Module 05 CLIMATE CHANGE

Module ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY &

06 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

<NOTHING FOLLOWS>
MODULE 6 LEARNING OUTCOMES

6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

▪ Describe how environmental policy is formed

6.2 MAJOR PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

▪ Describe some of the major Philippine Environmental
laws

6.3 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

▪ Discuss some major agreements regarding the
environment.
MODULE 6 LEARNING OUTCOMES

6.4 WHAT CAN YOU DO?

▪ Discuss how individual citizens can contribute in shaping
environmental policies in the community where they
belong

6.5 THE CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT
▪ Discuss sustainability and sustainable development
Lesson 6.1.

ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY
▪ These policies are established

ENVIRONMENTAL through negotiation and

POLICY
compromise.
▪ Open debate allows all voices
to be heard, and policy
▪ policies, practices, and decisions promote collective
laws designed to protect well-being
human health and well- ▪ Elected representatives defend
being, natural resources, policies they think will benefit
and environmental quality
their constituents
6.1.1. WHAT DRIVES POLICY MAKING?
▪ Economic interest groups, industry associations, and powerful individuals
have disproportionate access to lawmakers.
▪ Public interest groups work to gain similar access by:
▪ developing broad support
▪ bringing citizens together to write letters or meet with legislators
▪ drawing attention to a cause or an issue
▪ Citizen movements for environmental quality have had far-reaching effects
▪ Globally, support for environmental protection is widespread.

POWER AND INFLUENCE INEVITABLY CONTROL MUCH OF OUR POLICY MAKING

Citizen movements for environmental quality have had far-
reaching effects

SOVIET UNION | 1992

• Political dissent was not

allowed
• Environmental demonstrations
were acceptable
• Environmental protests helped
the collapse
Citizen movements for environmental quality have had far-
reaching effects

CHINA | 2010
▪ >100,000 events to protest pollution and environmental health issues
▪ A campaign blocked government plans for 13 large dams on the Nu River
▪ Today: >2,000 social and environmental organization are officially recognized
Citizen movements for environmental quality have had far-
reaching effects
6.1.2. POLICY CREATION IS ONGOING AND CYCLIC
Identify
▪ A PROBLEM IS IDENTIFIED Problem
usually by concerned groups of Suggest Set
citizens or interest groups Changes Agenda

▪ NEW RULES ARE

PROPOSED and PLANS to Evaluate Develop
results Proposals
resolve the problem ARE
DEVELOPED through
discussion Implement Build
policy support
▪ POPULAR SUPPORT IS BUILT Enact
rule or Source: Cunningham W. &
to gather votes for the new rule. Cunningham M.A., 2013)
law
6.1.2. POLICY CREATION IS ONGOING AND CYCLIC
Identify
▪ THE RULE IS Problem
IMPLEMENTED if it is Suggest Set
Changes
agreed to Agenda

▪ EVALUATION then leads to

identification of flaws Evaluate Develop
results Proposals
▪ BUILDING SUPPORT IS
CENTRAL to policy
development. Implement Build
➢ Media campaigns policy support
➢ Public education Enact
➢ Personal lobbying of decision-makers rule or Source: Cunningham W. &
law Cunningham M.A., 2013)
Lesson 6.2.
PHILIPPINE MAJOR
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
P.D. 1152 | Philippine Environment Code
(PEC) (1977)

▪ Framework in the launching of a comprehensive

program of environmental protection and
management

▪ the achievement and maintenance of levels of air

quality as to protect public health
P.D. 1152 | Philippine Environment Code
(PEC) (1977)

▪ the prevention of the greatest extent practicable,

injury and/or damage to plant and animal life and
property, and promote the social and economic
development of the country
R.A. 8749 | The Clean Air Act of 1999

▪ Regulates air emission

▪ Aims to achieve and maintain clean air

that meets the National Air Quality
guideline values for criteria pollutants
while minimizing the possible associated
impacts to the economy.
R.A. 9275 | The Clean Water Act of 2004

▪ Protects surface water

▪ Aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based
sources
▪ Provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and
minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach
involving all the stakeholders
R.A. 9147 | The Wildlife Resources Conservation
and Protection Act of 2001

▪ Protects wildlife
▪ Aims to conserve and protect the wildlife resources and their habitats
▪ Other objectives:
▪ Commitment to international conventions
▪ Scientific studies on the conservation of biological diversity.
Toxic Substances,
R.A. 6969 | Hazardous and Nuclear
Waste Control Act of 1990

▪ ADDRESSES HAZARDOUS SITES

▪ AIMS TO:
regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation,
manufacture, distribution, and disposal of chemical
substances which present risk to human health
▪ ALSO PROHIBITS
entry of such wastes into the Philippines
▪ FACILITATES
research and studies on toxic chemicals
P.D. 1586 | Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS)
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) System was
established in 1978 with the enactment of P.D. 1586

EIS EIA

facilitate the attainment and a planning and management

maintenance of the balance tool that will help government,
decision makers, the
between socio-economic proponents and the affected
development and community address the
environmental protection negative consequences or
risks on the environment
R.A. 7586 | The National Integrated Protected
Areas System Act of 1992

▪ Amended by R.A. 11038

The Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas Systems Act of 2018

R.A. 11038 declares protected areas R.A. 11038 provides for the
management of the protected areas
22
R.A. 8550 | The Philippine Fisheries
Code of 1998

▪ An act providing for the DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT, and

CONSERVATION of the fisheries
Lesson 6.3.

INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICIES
More than 170 treaties and conventions for the past
25 years ...

▪ Intercontinental shipping of hazardous waste

▪ Deforestation
▪ Overfishing
▪ Trade in endangered species
▪ Global warming
▪ Wetland protection
MAJOR INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS

1972 | Stockholm 1992 | Rio de Janeiro 2012 | Rio de Janeiro

UN Conference on the UNCED was repeated

Human Environment ‘Earth Summit”
on its 20th anniversary
With 113 countries + UNCED
NGOs With 110 nations +
2,400 NGOs
Some Important International Treaties
Year Year
Important International Treaties Held Enacted
Ramsar: Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially
as Waterfowl Habitat 1971 1975

Heritage: Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural

and Natural Heritage 1972 1975

CITES: Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of

Wild Fauna and Flora 1973 1987

CMS: Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild

1979 1983
Animals
Ozone: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1985 1988

Source: Cunningham W. & Cunningham M.A., 2013)

Some Important International Treaties
Year Year
Important International Treaties Held Enacted
Basel: Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1989 1992

CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 1993

UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change 1992 1994

CCD: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in

those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or 1994 1996
Desertification, Particularly in Africa

Source: Cunningham W. & Cunningham M.A., 2013)

MONTREAL
CITES
PROTOCOL

“Wild flora and fauna are Protects the ozone

valuable...”

Committed participant’s
• Lists threatened and
endangered species signatories to phase out
chemicals that breakdown
the ozone
BASEL CONVENTION UNFCCC

▪ Restricts transboundary shipment

of hazardous waste Leads governments to share
▪ “Hazardous wastes should be data on climate change
disposed of in the states that Kyoto Protocol (1997) : set
generated them.”
targets to reduce GHG
▪ Minimizes production of emissions
hazardous materials
▪ Enhanced by Rotterdam
convention (1997)
Lesson 6.4.

WHAT CAN YOU DO?

Actions to influence environmental policy.

▪ Contact elected representative ▪ Apply your education

and tell them your thoughts
about policy matters. ▪ Find ways to build sustainability
▪ Vote ▪ Practice conservation at home
▪ Encourage others to vote ▪ Stay informed
▪ Join civic organizations
▪ Learn about your local
▪ Practice leadership locally environment
Everyone can participate ...

▪ Lawyers help develop

environmental laws.

▪ Engineers develop technologies to

clean up pollution.

▪ Economists and social scientists

evaluate the costs of pollution and
resource depletion and develop
solutions.
How much is enough?

Think about consumption

▪ The final step an individual can take

Conspicuous consumption
▪ Refers to the things we buy to impress
others; things we do not want.
How much is enough?

Think about consumption

▪ The final step an individual can
take
How much is enough?

Think about consumption

▪ The final step an individual can
take
Lesson 6.5.

THE CHALLENGES OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
UNITED NATIONS
Intergovernmental organization tasked with:
❖ maintaining international peace and

security
❖ developing friendly relations among

nations
❖ achieving international co-operation

❖ being a center for harmonizing the

actions of nations.
THE EARTH SUMMIT
1992

Held to address issues concerning

environmental protection and socio-
economic development.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT “
meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet
their own needs.

- Gro Harlem Brundtland

ENVIRON-
MENTAL
ECONOMIC

ECONOMIC SOCIAL
More
consumption,
more pressure.
1. COMBATING 3. POPULATION
Less
POVERTY GROWTH
consumption, less
pressure to our TEN KEY FACTORS
environment.
NECESSARY FOR
A central goal
SUSTAINABLE
because poverty
reduces access
2. REDUCING
leads to ever-
greater resource
DEVELOPMENT
to health care, demands,
RESOURCE
education, and because all
CONSUMPTION
other essential people need
components of some resources.
development.
essential for
minimizing the rate
are key because
of climate change
6.
over half of and for reducing
4. HEALTH CARE ENVIRONMENTAL
impacts of air
humanity now lives POLICY
pollution on people,
in cities plants, and
infrastructure

needs to guide
decision making in
Especially for children local and national
governments, to
7. PROTECTION
and mothers, is 5. SUSTAINABLE ensure that
environmental quality
OF THE
CITIES
essential for a is protected before it ATMOSPHERE
productive life. gets damaged, and to
set agreed-upon rules
for resource use.
go together
because much of 10.
8. COMBATING
AGRICULTURE
DESERTIFICATION the world’s AND RURAL
AND DROUGHT
biodiversity is in DEVELOPMENT
TEN KEY FACTORS
forests NECESSARY FOR
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Improving
through better 9.
conditions for
management of COMBATING
billions of rural
water resources, DEFORESTATION
people, can help
can save farms, AND
reduce
ecosystems, and PROTECTING
populations in
lives. BIODIVERSITY
urban slums.
Poverty among children remains
▪ Poverty rates were reduced by 50% (over high
a billion still live in extreme poverty)
Hunger is still widespread
▪ Child mortality was reduced by half
Global financial assistant has not
▪ Gender equality in education in Southern kept pace with needs
Asia
The greenhouse gas emission
▪ Treatment for infectious diseases continues to rise

Continued deforestation and

biodiversity losses
develop renewable resources + stop
soil erosion + protect ecosystems +
$350 billion per control population growth + decent

year standard of living for the poor

over $1 trillion spent on wars

“
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
is essential to
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
“
THANK YOU SO
MUCH,GOD BLESS
IN YOUR
JOURNEY.