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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
414 viewsQuadratic Equations - IPE
Telangana state board quadratic equations.
Uploaded by
Raas Venkata Santosh SteelCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 44
as Archimedes could not invent
stry, for the algebraic knowledge
achievement was not available
Algebra is an important part of mathematics, an
understanding of it is essential for the study of most of its
advanced branches. With algebra, we can solve. problems that
would be difficult or impossible to solve with: arithmetic alone.
Algebrahas many practical applications in science, engineering,
business and industry.
al-Khwarizmi introduced the solutions of equations. His
equations were linear or quadratic. His mathematics was done
entirely in words with no symbols. ‘The originality of the
concepts and the style of al-Khwarizmi's Algebra are indeed
remarkable. The word algorithm is derived from his name.
With a system of algebraic symbols, mathematicians
could think in terms of types of problems rather than individual
ones, The principal instrument for solving problems in algebra
al-Khwarizmi
(780 - 850)
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
was a Persian mathematician,
astronomer, astrologer and geographer.
He was born around 780 A.D. in
Khwarizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan)
and died around 850. He worked most
of his life as a scholar in the House of
Wisdom in Baghdad. His ‘Algebra’ was
the first book on the systematic
solutions of linear and quadratic
equations:oq ra med wi ssi i ities. In algebra, we lea
th ation, Algebra is also concerned with expressions and inequalities lgebra, we |
is the equation, ais als fen :
the properties of numbers and about the rules that govern operations with numbers mre
i iati stract concepts, for which algebra f :
In mathematics, we cultivate appreciation of abstract concep igebra forms tetas
the study of properties of abstract mathematical systems.
: iscuss s i s of quadratic expressions and equations:
Now, in this chapter, we discuss some basic concepts of quadra iA eatin
variable, extreme values, changes in sign and magnitude and quadratic inequations.
3.1 Quadratic Expressions, Equations in one Variable ey
In the present section we discuss about the quadratic equations and their roots.
eeneenieneeionmnenil
A polynomial of the form ax? +bx+c, where a, b, ¢ are real or complex numbers and
a#0, is called a quadratic expression in the variable x. |
ax” +bx-+c is called the standard form of the quadratic expression. In this expression,a is
the coefficient of x, b is the coefficient of x and c is the constant term. The Sirst tem
ax? and the second term bx are called the quadratic term and linear term respectively,
A complex number o is said to be a zero of the quadratic expression ax? +brte, |
if aa? +ba+c=0, |
3.1.2 Example: 2x?45x+7 and 3ix?—(i+2)x~5 are quadratic expressions. 0.x? +2x+3 isnt
|
|
1
Quadratic expression, because the coefficient of x? is zero. Itis a first degree expression. |
Definition /
|
Any equation of the form ax? +bx-+0 =
4#0 is called a quadratic equation in th
Coefficients of this equation,
0, where a, b, c are real or complex numbers and. i
e variable x. The numbers a, b, c are called te
|
3.1.4 Examples
a :
@ 2° 42r43=0 18 a quadratic equation in x.
@) 5x2°-8x= 2044 isang
: ' el
quadratic equation, since it can be rewritten as 3x2 - 10-4
quadratic equation,
GW) 0.x? +2745=0 isnota
(v)
Gi) 2x +3x4+2=0 isnota
quadratic equation, because the coefficient of x28 Ze00.
2 .
OF ¥¢=0 isaquadratic equation, if a 0.5 The roots of a quadratic equation
I ‘Acomplex number ais said to bea root orsolution of the quadratic equat
4 qo2rbare=0- For example, 2 is a root of the quadrati a a +bx+c=0, if
} ic equati ones
“qgt-5.2-2=12-10-2=0- quation 3x? ~5x-2=0, since
41.6 Note
The ae of the quadratic expression ax? +b:
bio Bs 0. x+C are the same as the roots of the quadratic
| 341.7 Theorem : The roots of the quadratic equation axe +bx+c=0 are
2a i
Proof: & jsaroot of the quadratic equation at +bx+e=0
2 © ao? +batc=0
© 4alac?+batc]=0 (s 4#0)
& (2a0+b)-b? +4ac=0
(2ao+b)” =b? —Aac .
2ao+b=+yb? —4ac
a 2
sO ENE me wae (440).
a
2 a=
‘Aquadratic equation ax? +bx+¢=
3.1.9 Example : We find the roots of the equation 2 -Tx412=0
Oncomparing the given equation with ax’
a=1,b=-7 and c=12. By Theorem 3. 1,
-b vb? -4ac
2a
- Therefore, the roots of the given equation are
Deen? 400
2d)
7449-48 _ 141
= are
“Hence the roots of x2 — 7 +12=! = are Aunt 3.
ic
2 4 px+c=0,wehave
3.18 Corollary
=0 has two roots (not: necessarily distinct).
7,the roots of ax” +bx-+e=0are3.1.11 Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation
Let 0, B be the roots of the quadratic equation ax” +bx+c=0, where a,b,c are real Te,
é Case (i) A=O@ a=
= -2 (a repeated root or double root of ax” + bx +c =0),
a
Case (ii) A > 0 ¢> cand B arereal and distinct.
Case (iii) A < 0 <> cand f are non real complex numbers conjugate to each other.
3.1.12 Note
Leta, b and c be rational numbers, 0: and f be the roots of the equation ax? +bx+e=0, Thea
@ ©, Bare equal rational numbers if A=0.
Gi), B are distinct rational numbers if Ais the ‘square of a non zero rational number.
Gii) ©,, B are conjugate surds if A> 0 and Ais not the square of a rational number.
3.1.13 Example : We show that the equation 2x? — 6x47 =0 has no real root.
Here a=2, b=-6,c=7
So, A=b? —4ac = (6) -4(2)(7)=-20.
‘Therefore the solutions are given by x = =6)EV20 _ 6tiv20
2(2) 4
which are non real complex numbers. Hence the given equation has no real root.
f
3.1.14 Example: Findall k such that the equation x° +2(k +2)x-+9k =0 has equal roots.
Here a =1,b =2(k +2) and c=9k,
‘The condition for the quadratic equation to have equal roots is b? —4ac =0-
ie, [2k+2)f - 4K) =0
ie, (k+2)?-9k =0
ie, k?-5k4+4=0.
This is a quadratic equation in k.By Theorem 3.1.7 the roots of this equation are
2a)
Hence k= 1; k= 4.
le :_ We show that the "
3415 Examp ; We roots of the equation x —2px+ p?—q?+2qr—r? =0 are
rational, given that p, qr are rational.
I
E
f Here A= (2p)? —4()(p? 4? + 24-12)
f ee
| =4(q° -2gr+r°)=4(q-ry
J
=2@-rf -
‘The coefficients of the given equation are rational numbers, since p, q, r are rational numbers.
| Since A is the square of the rational number 2(q — r) the roots of the given equation are rational.
341.16 Relation between coefficients and roots of a quadratic equation
1, Letorand B be the roots of the quadratic equation ax +bx+c=0. Then
b+ Vb? -4ac p-aie =tac
a=
2a 2a
b+ yb? = -p-Ve 4
we have orp ee
a
QbieOes coefficient of x
laa coefficient of x
(6+ le Aae(-0-F—e)
and op = $+
B “a?
_ (bP @? ~4a0)
4a”
_ dac _ ¢ ___constantterm (Note that a#0)
4a2 a coefficient ofbie.
sothat ax? +bx+0 = a(x? were)
=a[x? (a+ B)x+08 |
=a(x-a)(x- B).
2. If the coefficient of x in a quadratic equation is 1, then
@_thesum of the roots of the equation is equal to the coefficient of x with its sign changed ang
Gi the product of the roots is equal to the constant term.
3. Ifa, B aretheroots of ax” +bx+c = 0, then the equation can be written as a(x” —(+ B)x+op}.1_
ica (x-a)(x-B)=0.
F 3.1.17 Example : Forma quadratic equation whose roots are 3 and — 2.
Since 3 and —2 are roots, the quadratic equation is x? — [3 + (-2)]x + 3(-2) = 0.
ie, x?-x-6=0-
This is a quadratic equation whose roots are 3 and — 2.
3.1.18 Example : We form a quadratic equation whose roots are 2+/3 and 2-3.
Let a =2+¥3 and B = 2-3.
Now, a+ = (2+V3)+(2-v3)=4,
of = (2+3)2-V3) =4-2N3 +23 -3=1.
Since a quadratic equation having roots o and Bis of the form
x —(a+B)x+aB =0,
x? -4x+1=0 isarequired equation.
3.1.19 Example : We find a quadratic equation whose roots are a +ib and -a-ib.
Let @ = ~a+ib and B= -a-ib.Then a+ B =(—a+ib)+(-a-ib) =-2a
and oB = (-a+ib)(-a-ib) = (-a)* -(ib)? =a? +67,
So x?+2ax-+a"+b? = 0 isa required equation,
3.1.20 Example : If o and f are the roots of the equation ax? + bx + =0, then form #9
equation whose roots are pa and pf (pis areal number) in terms of a, b, ¢, p-dratic equation whose roots are_ par and pp is
2
x” = (pa + pB)x + (pa)(pB) =0
x? = pla+B)x + pap =0
ie, x7 o>}: + »(z}-0
a a
je., ax? + pbx+p'c = 0-
Aqua
41.21 Note 1: Theroots ofthe quadratic equations
ax? +hxte, =0 and ax” +hx+e, =0
are identical ifand only if (ay, by, ¢,) and (ap, bp, €2) are proportional and inthis case,
q
ax? hxc, = (ax? +hyx+e)-
a
Suppose that the roots of the two, ‘equations are identical. Let them be o and B .
then a+ B22 = = and of =“ = 2.
a4 % a4 %
Hence (a,b,c) = 4 (.2 7 }
Clee
=a (. a 2)
ay’ a
=2@, br).
CH
Hence (a,b, ¢,) and (a, Dy, 2) are proportional and
ax’ +hxte = A (ayx* bX +2)
a
Converse is easy.is clear that if ot B are roots of ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 then G, B are
However there is a unique quad;
i
fais 1; namely 2° ~ (c+ B)x+ op
2. From Note 1 ii
kax? + kbx + ke =0 for every real number k #0.
whose roots are @, fs and for which the coefficient of
3.1.22 Solved Problems
1. Problem : Find the roots of the equation 3x +2x-5 =0-
Solution : By Theorem 3.1.7, the roots of the quadratic equation
-bt Vb? -4ac
ax? +bx+c=0 are
2a
Here a=3, b=2 and c=-5.
‘Therefore the roots of the given equation are
=24 ¥(2)?-43)\(-5) _ - 2 V4460
2(3) 6 .
ee ee
6 3°
Hence 1 and 3 are the roots of the given equation,
Another method .
‘We can also obtain these roots in the following way.
3x? +2x-5 = 3x? +5x-3x—-5
= x(3x+5) -1 (3x+5)
= (x-1) Gx+5)
=3(x-1) (x45
= 3 (x45).
Since 1 and 3 are the zeros of 3x” + 2x —5, they are the roots of 3x2 +2x-5=0.
2. Problem : Find the roots of the equation 4x2 — 4x +17 =3x2— 10x- 17.
Solution : Given equation can be rewritten as x7 +6x-+34 =0. By Theorem 3.1.7, the 100
quadratic equation~b vb? -4ac
da
ax? +bx+e=0are
Here a=1,b=6 and c=34,
‘Therefore the roots of the given equation are
-64 (©? -4G4) _ -6+
20) 2
—6+101
(since i? =-1)
=-3+5i, -3-5i.
Hence the roots of the given equation are -3+5i and —3—Si.
3, Problem : Find the roots of the equation /3x +10x-8V3 =0-
Solution : The roots of the quadratic equation ax” +bx-+c=0 are
—b+ Vb -4ac
2a :
Here a = V3,b =10,andc =—8V3
‘Therefore the roots of the given equation are
—10+ a0)? -403)-8v3)
3
es -10+14_ 4 _ A
Ws W323
2
=,-43.
3
Hence the roots of the given equation are 5 and-4V3 .
4. Problem : Find the nature of the roots of 4x” -20x+25=0
Solution: Here a=4,b=~20 and c=25.2 a
5. Problem : Find the nature of the roots of 3x” +7x+2=0.
Solution: Here a=3, b=7 and c= 2+
2
Hence A =b? — 4ac = (7)? -4(3)(2) = 25=5° > 0+
Since A = 5? isa square number, the roots of the given equation are rational and unequal.
6. Problem : For what values of m, the equation x? —2(1+3m)x+7(3+ 2m) =0 will have »,
roots ?
Solution : The given equation will have equal roots iff its discriminant is 0.
Here A = {-2(1+3m)}* -4() 7 +2m)
= 4(1+3m)? ~28(3+ 2m) = 4(9m? -8m—20)
= 4(m—2)(9m +10) = 36(m -2(n+ 2)
10
Hence A=0 m=2 ee oe
Therefore the roots of the given equation are equal if me {2a}.
© 7 Problem : Ifo and B are the roots of ax’ +bx+c=0 , find the values of a? +6? a
a +B? intermsof a,b,c.
Solution : From the hypothesis
a+p =—2 and of = ©.
a a
+. 0? +B? = (a+ B)*-2(aB)
_(_2Y_fc)_ 22a
“(G3
and a? + B= (a+B)(a? +B? -of)
= (@+B)[(a+f)*-20p-of |
= (a+p)[(a+py-3ap) |
‘GIEHG_ b(B 3c) _ 3abe-b?
ala a :
|g, problem: Form a quadratic equation whose roots are 23-5 and ~2-5.
Fgoition : Let o = 2V3-5 and B=-2N3-5.
then +8 = (2V3-5)+(-2V3-5) =-10
and @B = (2V3-5)(-2V3-5)
= (2N3)(-2V3)-(2V3)(5)-5(-2V3)-5(-5)
= -12-10¥3+10V3 +25=13.
Therefore x7 -(@ + B)x-+ a8 =0 becomes
x -(-10)x+13=0
ie, x? +10x+13=0-
‘This is a quadratic equation whose roots are 23-5 and -2V3-5.
9, Problem : Let a and B be the roots of the quadratic equation ax” +bx-+e=0. If c#0, then
1-6
. l-a@
form the quadratic equation whose roots are —— and
a
‘Solution: From the hypothesis we have
a+ p=-2 and oB = £,
a
Si 0, iy id
i ie ete BU-0)+a\-B) _a+f-20f
op opatbte
=
bYL 4 MEP +E _ 9 isthe required equation.
neste foe?
roots is 13.
Solution: Let a and B be the roots of a required equation.
Then @+B =1 and a? +B?= 13.
Since of = 3[(r+p)* -(a?+B?)),
6.
=2fay-
op =5[ 13]
Therefore x ~( + B)x+ 0,8 = 0 becomes x? ~ x—6 = 0. This is a required equation.
Equations reducible to quadratic equations : We now explain by some illustrations how tosale
some equations which are reducible to quadratic equations by suitable substitutions,
Zz i
Il. Problem: Solve x3 +x3-2=0.
1
Solution: On taking x3 =1, the given equation becomes £2 4-1 —2 = 0, whichis a quadratic equationia!
Hence a complex number @ is a solution of the equation
a4
2° +4920, ifthereexists 4 such that a? 44-250 andA3=a.
‘Therefore the set ofall solutions of the given equation is
{P: fe Cand 1? +1-2=0},
Since 1? 47-2 = (1042),
P41-2= Vere {2.1},
:eraxe
once {P: reC and P +1-2=0}={(-2) habs, i.
‘Therefore the solution set ofthe given equation is {-8, 1}.
2 problem : Solve 7** +7! =50 for real x.
ition + The given equation can be written as
aera
17 iouteuee
TTT +7-50.7* =0
c., 1.7* -50.1* +7 =0-
~ ontaking 7* =1, this equation becomes
1 -50t+7=0
ie, 1? -491-1+7=0
Die, Tt(t-T)-(t-7) =0
ie, (t-1)(t-7)=0.
; ; and 7_are the roots of the above equation.
1
i Fe=or=7
Les 7 :
@ Fa! oP a7!
@ x=-lorx=1
When x isreal, 7* =77! or 7% =7! = x= —1or x=1-
‘Therefore the solution set of the given equation is { — 1, 1}.
Fi =x _13
Problem: Soh eee oli
lem: Solve J+ J = 5
Solution: Ontaking .|_*_ =1, the given equation becomes
=
13
61
i 3
Jaraxer.
pence {rs Fe Cane P41-2=0}=f(-2)' Pht, 1.
Therefore the solution set of the given equation is {-8, 1}.
em: Solve 7% 47'-* = 50 for real x.
«The given equation can be written as
xy 7 =
17 oa
Bie, TPT +7-30.7T =0
ic.
Bi. 7.7% -50.7* +7 =0.
~ Ontaking 7* =, this equation becomes
F 1 -50t+7=0
ic, Tt -491-1+7=0
ie, 7(t-7)-@-7) =0
7 (1-1-1) =0.
F and 7 are the roots of the above equation.
ie, Fat or =7,
When x isreal, 7% =77! or 7° =7! = x= —Lor x=1-
Therefore the solution set of the given equations { — 1, 1}.icy Of? -131+6=0
je, 6-9-4 +6=0
jen 3(21-3)— (21-3) = 0
ie, (21-3)1-2)=0-
3 and $ 3 are the roots of the above equation.
poe eft vie *
win
@ 9-9x=4x or 4-40 =9x
© 13x=9 or 13x=4
. x
Itcan be verified that x = z satisfies equation ,/——— =
fee ee
and x=" satisfies equal ion I-x 3
‘Therefore the solution set of the given equation is (2. = }
14. Problem : Find all numbers which exceed their square root by 12,
Solution : Let x be any such number,
Then x=Ve412 ie, x-12=Jy
On squaring both sides and simplifying we obtain
(x12)? =icy x? -24x4144 = x
ie, x? -25x+144=0
ies x(x-16)-9(x-16) = 0
ie, (x-16)(x-9) = 0.
oblem: Prove that there is a unique pair of consecutive positive odd integers such that the sum
jr squares is 290 and find it.
Solution : Since two consecutive odd integers differ by 2, we have to prove that there is a unique positive
d integer x such that
x? +(x+2)? = 290 (@)
x 4+ (x+2)? = 290 x2 4x2 44x44 = 290
> 2x? +4x-286 = 0
x? +2x-143=0
© +13x-11x-143 = 0
© x(x413)-11(4 +13) =0
© (x+13) (x-11) =0
© xe{-13,1]}.
"Hence 11 is the only positive odd integer satisfying equation (1).
" Therefore (11, 13) is the unique pair of integers which satisfies the given condition.
blem : The cost of a piece of cable wire is Rs. 35/-. If the length of the piece of wire is 4 meters
‘and each meter costs Rs. 1/- less, the cost would remain unchanged. What is the length of the
_ Bythe given conditions lx = 35 ~@
Also, (1+4)(x-1) =35
: _ 2)
ie, Ie-1+.4x-4=35
From (1) and (2), 35-1+4x-4=35
ie, 4xal+4
1+4
Therefore xe.fying, we get
On substituting this value of ‘x! in (1) and simpli
+4
14) 35
(5)
P +41-140=0
2 +141-101-140=0
1(1+14)-100 +14) =0
(+14)(1-10) =0«
The roots of the equation (/+14)(I-10) = 0 are ~14 and 10.
Since the length can not be negative, /= 10.
‘Therefore the length of the piece of wire is 10 meters.
17, Problem : One fourth of a herd of goats was seen in the forest. Twice the square roy ys
number in the herd had gone up the hill and the remaining 15 goats were on the bank of the river
the total number of goats.
Solution : Let the number of goats in the herd be'x’.
i By the given conditions, the number of goats seen inthe forest is =, the number of goats one pi)
| hillis 2Vx and the number of the remaining goats which were on the bank of the riveris 15.
Therefore ; +2x+15=x
ie. x+8Vx4+60=4x
ie, 3x -8yx-60=0.
Ontaking /x = ¢, this equation becomes
3? -81-60=0
ie, 30? -181+10r-60=0
ie., 31(t-6) +10(t-6) =0
ie, (t-6)(3r+10)=0.
Theroots ofthe equation (1 —6)(3¢+10)=0 are 6 and —29.
3
Hence 3x —
3x-8Vr-60=0 & Je=6 (sinceVxis non negative) > x =36.
‘Therefore the total number of goats in the herd is 36.| 48, Problem : na cricket match Anil took one wicket less than twice the number of wickets taken by
avi. Ifthe product of the number of wickets taken by them is 15, find the number of wickets taken
by each of them.
Solution : Letthe number of wickets taken by Anil and Ravi be x and y respectively.
Then x=2y-1 a)
gals Q)
From (1) and (2), (2y—Dy =15
ie, 2y? -y-15=0
2y*-6y+5y-15=0
ie, 2y(y-3)+5(y-3) = 0
ie, (y-3)(2y +5) =0.
‘The roots of the equation (y~3)(2y+5) =0 are 3and—3.
Since the number of wickets must be positive integer y = 3.
From (2) we get 3x=15, ie, x=5-
‘Therefore the wickets taken by Anil and Ravi are 5 and 3 respectively.
19, Problem : Some points on a plane are marked and they are connected pairwise by line segments.
Ifthe total number of line segments formed is 10, find the number of marked points on the plane.
Solution : Let the number of points marked on the plane be . Since each point is joined to the remaining
(x—1) points, the number of line segments having a given point as an end pointis (x—1). Hence the total
‘umber of line segments formed appears to be x(x~1). Butin this counting, each line segment is counted
‘ -2
exaily tice at each ofits end points. Hence the total number of line segments actully formedis a i
Therefore by hypothesis sea =10-
ie, x? -x-20=0
ie, (x-5)(x+4)=0.
The roots of the equation (x—5)(x+4)=0 are —4 and 5.
cannot be negative, so x= 5. Therefore the number of points marked on the plane is 5.}
Ei Find the roots of the following equations.
Gy -a? +2420
(iv) V3x" +10x-8V3 =0
@ x? -7x+12=0
Gi) 2x? +3x+2=0
0) 65x? -9x-3V5 =0
2, Form quadratic equations whose roots are :
: m
@ 25 @ > ~ (ma0,n#0)
Gi) 2=4,-P*4 (patg) vy) 7425 () -345i
ptq P-d
3, Find the nature of the roots of the following equations without finding the roots,
@ 2x? -8x+3=0 (i) 9x? -30x+25=0
Gi) x? -12x+32=0 () 2x? -7x+10=0
4, If of, aretheroots of the equation ax” + bx +c= 0, find the values of the following expres
interms of a, b, c.
oo wide
9 ap @ aR
2
Gi) ap" +07p* wv) (5-2) ,if c#0
Boa
+p?
© Be if c#0
5. Find the values of m for which the following equations have equal roots?
@ 2 -15—mex-8) =0
Gi) (m+)? +2(m+3)x+(m+8) =0
(ii) P+ (43)x4 (+6) =0
W) Gm+))x? + 20m 4De4m = 0
. ) m+ Dx? +20m43)x4 (45) =0
» If and B are the roots of
xy
~py xb g =
(@- BY and (apy? Px+q=0, form a quadratic equation whose 10082 peve'=0R Es
7, xt tbxtc= 0.x" +ex+b=0(b #0) have a common root, then show that b-+¢-+1=0.
Prove that the roots of (x~a)(x—b)=h? are always real,
-
9, Find the condition that one root of the quadratic equation ee ‘
other, where n isa positive integer. be ax? +bx-be=0 shall ben times the
10, Find two consecutive positive even integers, the sum of whose squares is 340.
. If x2 are the roots of the quadratic equation ax? +bx-+¢=Oand ¢ #0, find the value of
(ax +b)? +(ax, +b)” in terms of a, b, c.
2, If a, are the roots of the quadratic equation ax” +bx +c = 0 , find a quadratic equation whose
roots are @7 +8? and a? +p.
Solve the following equations :
3. dxf +x -1 $x+2=0
4, 3h 43'* =10
5, 41321420
when x #0 and x#3 : ‘
——— = 2, when x #0 and x#-1
2
g {+3) a+ }s =0, whenx#0
x
B (2,1 1
9. (: +z JQ } 6 =0, whenx#0
i = x
0. Finda quadratic equation for which the sum of the roots 7 andthe sum ofthe squares of the roots
is 25,
_ Now we shall discuss a theorem which gives the condition fora pat of quadratic equations to have a
1on root.1 Anecessary and sufficient condition for the quadratic equations
3.1.23 Theorem a
=0 10 have a common root is
ax? hxc, =0 and ayx? +)yx +6
(yay e904)? = (ayy — abn (D1e2 ~ 244)
Proof : Necessity
Let @ be acommon root of the given equations.
Ten = qa? +ha+c =0
ao? +b2@ +c, =0
.d then subtracting
‘On multiplying equation (1) by a,, equation (2) by a,an
the latter from the former, we get
ayhyor — ayby0t + ae, — ac, = 0
ie, (aby —ayby) = ayy — anc
je, — @(ayby —agh}) = Gay C24
‘On multiplying equation (1) by b,, equation (2) by b,and then subtracting
the latter from the former, we get
a (ayby — anh) = yey — bc
On squaring both sides of equation (3) and using (4) we obtain
(yey ~ Bye, (ayy — anh) =(C14g — C904)
Sufficiency
Suppose that (aby ~ anh )(byc, — b,c) =(qay eg y
nt) ab, — and, = 0
ee (442 — Ca, = 0
- jb, = ayb and cya, = cay.
= Aa and = ine a, #0 and a, #0)
Therefore (rama (12d Ge
aia teas ae
ae]
Fy Cebnta)q
ax? thre, = TE (aax? + bpx +02),
2
2 = 2
gence HHH =O. GI Hhyete=0 (ince Leo)
perf the given equations have the same roots a
aayby 2b, #0
4 = 2,
eS by aah
F 2
2 2 2142 = Cn0y C44 — cya
a + bate = [aaa +“ 1 24
a al a] spcae ee
= iher=boe) , (Gay ~e4)
(aby —ayb,) (yb, —ayb,)
= Mien ~byey) +b (Cag = 654) + & (yb, ~ anh)
aby — anh, ie
+ ¢; (by equation (5))
Similarly we can prove that a)02? +b,0r+ cy
hus of isa common root of the given equations.
xample : If x°+4ax+3 =0 and 2x” +3ax—9 = 0 haveacommon root, then find the values
the common roots.
By Theorem 3.1.23, the condition for two quadratic equations
ax? +b.x4¢ = 0 and ayx? +byx+c, = 0 tohaveacommon root is
lerefore the above condition becomes
(B)Q)-CHWF =(0Ga)-Q4ail4a)-9)- GE)
225 =(—5a)(—45a) = 22547
@ =1,50 a=H,If a= then the given equations reduce to
edy4e3=0; 2x7 4+3x-9=0 j
r (xt D(e+3) = 0; (2x-3)(e +3) = 0.
‘Therefore the roots of the given equations are respectively
3 |
~3,-1and ~3,5. |
In this case the common root of the given equations is —3. |
Similarly we can show that when a@=—1 the common root of the given equations is 3. |
Another method : If o.is the common root them |
o2 +4a04+3=0 i) |
20? + 3aa-9=0 Gi) |
Multiplying () by 2 and subtracting from (ii)
we get —Saa—15=0
= an+3=0
> ao. = -3.
= a=.
a
substituting in (i) we get | +4a(—) +3=0
a a
= %-1243=0
a
=>a=tl.
=> Oo =43.
3.1.25 Some properties of quadratic equations
@ When ax =
a#Oand c#0,b=0 we say that ax2+c=0 is a Proper quadratic equation.
Ia, B are the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + c=0, then
@+B=0, of =
a and A = —4ac #0,
Inthis case the roots have the same absolute value.a, B are the roots of ax? ha=
a i “a ‘dent ax? +byba 9 (ex0) then of so that neither
ex nor Bis zeroand =F and f= —. Inthis case each root is the reciprocal of the other.
signs of a (#0) and i .
Gi) Ithesignsof « (#0) and © ( 0) in the quadratic equation ax? +-bx-+¢ = 0 arethe same, the
product of the roots ~ is positive, and hence ifthe roots are real, they have the same sign. On the
otherhand, if @and ¢ have different signs, the product of the roots
is negative, and hence if the
t
| roots are real, they have different signs. a
| 1.26 Note: If the coeficiens and one oot ofa quadratic equation are seal, then the second roots
also real.
E 2
| 41.27 Note: Let (2) = ax” +bx-+c=0 beaquadratic equation. If a and B are its roots, then
1
@ If c#0, af #0 and (2)= 0 isan equation whose roots are + and $
a
(i) f(x—k)=0 is an equation whose roots are @+k and B+k.
Gi _f(-x)=0 is an equation whose roots are or and - B.
x | :
(v) If k # 0, then (3) 0 is an equation whose roots are ka’ and kB.
If a, b are non zero real numbers, we say that a and b have the same sign, if both
|
|
|
}
|
|
j
}
and bare positive or both of them are negative.
Now we shall discuss how the sign of a quadratic expression ax” +bx-+c with real coefficients
depends on the coefficient a of x2 and the nature of the roots of the equation ax? +bx+¢=0 -
321 Theorem: Let ayb,ceR and a#0. Then the roots of ax? +bx+c=0 are non-real complex
tumbers if and only if ax® +bx-+ cand a have the same sign forall xeR.
Proof : The condition for the equation ax? + bx-+c=0 to have non-real complex roots is
2
P~due<0, ie, 4ac—b >0-
Wehave ax? +bxte= ofrsdsee]
E a afroteehels]
2 2 a
4ac-b
2 alle | \
2a 4a j
2 |
2 = |
ax” +bx+e Db 4ac—b :
oetbe te eS.
ne 22H (oo os |
2 2 ry a
bY 4ac—b? , dac-h
Now clearly (+) te Wee R.
2
Therefore THE oy xe R, if dac—b>0.
a
2
Conversely suppose that “= ***© > 0 vxeR, sothat by (1), we have |
@
bY , daca? j
Pam >OVxeR. |
2a 4a? '
2 |
Ontaking xe in the above inequality, we obtain 42°89. |
a 4a |
1
Hence 4ac—b? >0, so that b?—4ac <0.
Thus b? —4ac <0 ifandonly if ax” +bx-+c and a have the same sign for all real x.
3.2.2 Theorem : Let a,b,c eR and a #0. If the equation ax* +bx+c=0 has equal roots,
b
ax? +bx+c and a have the same sign for all real x, exceptfor x=—>
a
Proof: The condition for the equation ax” +bx+c=0 tohave equal roots is b? —4ac =0.
2 2
In this case setinte. ( b
x+— | >0, forxe—
a 2a 2a
= 0, for x=— 2
2a
‘Therefore when 5? —4ac = 0, ax? +bx-+c and a have the same sign forall real x, except for
xe
2a; : Let a,b,c R and
© 42.3 Theorem @ #0 such that the fi 2
ge p with aB, ax” +bx+c and a have the same sign,
F
| proof: Since ot, are the roots of ax? + bx +e=0, we have
ar +bx-+c=a(x—a)(x—B)
2
| qprfors SPE = (say xp) 7
4) When a0 and xB 20, 0 that, by (1)
ax? +bx+e
<0.
Hence ax? +bx+c and a have opposite signs when o< x<
3 si B.
@) When x< a, xa <0 andx—f <0 (since w< B), so that, by (1)
2
+bxte
artes.
“When x>B, x-B >0 andx—a >0 (since B >a), sothat, by (1)
ax’ +bxte
ooreeres
a
0.
Thus for x < o or x> B, ax” +bx-+c and a have the same sign.
Example: We determine the sign of the following expressions for xe R
@) 4x41 (i) x°-5x+6
Bi
() Therootsof x? +x+1=0 are » Which are non real.
Therefore x? +.x+1 and the coefficient of x7 have the same sign.
Hence x? +x41>0 forall real x.
er method: x24-x41={ x42) Lar = (xa +323 50 forall x
2) 4 2) 744
B) Therootsof x” -5x46=0 are 2and 3, which arereal.
- Mhewforif 2 < x <3, then x?—5x+6 and the coefficient of x” haveoppositesigns.Also if x<2 or x>3, then x?~5x+6 and the coefficient of x” have the same sign,
Hence, for the case 2<.x<3, x*-5x+6<0 and for x<2or x>3, x? ~5r4659
Another method: Since x? —5x-+6 = (x—2)(x—3), x7 -5x+6>0¢ x2 and x-3
have the same sign. This happens when x <2 or.x>3.
3.2.5 Maximum and minimum values
‘The extreme values of a quadratic expression with real coefficients depend on the sign of the ng)
of x*. Weestablish this fact in the following theorem.
3.2.6 Theorem : Suppose that a,b,ce R, a#0 and f(x) = ax" +bx+c t
a
@ Ifa>0, then f(x) has absolute mimumum at x= -2 and the minimum value is <—
a a '
i . b : _ dac-h |
@) Ya<0, then fx) has absolute maximum at x= ~~ and the maximum value is a
a
b 4ac —b? |
Proof: Wetoow ta f0)=a? sbrene[xr ek) ~ .
2a 4a 4
|
_p? 1
@ Let @>0. then f(x) a VxeR
ja
—p2
and when x 2. wehave f (x)= as or by ().
a
b =
Therefore, for a > 0, fs) has absolute minimum at x =~" and the minimum value is sd
a
shown in Fig.3.1. Further itis clear from the figure that in this case f(x) does not have maximum.4a 2
pao. then f(S “Vv xe R
ji. Lel
and when
b 2
2-4, wea )_ 4ac—b'
a Seca by (1).
fore for a <0, fis) has absolute maximum at x = —. nee : 2
eaere" 3, andthe maximum valueis Sea :
a
2. Further itis clear that in this case fx) does not have mi
: inimum.
nb dac—b*
2a" 4a
Fig. 3.2
427 Note : Itis interesting to note that, if we denote f(x) by then from equation (1) we get
( 2) { ot)
x+— | =-| y-——
2a a 4a
nose vertex, focus, axis and directrix are given by
which epesents an equation of a parabola w1
b 4ac—b? b 4ac—b? +1 b 4ac—b-1
nos jb Aaenb eh) yp =— and y=
2a’ 4a 2a’ 4a 2a 4a
Mathematics I-B Text Book.
respectively, These concepts wll be discussed geometrically in detain
mm or the maximum values of the quadratic expression
32.8 Note: When a,b,ce R, the minimu
F(3) = ax2 +bx-+e canbe found by using method of ¢
and f’(x)=2a vxeR.
~alculus.
- Onditferentiating f(x) ,weget f’(x) =2ax+6
" b
Now f(x) =0 @ 2axtb=0 & recyIf a>0, then /“%{x) >O0V.xe Rand hence from differentiation rules f(x) has local mini
snd hag no local extremum atany other point. Hence (x) has absolute minimum at x = _ by
and has no loca F
: y b } 4ac—b? 2
c=
b
the minumum value of fix) is (-z) + Es ae
If a<0, then f%(x) and has no local extremum atany other point. Hence f(x) has absolute maximum at x = A
2a
: oe ew Aae=l?
de nninmvate ates a(—3> +0[-5- ae
3.2.9 Note
@ When a,b,ce R, the quadratic expression ax” +bx-+c has no maximum value when a)
andno minimum value when a < 0.
Gi) When a,b,ce R and a #0, the curve
y =ax’ +bx-+c is symmetric with respect to the line x = -2.
3.2.10 Example : We find the maximum or minimum (which ever exists) of the expressions
@ 3x? 44x41 Gi) 4x-x?-10
@ = Here a=3, b=4 andc=l.
Since a = 3 > 0, the expression 3x7+4x+1 has absolute minimum and the minimus
valueis 420-0? _ 43) -(4)?
4GO- 4" 1 on ‘ i
oe i is expression has no maximum,
@) Here a=-1, b=4 and c=-10.
Since a=~1<0, the expression 4x—x? —10 has absolute maximum and the maxis?)
values 4466" _ 4-11-10) — (4)? _
4a 4(-1) :
6. This expression has no minimum.
3.2.11 Changes in the magnitude (value) of a quadratic expression
Now we discuss the changes i i
es in i ‘ cd
‘v'vaties in R. iges in the value of the. quadratic expression ax? +bx-+c, when the valueLet f= ax? +bx-+c. This can be written as
2
yefx)=a{ x42) 4 dacnbt
2a 4a"
pose that a>" 0. Then the following are true.
Yq sun :
1. If x "approaches eo", then f(x) "approaches ten."
b 4ac—b*
=-2, then f(xy = "8"?
2x3) a
3, If x"approaches + >" then fix) “approaches + 00."
4, When x increases from — eo to -% s then f(x) decreases from 4.00 40 440=2*
| a 4a
E : ?
‘Also, when x increases from — z to-too, then f(x) increases from 42°)" 194.00.
: i a 4a
| Gi) Supposethat <0. Then the following are tru.
1. If.x "approaches — co", then ffx) "approaches — oo."
b 4ac—b?
I x= -—, th = :
2. x oR en f(x) 7
3, If xapproaches +00", then f(x) “approaches — co."
4ac—b*
4. When x increases from —o2 to — x , then f(x) increases from —co to a
a a
4ac—b?
Also, when x increases from —Ztot then f(%) decreases from to-e.
a
} 2 aad
oblem : Suppose that the quadratic equations ax? +bx+e=0 and bx’ +ex+a=0 have a
common root. Then show that a? +b? +¢* = 3abe.
‘ i a 2 =0 to
tion : The condition for two quadratic equations a,x” +hx+¢,=0 and ayx? +b)x +e =0
(cya = 0904)? =(ayby — ag) Oe - 2241) -
Here a = a,b, =, cy = 6, @y =b, by =e and Cy =Therefore (ch —a?)? = (ac -b?)(ba-c?)
; 2 4 2
ies pe? -2a2be-ral =a?be-ac? — Bat be
-
ie, at tab? +0 abe
Hence a? +b? +c3 = 3abe (since a #0). }
ee f
2. Problem : For what values of x the expression x? —5x~—14 is positive? t
Solution: Since x? —5x—14 = (x+2)(x—7), the roots of the equation |
3? —5x-14=0 are -2 and 7-
Here the coefficient of x7 is 1, which is positive.
f
'
t
Hence x? —5x—14 is positive when x <-2 or x >7 (by Theorem 3.2.3).
3. Problem : For what values of x the expression —6x° +2x—3 is negative ?
Solution: —6x? +2x—3=0 can be written as 6x” -2x+3=0.
The roots of this equation are
2(6)
! Therefore the roots of —6x? +2x—3=0 arenon-real complex numbers.
Here the coefficient of x is —6 whichis negative.
Hence —6x? +2x—3<0 forallxe R (by Theorem 3.2.1).
4. Problem : Find the value of x at which the following expressions have maximum |
minimum.
@ 2 +5x4+6 Gi) 2x32 47
Solution
@ _Intheexpression x? + 5x +6, the coefficient of x? is positive.
So x? +5346 has absolute minimum at x =— 3 (since b=5,a=1) .
(i) Intheexpression 2x— x? +7, the coefficient of x7 is negative.
So 2x—x? +7 has absolute maximum at x= Sra =I (since b=2,a=-1) -, Problem = Find the maximum or minimum value of the quadratic expressic
sssion,
(i) 2x-7-5x? Gi) 322 42411
‘Comparing the given expression with ax? +bx-+c,
wehave a=-5, b=2 ande=-7.
4ac—b? _ A(-5(-1)-QY _-34 -b 1
SD ee ei eeym cage Oe on ee
since a<0, 2x-7—5x* has absolute maximum at ast
andthe maximum valueis =
Here a=3, b=2 and c=11.
4dac—b? _4@)0)- 2" 2 na
So 4a 48) ee
ince a> 0, 3x*+2x-+11 has absolute minimum at
. _ 32
andthe minimum valueis =.
oblem : Find the changes in the sign of 4x —5x2 +2 forxe R and find the extreme value
2
‘The roots of the equation 5x” —4x-2=0 are a :
a-vid 24 esignat 4x—5? +2 inners
ince a <0, the maximum value of the expression 4x 5x” +2 is
4ac—b? _ 4(-5)(2)-(4)" _ -56_ 14.
4a) (tsi
E id
_ Hence the extreme value of the expression 4x-5x* +2 is 52 :
xe +34x-71 R lies ben
ction —— over is Delweer 5:
7.Problem : Show thar none of the values of the fun ee +2x-7
i such that
Solution : Let yy bea value of the given function. Then J x9 € R su
io” + 34x9 -71
as
xy? +249 -7
Jo
If yy=h then clearly yp € (5.9).
Suppose that yp #1. Then the equation yo (x? + 24-7) = x? +34x—T1_ is aquadratic equation ang |
is areal root of it.
lratic equation having a real rogy, "
Therefore (yp —1) x? + (2y —34).x= (Typ -71) = 0 isaquadh
Since all the coefficients of this quadratic equation are real, the other root of the equation is also real,
Therefore A = (2yy —34)7+4(y9 -) (79 - 71) 20-
On simplifying this we get
Yo —14y9 +4520
ie, (99-5) (0-9) 20
Therefore ¥p<5 or yy 29, Hence Yo does not lie in (5,9).
Hence none of the values of the given function over R lies between 5 and 9.
x +l4x+9
5 overR,
x + 2x43
8. Problem : Find the maximum value of the function
Solution : Since the discriminant of x? +2x+3 isnegative, x? +2x+3 isneverzeroon R.
=
Let 2€R and yy= Zo titi +8
xq +2xy4+3
Then yo (xy? + 2x9 +3) =x? +149 +9.
ie, (1-Yp)ay? +(14—2yp)x9 +9-3y = 0.
Hence x, is a root of the equation
(1- yp)x? +(14-2y9)x+9-3yy =0-since the coefficients of the above equation are real and
x
0
is a real root of it, when yo #1 its
iscriminant must be 20
; je (14-2y0)* —401= yo) (9=3yq) 20
ies 8yq? —8yp +1602 0.
Hence Yo’ +9200. ie(y +5) 9-4) $0
‘Therefore - 5 $ yo $4.
‘Theabove inequality is trueeven when yo
Hence the range of the given function on R isa subset of [-5,4].
For m=4, the equation (I—m).x? +(14-2m)x+9-3m=0 is a quadratic equation with real
coefficients and discriminant zero and hence has only one root which is real. Let it be a.
Then for m=4, we have (I-m)a? +(14—2m)a +9-3m =0.
oF +1400+9_
a? +2043
Hence m=4.
p Hence 4 isin the range of the given function.
Since the range is a subset of [—5,4] and 4 is in the range, 4 is the absolute maximum value of the
~ given function over R.
| Ifthe quadratic equations ax? +2bx+¢=0 and ax? +2cx +b =0,(b c) haveacommon oot,
then show that a+4b+4c=0.
i 2. If x2-6x+5=0 andx?—12x+ p=0 have acommon root, then find p.
3, If x2 -6x4+5=0 and x*-3ar+35=0 have acommon root, then find a.
4, If theequations x* +ax-+b=0 and 32 -+ex-+d =0 havea common root and the first equation
has equal roots, then prove that 2(b+d)=ac-
5. Discuss the signs of the following quadratic expressions when xis real.
f ® -sx+4 @) xe -x+36. For what values of x, the following expressions are positive?
@ x -Sx4+6 (i) 3x? 44x44
Gi) 4x-Sx? +2 (vy) x? -5x414
7, For what values of x, the following expressions are negative?
@ x°-7x+10 Gi) 15+4x-3x?
Gi) 2x? +5x-3 (iv) x? -5x-6
8. Find the changes in the sign of the following expressions and find their extreme values,
@ x? -5x+6 i) 15+4x-3x?
9. Find the maximum or minimum of the following expressions as x varies over R.
@ x -x4+7 @) 12x-x?-32
Gi) 2x+5-3x? (iv) ax’ +bx+a (a,b,e R and a#0)
1. Determine the range of the following expressions.
2
1 : +2 ’
o See a —~-_
= aed 2x° +3x+6
2
Gi) &—D@+D fw) 2x =6x+5
x43 x? 3x42
does not lie between 1 and 4, if xis real.
2. Provethat + _,_! 9d
3x¢1 x41 Gx+D@rh
3. If-xis real, prove that 5 lies between 4 and1.
it
—Sx+
4. Iftheexpression at 5 lakesallzeal values for x R , then find the bounds forp.
x x +
5. If c? #ab and the roots of (c? — ab) x? -2(a? —be)x-+ (b? —ac) =0 are equal, then
that a° +b? +c? =3abe ora=0,A quadratic inequation in one variable is Of the form at+ixecst
c
gbytc20 orar’+bx+e<0 or ax?+br+c<0 wherea
he values of x which satisfy the given inequation are called the
or
b,€ are real numbers, a #0.
solutions of the inequation.
2 Methods of solving inequations
‘There are two methods for solving inequations,
@ Algebraic method : In this method, we find the solution by factorising the quadratic expression:
and observing the changes in the sign of the quadratic expression.
fehave x* -10x+21=(x-3)(x-7).
‘Hence 3 and 7 are the roots of the quadratic equation x? -10x+21=0. Since the coefficientof x7
tive, the expression x* —10x +21 is negative iff 3<.x<7.
erefore the solution setis {xe R:33.
Hence x? +x-1250- 4x83.
Therefore the solution setis {x¢ R:-4< x <3}.
Graphical Method: Let y = f(x) =x? +x-12.
_ values of y at some selected values of x are given in the following t table:© peqraphot the fonction y
= fla) is drawn using the abou
ising the.
ig '€ tabulated values, This is shown in. Fig. 3.4.
Fig. 3.4
fore from the graph of y =. f(x) we observe that
yes? —x-12S0 iff-40
hold simultaneously.
plution : we have x2 -3x-10= (x+2)(x-5)-
Hence —2and 5 are the roots of the equation x2 -3x-10=0-
‘Since the coefficient of x? in the quadratic expression x2 —3x-10 ispositive
2 -3x-10<0 @ -20 @ 2 VB = 2D 20-
ndx> ic 217.
A. Problem : Solve the inequation. x2
ou
Solution: When abe R and a2 0, b2
ay 220 aI
g—x2)2
Therefore Jav2 > VB—17 (x42)? C
AN
IN
ae
Fig. 3.8
Wehave (x+2)> (8-12) 9 x7 +x-6 > 0-
6 =(x+3)(x-2) :
ee -3 i we the ite a equation x? +x—6 = Oand the coefficient of
x in x? +x-6 is positive,
x +x-6>0 @ xe (-,-3)U(2,)
Wehave 8-22 20 @ a? <8 @ |x|<2V2
@ re[-22.22]
Alsox+2>0 x>-2
@ x€ (0-3) UQ->)) [-2V2,2N2] and x>-2
© xe (2,2V2]
Therefore ie solution setis {xe R:28-x° 20
(x-3)(2—x)20 and (x-3)(2-x)<4x? 412x411.
(%=3)2-x)20 & (x-2)(x-3) < 0
@2sx<3
3459-6 < 4x7 412r FLL Sx? 47x47 >0.
The discriminant of the quadratic expression 5747. 417 is negative
Hence 5.747% 417>0V xe R,
Hence the solution Set of the given inequation is (ve Ri 2 0 and
Wehave 6+.x-4x? =~(x? —x~6) =-(r + 2)(x-3)
Hence 6 +x-x7 =0 & x=-2orx=3.
2x+5=0 @ x=-2
2
x4+4=06 x=-4
Therefore 6+ x—-x? >0 -2-4+5=1>0 andx+4>-2+4=2>0
1 1
fe ha Qxt+5Sxt+4
Hence for xe (—2,3), = 7 ae
Qx+5Sxt4eaxs-l
Hence 64x C>0and +> dere
Qx+5) x+4
‘Therefore the solution set of the given inequation is
{-2,3}U(-2,-1=[-2,-l]U 83}.
6. Problem : Solve the inequation [x2 -3x-10 > (8-4)
Solution: J?—3y—-10 > (@—a) @ a?-3x-1020
and (i) 8=x<0 or (ii) x2 =3x-10> (8-3)? and 8-20
Wehave x? -3x-10=(4-5)(x+2).exe ce B)
yeagx-1020
xe (8)
Hence
gens @
e-1oz0and <0
_2)U[5.) and x (8,°°)
Therefore x? -3,
e xeC
exe 8):
2 3y-10> 6448 16
yP-ax-10>@-a) @ *
e 13x74
4 aS
e aoa rela
x58 © XE ,8)-
8-x206
gx—10> 6-2) and 8-20
eo x(n pont
74
xe{—,8
ox(is }
Hence the solution setof the given inequation is
4 (id
anulFa]-(F }
Hence x” -
I. 1, Solvethe following inequations by algebraic method,
@ 15x? +4x-4<0 @) -2x41<0
Wi) 2-31-24? 20 @) -4r-2120
I. Solvethe following inequtons by graphical method, :
® 2 -7%4650 @) 4-22 '
Gi) 15? 44x49 i) ; *°
2 Solvethe following nequitions 7
o V3x-8 <
-2
© recs
~5>8-2x‘ ‘Apolynomial ofthe form f (x) = ax” + br-+e (a0) is, called a quadratic expression,
“Anyequation ofthe form ax + bye =0 (a #0) is called a quadratic equation in x.
“The roots of the quadratic equation ax? +bx+¢=0 are rhb? dae |
2a
\=6? -4ac iscalled the discriminant of the quadratic equation ax? +bx+c=0.
Let a, B be the roots of the quadratic equation ax” +bx+c=0, wherea, b, care real numbers.
— Case(i) AHO a=
b
iq (tepeated root or double root)
~ Case (ii) A> 0 > acand B arereal and distinct,
Case (iii) A <0 > and B arenon-real complex numbers conjugate to each other.
_ Leta, band be rational numbers, o. and B be the roots of the equation ax? +bx+c=0. Then
@ 0, Bare equal rational numbers if A=0.
((@ 4G, Bare distinct rational numbers if A is the square of a non zero rational number.
- Gi) 0, B are conjugate surds if A > 0 and A is not the square of a rational number.
Let f(x) = ax? +bx-+e=0 bea quadratic equation and @, 8 are its roots. Then
" i 1
@ if c#0 then aB40 and f{+)=0 isancquation whose roots are aE
x
Gi) f(x—K)=0 is an equation whose roots are @-+k and B +k.
Gi) f(—x)=0 is an equation whose roots are -@ and - B.
(iv) ij ): 0 is an equation whose roots are kor and kB.
o and B are the roots of the quadratic equation ax” +bx+c=0, with a<, thenP sf .. ~3tiv7 2
ho 43 > 2 @ 28 «tae gt
: 1. ' 4 Ww) 3 wa G
2, @ x -7x+10=0 mn? +0? =m?) x-mn = 0
Gi) (p? -@)x? +4px= p? +g? =0 iv) XP -14x429=0 — (W) x2 46r434=0
3, (@) realand distinct @i)_ rational and equal
i) rational and distinct (iv) conjugate complex numbers
b b? -2ac bc! (Bac -b*) 2b? —4ac)
40-2 Gi) ay SSE ay SSS
z Gi) ai (iv) ae
a
5.0 3,5 a) 5 Gi) -5,3 (iv)
6. x2=2(p?-2q)x+ p2(p?—4q) =0 9 nb? = (+n)? ac 10. 12, 14
f pb? -2ac
mi a 2. gets? (PP —2ae\(a? +e? )x4(0? Bach = 0
345 1
f = a2 4. (-L 5. {1,2} 6. {-1, 4}
22
aan «(heb al , [eos
5 2 eo 2
10. x? -7x4+12=0
L 2 11 or35 3. a=4 or 12
5. @) Positive when xe (-%, 1)U(4=) and negative when x (1, 4).
Gi) Positive for xe R
6. @) x<2 or x>3 qi) VreR
a-vid 2+ i (vy) WreR
5 5
i)5
@ x<-Z or 833
(yy -13, theexpression is posi a
x <3, the expression is positive
ii) If
@ rs 49
ee xtreme values is
Itx< or x>3, theexpressionis negative. Thee 3
: imum value
9. @ 7 sth minimamvalue Gi) 4isthemaxi
Gi) x is themaximum value
ini a>0.
Guy $0°=P* isthe maximum vale for a <0 and minimum value for
4a
1 fee 5]
I. 1. @ [$3] ® [133
Gi) ,-9) U[-1,=0) @) C2,-2] U2.)
4 l
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