Quadratic Equations and Inequalities JEE Main mestone + Real and Complex Polynomial = Degree of a Polynomial + Polynomial Equation * Identity and Equation * Symmetric Function Condition for Common Root(s) Different Conditions for Roots Quadratic Expression + Roots of an Equation * Possible Graph of Quadratic Expression = Remainder and Factor Theorem + Position of Roots of a Quasratic Equation = Quadratic Equation + Maximum and Minimum Value of ax? + be-+ = Nature of Roots + Inequality + Relation between Coefficients and Roots of + Arithmetco-Geomettic Mean Inequalty ‘an Equation + Logatithm + Formation of an Equation with Given Roots 5.1 Real and Complex Polynomial We ag Any are real numbers and x is a real variable, then fle) =ay + ayx+ agx? +... ax" is known as a real polynomial with real coefficients while if aga... are complex numbers and x is a varying Quadratic Equations and complex number, then /{x)=a)+a;x-+a;x"+...+ a,x" is called a complex —jnequaities introduces stude polynomial with comple: the graphs of quad eg,x%+ 3x +Tisareal polynomial whereas x*+ 6+2i)x+{7+3i)isa complex them to find the vertex, intercepts, omnia discriminant, domain and range ‘and interpret the graph in relation to these qualities. aiso introduces students to the focus and directrix of parabolas, how to use a sign on number ine to find the shape of a graph,126 JEE Main Mathematics 5.3 Polynomial Equation If fe) is a real or complex polynomial, then f(x) = Imnown as a polynomial equation. eg, Ifx*+ 3x4 2s a real polynomial, th x4 3x42 0is a polynomi 3! equation. 5.4 Identity and Equation A statement of equality of two expressions which is satisfied for each value of variable is called an identity, eg. beg)? 4 8x =x% + 16 is an identity. A statement of equality between two expressions which is satisfied for definite values of variable, is known as an equation, eg,.x? ~5x + 6 = Oisan equation, which is not satisfied for any value ofx except 2 and 3, 5.5. Roots of an Equation ‘The values of variable in an equation which satisfied the given equation are known as roots of an equation te, if ft) =0is a polynomial equation and fla) = 0 then a is a root of f(x) =0 gst fi=x*+ae+2=0 and ft}=bi)+3bI)+2=142-3-05 feii=0 Lis a root of Fl Note + There are eal or maginay rots of an equation of oder * An od3 degree equation nas alsa: one ‘opposite 10 that of ts lst term, provi highest aegres term is poste, + Every equation ofan oven dezten, w nt tor is negative andthe coefficant ot highest degre ter spose, has atleast wo eal ro! Geometrical Interpretation of Roots of Equation In geometrical incerpretation, the real roots of the equation {fs) =0 are the caordates of she points, where the cure al oot, whose sign is atthe coefficient of ‘one postive and one regatve. = fleherosses the xt ee Let fQ)=x tx — 6x? 42x-12 be a polynomial equation of degree, The graph of fls}is shown below $= 0 ~ 210 +3)0° +2) The roots of fa)are xa 2=Qx43=0andx? +2=0 ~Band x? = =2(compex root) ur degreein fx)have 3,2 The given polynomial equation of as two real rs. since, we have seen in the above graph shat fle) is inersecting theseanis atthe points(-3,0)and (2.0, Sample Problem 1 Two nominteger roots of o)215,7/5 (215,365 517-215 (o5i7,715 Interpret (a) Let (=S) Then, given equation becomes PK 4=0 > UO When, =1 4-0-9 t0r4 and when,¢=4 bea > x=-7-5/7 “Thus, two norinteger roots of given equation are ~2/5,—5/7 Descartes Rule of Sign Descartes rile of sign gives the maximum number of postive or negative real roots in the given polynomial equation, (i) Maximum Number of Positive Real Roots The maximum number of positive real roots of a polynomial equation f(x} = Oare the number of changes of sign from positive to negative and vice-versa in fx) (ii) Maximum Number of Negative Real Roots The maximum num} polynomial equation fbi of sign ftom positive to negat 1. of negative real roots of a .¢ number of changes nd vice-versa in fe Note (@) Descartes rule only gives the maximum number of postive ‘or negative real roots in f(x) or {= respectively (6) Descartes rule does not tell the exact number of postive or negative real roots ofthe polynomial equstion fo)=0.Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 127 Sample Problem 2 The maximum number of postive and negative roots in the equation oes 3d tae waa 22 Interpret (a) Let axe + 3814045. Hote, we see that there ate four changes of sign fom ©» S07 8 + Hence, the maximum numberof postive Fel toot in a =O are 4 Now, flex) s(x)" (x) 43a)? 140) +5, @ 4,0 42 Here, we se that, there in no change of sign. Hence, no negative 10088 of equation exis, 5.6 Remainder and Factor Theorem Remainder theorem states that, if a polynomial fx) is, divided by a linear function x~a, then remainder is F(a). And factor theorem is a special case of remainder theotem, which states that, ifa polynomial fi) is divisible by linear function x -a, then remainder is zero, ce, ifon dividing a polynomial f(x} by xa, the remainder is zero, then f(x) is divisible by x-a or xa is a factor of ft) Note in remainder theorem, the degree of remainders bays one less than the degree of disor, Sample Problem 3 On dividing the expression 2 + 3px? — 4+ p by +2, the remainders 5, then the value ofpis o oy a2 3 Interpret. () Let fis) =22 +3py?—axtp fea=s = 2-2) +3p(-2""—4(-2)+p=5 = “16412484 p95 = 13p=5+8 = p=t 5.7 Quadratic Equation If flx)isa quadratic polynomial. Then, f(x} = Ois known as quadratic equation. The general form of a quadratic equation is ax?+bx+c=0va,b.ce RorCanda +0 Roots of a Quadratic Equation Roots of the quadratic equation ax?+bx+c=0 are ~b+ [b¥-4ac Za own as seriminant and tis denoted by D and where b?- 4ac is, Hf in @ quadratic equation ax?+bx+e=0, abe are complex numbers, then we cannot assign positive or negative sign to the discriminant, Note tore oot ofan equations a+ JB ora+ ib, then another oot ofan equation willbe 2~ sor 2~ & respect, Sample Problem 4 The roots of equation incre) 7 (d) None of these (6) Given, 278 -10x+1=0 (On comparing the given equation with ay? + be + ¢=0, we get 10,6=1 10/427 x1 nao 0) + 25 Dar Sample Problem 5 The roots of the quadratic equation 2-25-22 =0.ar0 (2) imaginary (©) real and imaginary (real (d) None of these Interpret tb) Given equation isx? ~2V 2-0 (On comparing the given equation ofa? + by-+ ¢=0, we get ant b=-268,c==22 D=b aac 28 axax2a) =12488=100 =o? >0 Hence, coots are real 5.8 Nature of Roots li The roots are real and distinct, ff > 0 (4) The roots are real and equal, iff D =o. (ai) The roots ste complex vith non-rero imaginary part, iff D <0. (dv) the roots are rational, if a b,c are rational and D is perfect square (9) The roots are of the form p+ Vln qeQhilfa, be are rational and Dis not s perfect square,128 JEE Main Mathematics the roots ate rational numbers, then ust be integers, (vi) a quadratic equation in x has then sti an identity in x that is flan Lhcer these roots n re than two ros, Sample Problem 6 a,b and are distinct postive real ‘numbers in AP, then the roots ofthe equation ax? + 2bx +c =0 (b) rational and equal (@) irational inar. (a) imaginary (© rational and distinct Interpret (¢)Since, a,band ca > Now, discriminant, O = 8 AC 4b? a0 irom £4.) Hence, the roots ofthe given equation are rational and distinct 5.9 Relation between Coefficients and Roots of an Equation Quadratic Equation If «and are the roots of the =0 then quadratic equation ax? + bx + 2 and Sum of roots + B= Product of roots of also, axts bes e=alx-a) (x6) (a) Cubie Equation If «B and y are the roots of a cubic equation ax’ + bx® + cx + d= 0, then Sum of roots a+ B+ y=~2, Product of two roots af + fir + y= Product of three roots ay =- 4 Sample Problem 7 if the roots of the equation px +q=0 are in the same ratio as those of the equation 1x2 + be m=0, then pm is equal to aig Pa (lq? (Gh None of these Interpret () Lettheroois of each equation bein the ratiok:1 Letka and abe the roots of + px sq =0 Then, kat @t=—p and ke > a were Again, let kB and B be the roots of? + lx-+ m Then, AB +B==1 and KBP =m = B s ‘iy Thus, fom Eqs. (i) and i, we get am = ph 5.10 Formation of an Equation with Given Roots () Quadratic Equation if « and pare the roots of quadratic equation, then the equation will be X= (or phe ap = 0, eg, 2and-5 be the roots of quadratic equation, then the equation will be XP B ose 2xbs)=0 10-0 te x4 3x (i) Cubic Equation If ap and y are the roots of s cubic ‘equation, then the equation will be 22 = (a+ B+ aTN? + (a8 + By ye = aby = 0 Sample Problem 8 fc and are the roots of equation 2x -5x+7=0, whose 2a +3B and 3a +28, is (a)2xt 250482 =0 (ot 2514 82-0 then the equation roots are (o)28 +2514 82-0 (d None of these Interpret ta) Since, a and B be the roots of the equation 2e ~5x+7=0, then and af Now, sum ofrools=2a+ 38+ Ba+2B)=5ia+ 8