-If Cr-1
2/z-r 2)1-1 In-r 2JI-1
^2ii -r ~ Coefficient of x in (1 - x) = (-l) C2n-r
-1 2«-l 2?i-r 2)1-1
■■ ^-1 + ^2«-r= (-1)^ C2)!-r
r-12)i-l In -r 2)J-1
= (-1) C(2«-l)-(r-l) (~1) C2)i-r [V ”Q="C„_,]
-1 2n-l -r 2/1-1 2«
= {-If c 2n-r + (-l) Cz/i-r [V (-1)"‘=11

w
1
= ((-if'’+(-1) r,'} 2n- 1^ -1 2)1-1
^2«-r = (-If C2n-r
(-If

Flo
2r-l
(-1) + 1 2)1-1 -1+1 2n-l 2r-l

ee
C2n-r C2n-r - 0 [V (-1) = -l]
(-If (-1)^

Fr
Type VI ON CONSECUTIVE TERMS AND THEIR COEFFICIENTS
EXAMPLE 51 If ay 02, a^, a^ be the coefficients of four for consecutive terms in the expansion o/(l + xf,
ur
then prove that: + ^ 2^2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^2 ^3
ks
Yo

SOLUTION Let ay 02, a^, a^ be the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms viz. the rth, the (r + l)th,
oo

the (r + 2)th and the (r + 3)th terms. Then,

eB

^1 - Cr _ 1 / 02= Cf , 03 - C r + ^ and ^4 — C^ 2
.Or 11+ 1 ^ ^ nr- , n+ 1
Now, fll + ^2 — Cf _ 2 + Cf. — cr ' ^2 + - Cr + Cr + 1 C) + 1
r

0/- . Or n+ 1
ou

and. Cr
ad

^3 + U4 = Cr + 1 + + 2 - + 2

n n
Y

c./●-I Cr + 1
+
n+ 1 11+1
^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 Cr cr
nd

+ 2
Re

n n
Cr-1 Cr+ 1
Fi

Lr — ● Cr-1
JJ + l'l « + l r

Cr-1
n

r
Cr + 1
r + 2
/ \

r r + 2 r + 1
= 2 ...(i)
?i +1 n +1 « + l

)i n

2^2_ Cr Cr r + 1
and. = 2
)i+ 1
= 2
n + 1
= 2 ●(ii)
n + 1
O2 + ‘’S Cr + 1
r + 1

From (i) and (ii), we obtain

a-^ - +
^3 2fl2
i?l + ^2 ^3 4" *^4 ^2 4" ^3
17.34 MATHEMATICS-XI

EXAMPLE 52 The 3^^, 4^^’ and 5^^ terms in the expansion of(x + fl)” are respectively 84, 280 and560,
find the values of x, a and n.
SOLUTION It is given that: 73 = 84, T4 = 280 and I5 = 560
We have.
n n-r T
Cj. X a n-r + 1 a
n-r +1 r-1
Tr
n
C r-1 ^ , a r X

74 _ - 2 . —a and
, Tr
=
n-3 a
3 X T4 4 X

280 n-2 a 560 n-3 a

84 3 X
and
280 4 X
[: 73 = 84,74 = 280 and 75 =560]
10 n-1 a 2 n-3 a
.- and — =

ww
3 3 X 1 4 X

a 10 a 8 10 8
and — = =>5«-15 = 4n-8^« = 7
X n-2 X n-3 n-2 n-3

Floo
a 10 a 10
Putting n = 7 in — = we get: — - — ^ 2x = a
n-2 '

ree
X X 5

Now, 73 = 84

rFee
n n-2 2
C2 a: a = 84

rF
rur
^C2 x^{2xf = 84 [: a = 2x and n=7]
ffoor
21 X 2"^ X / = 84 => / = 1 => a: = 1
s
osk
YYoou

fl = 2AT = 2xl =2
oook

Hence, n = 7,a = 2 and x = 1.

eBB

Type VII ON APPLICATIONS OF BINOMIAL THEOREM

1/5 . ,.1/I0v55
EXAMPLE 53 How many terms are free from radical signs in the expansion of{x +y
uur r
ad

SOLUTION The general term in the expansion of jg given by

Yo

■S5-r
55 1/10 55 ll-r/5 r/10
7r + 1 Cr y => 7r+ 1 Cr X y
dY
Re
idn

Clearly, 7^ ^ ^ will be free from radical signs, if - and — are integers for 0 < r < 55
FFin

r = 0,10, 20, 30, 40,50.

Hence, there are 6 terms in the expansion of (x V5 ,

+ y Yvhich are independent of radical
signs.
1024
EXAMPLE 54
Find the number of integral terms in the expansion of 5 1/2 _^7l/8
1024
1/2 1/8
SOLUTION The general term 7J. + j in the expansion of 5 +7 is given by
1024-r 512-
Cr 5^^^ 7I/8 2 7^/8
1024 1024
7r+ 1 Cr 5
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.35

\r/8
( 4
=. 5512-r|
1024 512-r
r.r+ 1 Q 5 X 5^x7

Clearly, ^ will be an integer, iff

/

is an integer such that 0 < r < 1024

r is a multiple of 8 satisfying 0 <r <1024 ^ r = 0, 8,16, 24,, 1024

r can assume 129 values.
1024
1/2
Hence, there are 129 integral terms in the expansion of 5

EXERCISE 17.2

w
BASIC

1. Find the 11th term from the begirming and the 11th term from the end in the expansion of

Flo
25
1

.r

ee
10
f 1 2

Fr
2. Find the 7th term in the expansion of 3x —^
10
for
ur
1
3. Find the 5th term from the end in the expansion of 3x —^

_^l/2y3/2)W
ks
3/2 1/2
4. Find the 8th term in the expansion of (a: y
Yo
oo

f [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
5. Find the rth term in the expansion of at + —
eB

6. Find the 4th term from the beginning and 4th term from the end in the expansion of
r

X +
ou
ad

X
YY

I' 3
a: 2
7. Find the 4th term from the end in the expansion of 2? '
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
nd
Re

/ 2 3^
3
Fi

8. Find the 7th term from the end in the expansion of 2x - ~

2x

9. Find the coefficient of:

10 2 1^0
1 7
f ^
1
(i) x in the expansion of 2x — (ii) X in the expansion of at —^
X) I X )
slO t « ■ 12
-15 2 a 11 3 2
(iii) X in the expansion of 3x - (iv) a: in the expansion of x —^
X )
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
/ 1
(v) x”* in the expansion of x + — .
xj

(vi) X in the expansion of (1 - 2x

3 5 f
+ 3x ) 1 + —
if .
I xJ
17.36 MATHEMATICS-XI

5 7 12
(vii) fl b intheexpansionof(fl-2fo) . [NCERT]
2 16
{viii) a: in the expansion of(l-3x +7 X )(1-a:) . [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

-1 }i( lY'
(ix) X m the expansion of (1+x)” 1+— . [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

15
1 1
(x)
X
^ in the expansion of X
^ [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

(xi) intheexpansionof(x-:c^)^^. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

21
n1/3 n1/2

ww
y
10. Which term in the expansion of ■{ -j= + ● contains x and y to one and the

FF loo
same power?
( 2 if°

ree
Q
11. (i) Does the expansion of 2x - contain any term involving x ?
xj
n18

Fe
2 2
will contain a term containing x^*^?
Frre
(ii) Determine whether the expansion of x —
rur
xj
fforo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
12
ks
( 2 1
12. Show that the expansion of x + — does not contain any term involving x
YYouo
okoso

13. Find the middle term in the expansion of:

eeBBo

3f
12 10
I 2 a 2^
<nr— (ii) ~ + bx (iii)
r

2a:, X X)
ad
ouur

14. Find the middle terms in the expansion of:

Yo

n7 n15 11

(i) 3x-i (ii) {ix^-- (iii) (iv)

d
Re
idnY

o
a: ) X

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
FFin

15. Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of:

10
( l1
(i) x-i
2.n
(ii) (1 - 2x + X )
X)

2^^
(iii) (1 + 3x+ 3x^ + x^)^ (iv) 2x-^
4

2n+ 1 slO
(x
(V) X-- (Vi) —+ 9i/ [NCERT]
l3

(vii) 3-^ (viii) 2<7X ^ [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

o
X J
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.37

xlO
fx a
(ix) [NCERT EXEMPLAR] (x) [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
X p a
xj

16. Find the term independent of a: in the expansion of the following expressions:
n9
/., 3 2 (ii) 2x + —
\ ^ 3x s
3a:^
15
/
3f ( 2
(iii) 2x^ —^
X J
(iv) 3x-4 x
(NCERT EXEMPLAR]

10 3n

7^ V3 1

oww
(V)
3 2:^2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR] (vi) x —^
3 2 1
(vii) 1^1/3
^ +, x
.-1/5 (viii) (l + x + 2x^) -a: 3x

e
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ree
rFl 18

Fre
3 2 1
(ix) ^+—i ,x>2
(X) V fx [NCERT]
2^x 3x

rr F
^

BASED ON LOTS
ouur
17. If the coefficients of (2r + 4)th and (r - 2)th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)
sfoo 18
are equal,
find r. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
kks
18. If the coefficients of (2r + l)th term and (r + 2)th term in the expansion of (1 + a:) are equal,
oooo
Yo

find r.
eBB

19. Prove that the coefficient of(r + l)th term in the expansion of (1 + a:)”'*’ is equal to the sum
of the coefficients of rth and (r + l)th terms in the expansion of (1 + a:)”.
uurr

( 1 . l-3-5...(2n-l)
Prove that the term independent of a: in the expansion of a: + — IS 2 .
ad

20.
YYo

\ X) n.
21. The coefficients of 5th, 6th and 7th terms in the expansion of (1 + a:)” are in A.P., find n.
dd

If the coefficients of 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)^' are in A.P., show
Re

22.
iinn

that 2r? -9n+ 7 = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

F

23. If the coefficients of 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (1 + a:)” are in A.P., then find
the value of n.

24. If in the expansion of (1 + a:)”, the coefficients of pth and qth terms are equal, prove that
p + q = n + 2, where p^ q-
25. Find a, if the coefficients of x and x in the expansion of (3 + ax) are equal. [NCERT]

26. Find the coefficient of in the product (1 + 2a)^ (2 - a)^ using binomial theorem.
[NCERT]
BASED ON HOTS

27. In the expansion of (1 + x)" the binomial coefficients of three consecutive terms are
respectively 220,495 and 792, find the value of ?i.
17.38 MATHEMATICS-XI

28. If in the expansion of (1 + :t)”, the coefficients of three consecutive terms are 56,70 and 56,
then find n and the position of the terms of these coefficients.
29. If 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th terms in the expansion of (x + a)” be respectively a, b, c and d, prove
1.U
that -= = —.
c^-bd 3c
30. If a, b, c and d in any binomial expansion be the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th terms respectively, then
b^ ~ac _ 4rt
prove that
c"-bd 3c ■

ooww
31. If the coefficients of three consecutive terms in the expansion of (1 + x)” be 76,95 and 76,
find 71.
32. If the 6th, 7th and 8th terms in the expansion of (x + a)” are respectively 112,7 and 1 /4, find
X, a, n.

ee
33. If the 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (x + a)” are 240,720 and 1080 respectively,

r
rFFl
ree
find x,fl,«. INCERT]

F
34. Find a, b and n in the expansion of (fl + &)", if the first three terms in the expansion are 729,

rF
7290 and 30375 respectively. [NCERT]
fsfoor .
ouur
35.
If the term free from x in tlie expansion of ^ is 405, find the value of k.
kosk
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo

1/2 . 1/3
oo

36. Find the sixth term in the expansion y + x , if the binomial coefficient of the third
Y
BB

term from the end is 45. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

rre

37. If p is a real number and if the middle term in the expansion of ~ + 2 is 1120, find p.
oYuu
ad

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
dY

38. Find n in the binomial ^ ^ if the ratio of 7^ term from the beginning to the 7^*’ term
PJ'
innd
Re

1
from the end is —. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Fi
F

( 1
39. If the seventh tenn from the beginning and end in the binomial expansion of ^

are equal, findn. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ANSWERS

/ IS \ 10
25 17010 17010
1. Cjo — / Cl5 - 2.
10
3. ——
8
X X X

(2r)!
4. -120 x^y^^ 6.672x^52^
2
5.
(r + l)!(r-l)! X X

10 20 10 40 40 7
8. 4032 X 9.(i) ""Cio-2 (m)
27
«
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.39

nl
(iv) -25344 (v) ^ /
(vi) 154 (vii) -101376 (viii) -19
n-m n + m

2 / V 2 J
2«
(ix) C„-i- (x) -1365 (xi) -252
10. 10*h 11. (i) No (ii) No.
20
13. (i) C 10 (ii) 924 (iii) - 8064 (iv) -252
189 17
14. (i) X (ii) -560^,280
8 16
- 6435 X 3® X 2^ 6437 X 3^ X 2®
(iii) 6 9
(iv) -462:f^, 462
X X

ooww
(2n) « n (6n)! 3n
15. (i) -252 (ii) 2(-l) ^ (iii) T ^
(n!) [(3nlf
. 63 13 63 14 n 2«+ 1 ^ - yn + 1 2« + V 1
(iv) — a: X (V) (-1)“. C„ a:, (-1) . C„ -
4 32 X

e
ree
105 9 35 12 59136

rFl
(vi) 61236 / / (vii) - — X , — X (viii)

Fre
6
8 48 X

rrF
126x
(ix) (x) -252
P
ouur
7 ,..y 64 9^
sffoo /...y 25- /-IS -lOy
16. (i) (u) — X C3 (m) Cio (2x3)
18 27
okks
5
(iv) - 3003 X 3^° X 2^ (v):^ (vi) (-1)" ^"C
Yo

H
12
ooo

18
eBB

17 C9 5
(vii) 7 (viii) — (ix) (X)
54 2^ 12
uurr

17. 6 18. 14 21. 7 or 14 23. 7

8
ad

25. - 26. -438 27. 12 28. n = 8,4th, 5th, 6th

YYo

7
1
31. 8 32. n = 8, a: = 4, fl = — 33. n=5,x = 2,a = 3
dd

2
Re
iinn

34. a = 3,b =5, n = 6 35. ± 3 36. 252 A^ 37. ±2

F

38. 9 39. 12
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

9. (vii) Let + jbe the (r + l)*term in the expansion of {a - 2b)^^. Then,

12 12-r 12 12-r,r
Tr^l = Cf a {-2hf = c, (-!)'■ 2''a b

If appears in (r + I)**’term, then 12-r =5 and r =7 r =7

Thus, a b appears in 8 term given by Tg = C7 (-1)^ 2^flV =-101376rtV
7 5 ih 12

Hence, Coefficient of A^ = -101376

/I o -7 16^
16 16^ 2 16^ ^3. \
(viii) (1-3x + 7a:^)(1-a:) = (l“3.X’ + 7x )( Cq “ ^1^ ^2^ ” ^3^ +.w)
Coefficient of x in (I - 3a: + 7 y^) (1 - a:) = lx-^^Ci-3x^^Co =-16-3=-19
16
17.40 MATHEMATICS-XI

2/1
1 1 +x (1 + x)
(ix) (l+:c)'' l + i
n
= (1+4 n n
xj < X X

10 Sth
10
15. (vi) In the expansion of — + 9y there are 11 terms. So, —+1 i.e. 6th term is the
\ 3 12
middle term.
10-5
10 fx^
Now, Tg = T5+ 1 Cs 134 (9y)^ = 61236.r^/

oww
3x^ 1
16. (x) Let (r + 1)^^ term in the expansion of —^ 3:r
be independent of x. Then the

th
exponent of a: in (r + 1) term must be zero.

e
FFrlo
6-r / -x6-r /
1 Y
V

re
1
Now, 7J. + j ^12-3r ...(i)
2 3x V 3j

Free
ForTr + j to be independent of x, we must have 12-3r = 0^r = 4

rF
th
Hence, 5 term is independent of a:. Puting r = 4 in (i), we get

6^ (3i^f if = 15x fsoor

ouur
1 _ 5
^5 =
= C4^- 3j
skf
4x9 12

18 18
ooko

17. ^2r+ 3- C^_3 => (2r+3)+(r-3)=18 =i- r=6

Yo
Y

2rt
22. It is given that C2 and ^€3 are in A.P.
Bo
reB

2n 2ii 2n
2x C2- Cj+ C3
=> 2x
(2«)(2«-l) = 2« +
2n{2n~l) (2«-2)
uur
oY

2.1 3.2.1
ad

(2n-l){2«-2)
=> 6(2«-l) = 6 + (2?j-l)(2«-2) =>2n^-9n + 7=0
dY

=> 2n{2«-l) =2« + 2ji

6

24. We have,
innd
Re

(3 + fl4^ =^Cox 3^ + ^Cjx 3® X + ^C2 X 3^ x{axf + 3^ x{axf + Cg(axf

Fi
F

Coefficient of x^ = ^€2 x 3^ x and. Coefficient of = ^€3 x 3^ x

2 3
Now, Coefficient of a: = Coefficient of x

9^
C2 X 3
n7 X
2 9-
= C3X 3
06
X n
3 .
=>36x3 xfl
2 oA
=84x3
r,6
x a
3
=> a =
36 X 3^ _ 9
84x 3^ ^

26. (l + 2fl)^(2-fl)^
I ^Co + ^Ci (2«) + (2af + “C3 (2a) (2a)“|
X < Cg 2 — Cj 2 fl + C2 2t7 — C32tJ + C4 (2) ci — C5 d ^

Coefficient of= “^Cg X ^C4 x 2 + x 2 x -^C3x2^

/ V
+
^C2 X 2^
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.41

(4
X ^02x2"* / + V C3x2^ X -^Cix2^ + ^C4x2^ x ^00x2"^ / V / V /

= 10 + 8 X (-40) + 24 X 80 + (4 X 8) (-80) + (16 x 32)

= 10 - 320 +1920 - 2560 + 512 = - 438
n
33. It is given that in the expansion of (x + a)
T2 = 240, T3 =720 and T4 = 1080
n-2+1a n-3+1a 3 ^+ 1 n-r+ 1 a
^ = 3andi=l — = 3 and
Ti T3 2 2 X 3 X 2 Tr r X

n-1 n-1
^ (n-1)— = 6 and (n-2)— = 2^ = ix2^ = — 4n — 8 = 3n—3
n-2 9 n-2 3

w
n=5

Putting n =5 in (n -1) ^ = 6, we get 2a = 3x.

Flo
n-1 3x
Now,T2 = 240 => ”Cix' = 240 => nx” = 240 "«=5/fl = -

e
ree
3x

FFr
4
=> 5x X = 240
2

;c^ = 32 => x®=(2)®=> X = 2

urr
2a = 3x => a = 3. Hence, x = 2, fl = 3 andn =5.
for
34. We have.
kkss

b =7290 and ”C2 cP~'^h^ = 30375

n-1
”Cofl"b°=729,”Cifl’
Yo
ooo

n-1
a =12^,nd b=7290 and n(n-1) =60750
eB

nd^'^b 7290 and

n (n-l)/'^b^ 60750
729 nfl”-S 7290
ur
ad

(n-D-
YYo

nb (n-l)&_25 a _
25 n-1 5
—=10 and = —=> n = 6
a a 3 b 30 n 6
n-
a
d
Re

Now, fl” =729=> = 3^ => = 3

in
F

nb 6xb
— =10=> =10=t>b=5
a 3
10

35. Let(r+l)*^tenn, in the expansion of 4^—j- , be free from x and be equal to 7J. + Then,
\r 5r

T,+1 = ^°Q(V^) lO-r (;jc X 2 {-kf ...(i)

W)
5r
= 0=>r = 2
If IJ. +1 is independent of x, then 5 - y
Putting r = 2 in (i), we obtain: T3 = {-k)^ = 45fc^
But, it is given that the value of term free from x is 405.
45fc^ =405 => k^=9=>k=±3
17.42 MATHEMATICS-XI

36. In the binomial expansion of (y l/2^^1/3.n

) , there are (n +1) terms. The third term from the
end is ((« + !)- 3 +1)^ i.e. term from the beginning.
th

The binomial coefficient of 3rd term from the end

= The binomial coefficient of (n -1)^ term from the beginning = ”C„_2 = "C2
It is given that the binomial coefficient of the third term from the end is 45.
C2=45=>?^
n

= 45=> -«-90 = 0=> (n-10) (« + 9) =0=> n = 10.

2

Let T5 be the sixth term in the binomial expansion of Then,

ooww
[vn=10]
Nth
V 8
37. In the expansion of L + 2 , we observe that - +1 i.e. 5^*^ term is the middle term. It is
.2
given that the middle term is 1120.

e
n8-4

ere
8 P
●. r5=1120=> X4 £- (2)^=1120 => p^=16=>p=±2

rFl .2

Fre
th
'f (

rrF
th
38. In the binomial expansion of ^ + , (« + l)-7+l i.e. («-5) term from the
sffoo
ouur
beginning is 6 times the 7th term from the end i.e. Ty : =1:6.
Now,
kosk
r 1 f
n
__2
n-6 1
TT=’'C(,m) = "Qx2 3 X
Yo

3^
oo
Y
BB

yi- 6
1 1
= "Qx2^X
n

and,r„_5='‘C n-6
3„/3-2
rre

It is given that
ouu
Y
ad

n 1
X
dY

1
%j-5 6 n
Qx2^ 6
3(n/3)-2
innd
Re

n
=> --4=-l=>« = 9
Fi
F

3
39.Given that Ty = TJj.g
\n-6

^ "Qx2t'^ 3^1
«

¥3 => ”C6x23 x~="C6x2^x^_g

32
3 3
"-4 ^^^-2 n
1-4
n
__4
n
--4
0 n
23 X 3 3 =1 => 23 X 33 =1 => (6)3 = 6'' =>--4 = 0=>n = 12
3

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

30 .
1. The largest coefficient in (1 + x) IS

41.
2. The largest coefficient in (1 + :r) IS

n .
3. The number of terms in the expansion of (a: + y + z) IS
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.43

2 28 .
4. Middle term in the expansion of (<? + ba) is
m+n.
5. The ratio of the coefficients of x'" and x' in the expansion of (1 + x) IS

6. The coefficient of rt -6,4. ■ ffi 2.y°.is

b m the expansion of ——b
16
2 i
7. In the expansion of x —^ , the value of the constant term is
AT J
10
X 3
8. The position of the term independent of X in the expansion of ^ —2
IS

ww
15
9. If 2 is divided by 13, the remainder is
10 _
10. The sum of the series ^ is
r=0

Flo
r 3 4l^ .

e
11. The number of terms in the expansion of U2x +1/ ) ^ i IS

eree
/ ^n18

FFr
12. The middle term in the expansion of x — i
is

I x)
uurr
10
13. The coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)
orr is
sfo 2»
14. The total number of terms in the expansion of (1 + x)^ -(1 -x)
15
f 1
kks
Yoo

15. If x^ occurs in the terms in the expansion of x + —^ , then r =

oooo

X
eBB

2 a
16. The coefficient of x in the binomial expansion of x + — is
I xj
2n-l
17. If A and B are the coefficient of x” in the expansion of (1 + x)^ and (1 + x)
urr

respectively.
ad

then — =
YYo

7 8 r xf
dd

18. If the coefficients of X andx in 2 + — are equal, then n =

. 3 j
Re
inn

th f 2 2f
19. If 13 term in the expansion of x +~- is independent of x, then the value of n
F

X)
is.
nIO

20. The term independent of x in the expansion of -fx + -j IS

ANSWERS

1120
41 41 n+2 , 28,-. 56,14 5. 1 6.
1.
15 2. ^21 ^20 C2 4. Ci4 a b 27

7.
16
^8 8. Third term 9. 12 10. 2 19^1 20^ 10 11. 29
2

12.
18 10
13. "X5 14. « 15. 9 16. lOfl^ 17. 2 18. 55

19. 18 20, 252

17.44 MATHEMATICS-Xl

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:
1.
Write the number of terms in the expansion of (2 + + (2 - yfSx)^^.
^ 111
2.
Write the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of {1 - 3:c + x ) .
3.
Write the number of terms in the expansion of (1 - 3x + 3x^ -
10
2a^ 3
4.
Write the middle term in the expansion of —
2a^ ■

ww
1
^9
5.
Which term is independent of x, in the expansion of a -
?

. 3a^J
If a and b denote respectively the coefficients of a”* and a” in the expansion of (1 + a)^ ”,

Flo
6.

e
then write the relation between a and b.

eree
2n 2«-l
7,
If a and b are coefficients of a" in the expansions of (1 + a) and (1 + a) respectively.

FFr
then write the relation between a and b.
xlO
uurr
1
8.
Write the middle term in the expansion of a + —
A

orr
sfo
9. If a and b denote the sum of the coefficients in the expansions of (1 - 3a + IOa^)” and
(1 + A^)” respectively, then write the relation between a
kks
Yoo
and b.
oooo

10.
Write the coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1 + a)^”.
eBB

11.
Writethenumberof terms in the expansion of {(2a+ 1/ ) } .
12. Find the sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in the binomial expansion of
urr

a^x)
ad

13. Find the ratio of the coefficients of x^ and a*^ in the expar\sion of (1 + a)^'*’
YYo

14.
Write last two digits of the number 3^^^.
Find the number of terms in the expansion of{a + b + c)”.
dd

15.
Re
inn

If a and b are the coefficients of a” in the expansions of (1 + a)^* and (1 + x)

2«-l
16.
respectively.
F

find-.
b
100
17.
Write the total number of terms in the expansion of (a + a)
If (1-A +A^)” =aQ+ajX + a2 a^+...+ A2« x
2ii
18. , find the value of +

ANSWERS

th
1. 6 2. -1 3. 25 4. 252 5. 4‘“ term 6. a = b 7. a = 2b
10
8. Cs 9. a =b^ 10.
2n
n
11. 29 12. 13. 1 14. 01

15.
n(n + l) T +1
16. 2 17. 51 18.
2 2
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.45

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

1. If in the expansion of (1 + x) the coefficients of rth and (r + 4)th terms are equal, then r is
equal to
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10
12

2. The term without x in the expansion of 2x —^ IS

2-v^J
(a) 495 (b) -495 (c) - 7920 (d) 7920

ooww
12
f 2 I
3. If rth term in the expansion of 2.v -- is without X, then r is equal to
xj

(a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 10

n + 3
4. If in the expansion of (n + &)” and {a + b)

e
, the ratio of the coefficients of second and third

ree
rFl
terms, and third and fourth terms respectively are equal, then n is

Fre
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

rrF
5. If A and B are the sums of odd and even terms respectively in the expansion of {x + «)”, then
’2n 2n
ouur
(x + - (a: - a)"' is equal to
sffoo
(a) 4(A + B) (b) 4{A-B) (c) AB (d) 4AB
okks
45

6. The number of irrational terms in the expansion of 4 1/5 ^71/10

Yo

is
ooo
eBB

(a) 40 (b) 5 (c) 41 (d) none of these

15
-17
7. The coefficient of x
in the expansion of x'^ —^
uurr

is

^ /
ad
YYo

(a) 1365 (b) -1365 (c) 3003 (d) -3003

2 if
dd

8. In the expansion of x - , the term without x is equal to

3x)
Re
iinn

28 -28 28
(a) ^ (b) (c) (d) none of these
F

81 243 243

9. If in the expansion of (1 + the coefficients of (2r + 3)* and (r -1)* terms are equal,
then the value of r is

(a) 5 Cb) 6 (c)4 (d) 3

10
f2x^ 3

10. The middle term in the expansion of —^

is
2x^
(a) 251 (b) 252 (c) 250 (d) none of these
f iV= /A: -17
11. If in the expansion of x** - occurs in rth term, then

(a) r=10 (b) r=ll (c)r=12 (d) r=13

17.46 MATHEMATICS-XI

^9
1
12.
In the expansion of x - ^ , the term independent of :r is
[ 3x^J
(a)T3 (b) T4 (c)Ts (d) none of these
13. If in the expansion of (1 + yf, the coefficients of 5th, 6th and 7th terms are in A.P., then «is
equal to
(a) 7,11 (b) 7,14 (c) 8,16 (d) none of these

In the expansion of —1^1/3

-1/5
14. + X
, the term independent of x is

(a)T5 (b) Tg (c)Ty (d) Ts

15. If the sum of odd numbered terms and the sum of even numbered terms in the expansion of

w
(x + fl)” are A and B respectively, then the value of (x^ - is
(a) A^-B^ (b) A^ +

Flo
(c) 4 AB (d) none of these

( 2 Xf

e
rree
16. If the coefficient of x in x^ + — is 270, then X =
X)

r FF
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) none of these
10
uurr
17. The coefficient of x^ in — - IS
for
2
kss
405 504 450
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
ooook
Yo

256 259 263

100 100
18. The total number of terms in the expansion of (x + a) + (X - fl) after simplification is
eB

(a) 202 (b) 51 (c) 50 (d) none of these

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
urr
ad

n+ 3
19.
If T2 /T3 in the expansion (^f (a + &)” and T3 /T4 in the expansion of (a + b) are equal.
Yo

then n =
dY

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

Re
innd

1 1
20.
The coefficient of — in the expansion of (1 + x) 1 + IS
Fi

X X

nl {2n)l
(a) (b)
{(n-1)!(« + !)!} [(«-!)!(« + !) !j
(2n)\
(c) (d) none of these
(2«-l)!(2n + l)!

f 1
21.
If the sum of the binomial coefficients of the expansion 2x + -X is equal to 256, then the

term independent of x is
(a) 1120 (b) 1020 (c) 512 (d) none of these
2/3
22. If the fifth term of the expansion {a + does not contain 'a'. Then n is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) none of these
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.47

Nil
o jn
23. The coefficient of a: in the expansion of x is
\

(a) -924m^ (b) -791 n? (c) -791 (d) -330 m’'

14
r
24. The coefficient of the term independent of x in the expansion oi ax+ — is

14! 14!
(a) 14! a'b? (b) (c) (d)
7!
(7!)^ (7!)^
30 X
25. The coeffldent of in the expansion of (1 + + x)^ +... + (1 + x) + (1 IS

ww
(a) (b) ’Cs (d) ®“C5 + ^“C5
26. The coefficient of x® y*** in the expansion of (x + y)*® is

FF loo
18
(a) “Cs (b) “Pio (c)2 (d) none of these

ee
th 20

er
27. If the coefficients of the (n +1)^” term and the (n + 3)‘" term in the expansion of (1 + x)"' are

FrreF
equals then the value of n is
rur
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c)9 (d) none of these
fforo
28. If the coefficients of 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in ti\e expansion of (1 + jc)”, n e N are in A.P.,
ks

thenn =
YYouo
ookso

(a) 7 (b) 14 (c)2 (d) none of these

^ lx
eeBBo

3
29. The middle term in the expansion of — - is
Ix^,
r

n 2n -n -n
ad

(d) none of these

ouur

(a) n (b) (-1) Cn X (c)

Yo

20
th f 2 1 th
30. If r term is the middle term in the expansion of x -— , then (r + 3) term is
lx)
d
Re
idnY

-13
(c)-“C7X.2
-12
‘^14 TU (b) “Ci2 x^ 2 (d) none of these
FFin

n600
( 1/3 1/2
31. The number of terms with integral coefficients in the expansion of 17 + 35 x

is

(a) 100 (b) 50 (c) 150 (d) 101

xlO
(
32. Constant term in the expansion of x — is
I
(a) 152 (b) -152 (c) -252 (d) 252
33. If the coefficients of x^ and x ^ in the expansion of (3 + are the seime, then die value of a
is

<a)-| (b)-f (d)|

17..*8 MATHEMATICS-XI

(3r)* and (r + 2)
nd
34. Given the integers r>l,n>2, and coefficient of terms in the binomial

expansion of (1 + x)^ are equal, then

(a) « = 2r (b) n = 3r (c) « = 2r + l (d) none of these
35. The two successive terms in the expansion of (1 + whose coefficients are in the ratio 1:4
are

rd th ih th th th th th
(a) 3 and 4 (b) 4 and 5 (c) 5 and 6 (d) 6 and 7
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
nd
36. If the coefficients of 2 , 3™ and the 4^ terms in the expansion of (1 + x)" are in A.P., then
the value of n is

ww
(a) 2 (b) 7 (c) n (d) 14
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
10
1 7

Floo
37. If the middle term of —+ xsinx is equal to 7 — then the value of x is
X 8'
i_

ee
(a) 2nn + —
6
(b) nn + —
6
(c) nK + (-lf^6 (d) OT+ (-!)" I

reer
rFF
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
51 51
38. The total number of terms in the expansion of (x + a) (x-a) after simplification is
uur r
(a) 102 (b) 25 (c) 26 (d) none of these
ffoor
7 8 xY’
X
sks
39. If the coefficients of X and x in 2 + —
- are equal, then n is
YYoo
oooko

(a) 56 (b) 55 (c) 45 (d) 15

eBB

15

40. The ratio of the coefficient of x

15 ( 1 2
to the term independent of x in x + — , is
X
uurr

(a) 12:32 (b) 1:32 (c) 32:12 (d) 32:1

ad

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo

f
41. Ifz =
. i V3
+ — + - , then
dY

2 2 2 2
Re
ind

(a) Re (z) = 0 (b) Im (z) - 0

FFin

(c) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) > 0 (d) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) < 0 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
42. If (1 -x + x^)" = Aq + x + <?2 ^
2n
, then aQ + 02+ +.. -+^271 equals
, . 3"+l
(b)^
-1 1-3
(a) — (0- (d) 3%1
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)

ANSWERS

1- (c) 2- (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c)

9. (a) 10. (b) 11- (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a)
17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (d) 32. (c)
33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (C) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (a)
BINOMIALTHEOREM 17.49

ACTIVITY

OBJECTIVE To construct the Pascal's triangle and to write binomial expansion for a given
positive integral exponent.
MATERIALS REQUIRED Cardboard, chart paper, thumbpins, match sticks and adhesive.

STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION

Step I Take a cardboard of appropriate size and fix a chart paper on it using thumb pins.
Step II Take some match sticks and fix them on the chart paper with the help of adhesive as
shown in Fig. 17.1.

ww
“►RowO

Floo
,-^Rowl

—► Row2

ee
—► Row 3

reer
1 L

rFF
uur r
ffoor
6'
1
sks
Row7
YYoo

I 7 21 as as 21 7 1
ooko

Row 8
.1 n
eBB

Row9
J. X JL JO. 02i. M JL ± 1

Fig. 17.1
uurr
ad
Yo

STEPS OF DEMONSTRATION

Step I The figure looks like a triangle known as the Pascal's triangle. At the apex of the
dY

Pascal's triangle is 1.
Re

Each of the rows, which follows, begins and ends with 1 and all other numbers in a
nind

Step n
row is the sum of the two numbers in the preceding row, one on the immediate left
FFi

and other on the immediate right.

1 2 3
Step III For the expansions of {a + b) ,{a + b) ,{a+b) , we use the numbers obtained in

first, second, third. rows of the Pascal’s triangle.

First row is used to write the binomial expansion of +

The numbers in the first row are 1,1.

{a + b)^ =1-a+ l-b = a + b

2
Second row is used to write the binomial expansion of (a + b) .
The numbers in the second are 1,2,1.

{a+bf =l-a^ +2-ab + l-b^ =n^+2ab+b'^

17.50 MATHEMATICS-XI

To write the binomial expansion of {a + b) , we use the numbers in third row.

The numbers in the third row are 1,3,3,1.
(a + bf =l-a^ + 3-ah+3-ab^+l-b^ =a^ + 3ah + 3ab^ +b^
We use the numbers in fourth row to write the binomial of {a + 4)^.The numbers in the
fourth row are 1,4,6,4,1.
(a + b)"^ ==l-a'^ + 4-ah + 6-ah^ + 4-ab^ + l-b'^ + 4ah + 6ah^+ 4ab^+b^
and so on.

ooww
OBSERVATIONS In the binomial expansion of {a + b)’\
(i) The sum of the indices (exponents) of a and b in each term is n.
(ii) The exponents of a and b in various terms are as follows:

e
Term Exponent of'a' Exponent of 'b' Sum of the exponents of a and b

ere
rFl
First term n zero n

Fre
Second term («-l) 1 n

rrF
Third term (n-2) 2 n

sffoo
ouur
Fourth term (n-3) 3 n

Fifth term
kosk
in-4) 4 n

and so on.
Yo
oo

(iii) The number of terms is (n + 1).

Y
BB

SUMMARY
rre

1. {Binomial theorem) If x and a are real numbers, then for all« e N, we have
ouu

(x + a)^ = %x’^a^ + %x
«-l 1
+ "C2a:
Y
ad

+% / +... + "C H - 1 x^cP-^

n
dY

+ '‘an
n
n
£ % / " fl"
innd

i.e., {x + a)
Re

r = 0
Fi
F

This expansion has the following properties:

(i) It has (« + 1) terms,
(ii) The sum of the indices of x and a in each term is n.
(iii) The coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal,
n n-r _r
(vi) General term is given by 7J. j Cr X a

n
n nl
£ "C. X
n-
^ / can also be expressed as (x + a)" = £
r s
(V) (x + a) X a
r = 0 r+s=« r!s!

(vi) Replacing by - in the expansion of {x + a)^\ we get

n-l 1 n-2 _2
(x-<7) = Cq X a - Cl X a + C2X a

n-3 _3 . / t\r n-r r , ^^n n,- 0 n

V
a
+ ... + (“l) Cf X a +... + (—1) C,| X a
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.51

The general term in the expansion of (x - «)” is 7J. + ^ = (-1)^ ”Q x” ^ /

(vii) Putting X = 1 and replacing fl by x in the expansion of (x + fl)”, we get
(1 + x)” = ”Co + "CiX + ”C2X^+... + ”C„:^” = "Q /
This is expansion of (1 + xf is ascending powers of x. In this case, 7J. + i = ”Q.
(viii) Putting a = 1 in the expansion of (x + fl)”, we get
(1 + xf = "Co:r" + "Cix”-^ + ”C2x"-2+... + ”C„xO = "Q x”"''

oww
This is the expansion of (1 + x)” in descending powers of x. In this case,
r ”r v”"''
h+1 - w ^

e
(ix) (x + af*(x-af = 2|"Cox"/ + "C2x' )
n-2 .2

FFrlo
a +..

re
= 2 {Sum of the odd terms in the expansion of (x + fl)”}

Free
= 2 |"Ci/ ■I
-1 -1 -3 .3
(X + «)” - (X - fl) + "C3^
n

rF
a

= 2 {Sum of the even terms in the expansion of (x + a)”}

fsoor
ouur
|(x + af + (x - fl)”| and |(x + af -(x - a)”| both have
skf
Ifw is odd, then terms.
ooko
Yo

a)”| has 12 j |(x + fl)”-(x-fl)”|

n
Y

If n is even, then ■ (x + fl)” + (x - — +1 terms whereas has

Bo
reB

'n"
terms.
UJ
uur
oY
ad

(x) If O and £ denote respectively the sums of odd terms and even terms in the expansion of
dY

(x + fl)”, then
innd

(a) (x + af = 0 + E and(x-a)" = O-E (b) (x^-a^f = 0^-£^

Re

= 2(0^+E^)
2n
(d) (x*a)^ + (x-a)
2n
(C) 40E = (x-fl)^-(n-fl)
Fi
F

Nth

(xi) Ifniseven, itien —+ 1 term is the middle term.

\2 >
Tn + 1^
If n is odd, then and are middle terms.
\
2 I 2 J