PRELIMINARY REVIEWER IN preservation of natural

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE species and habitats; freedom

of nations to do as they
WEEK 1- SCIENCE AND
please within their own
ENVIRONMENT
boundaries and issues on the
Environmental Science quality of life, fairness and
ethics.
 Deals with the study of
our environment, either Sustainable Development
globally or locally, and
 Meeting our needs
its living and non-
without preventing
living components. It is
future generations of
interdisciplinary study
humans and other species
that examines the role
from meeting their
of human on the earth.
needs. We have the right
It uses concepts and
to use the earth’s
information from
resources and earth
ecology, chemistry,
capital to meet our
geology, engineering,
needs but we have an
economics, politics,
obligation to pass on
ethics and philosophy.
the earth’s resources
Environment and services to future
generations in as good
 Refers to all the things or better shape that
that surround us. these conditions were
 Refers to all external passed on to us.
conditions and factors
that affect living Causes of Environmental and
organisms. Resource Problems

Goals of Environmental  Poverty

Science  Rapid Population Growth
 Failure of Economic and
1.To develop a sustainable
political system to
world
encourage Earth-
a world in which the supply sustaining forms of
of food, water, clean air and economic development
other resources can sustain  Rapid and wasteful use
human population. of resources
2.To study environmental Resource Management and
problems and issues; Resource technology
priorities regarding 1.Ecological Resources
acceptable environmental
 anything required by an current environmental
organism for normal problems.
maintenance, growth and Goals of Environmental
reproduction. Examples: Education
habitat, food, waterand
 Must develop in each
2. Economic Resources
citizen an awareness and
 anything obtained from a sensitivity to the
the environment to meet environment and its
human needs and wants. problems. It must teach
Examples: the students the
transportation, knowledge, understanding
communication, and skills needed to
manufactured goods, solve the problems and
recreation must foster positive
attitudes towards the
Types of resources environment.
Non-renewable  Must consider all
aspects of the
 Resources that cannot be environment natural &
replaced. They exist in man-made, technological,
fixed quantity. social, economic,
Renewable Resources political, cultural,
aesthetic and knowledge.
 that can be replaced or  Must emphasize an
replenished. enduring continuity,
Environmental Education linking actions of today
to the consequences for
 Is the process by which tomorrow & needed to
people develop think globally
awareness, knowledge and  Must aid young citizens
concern to the in developing a sense of
environment responsibility and
 Preserving, conserving commitment to the future
and utilizing the and prepare them to
environment for the carry out the role in
present and future safeguarding and
generations. improving the
 Involves skills, environment.
motivations and  Teaches the students
commitments to work critical thinking and
together to solve informs them the true
meaning of Environmental countries including 147 Heads
Science. of States in September 2000)
 Molds the students into
 Goal 1: Eradicate
smug crusaders
poverty and hunger
United Nations Decade of  Goal 2: Achieve
Education for Sustainable Universal primary
Development (UNDESD)-2005 - education
2014  Goal 3: Promotes gender
The National Environmental equality
Education Action Plan for  Goal 4: Reduce child
Sustainable Development mortality
(NEEAP)-  Goal 5: Improve maternal
health
through the Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB) the  Goal 6 Combat HIVIAIDS
key elements are: malaria & other diseases
 Goal 7: Ensure
 Empowerment and Good environmental
Governance sustainability
 Poverty Reduction  Goal 8: Develop a global
 Social equity partnership for
 Peace and solidarity development
 Ecology integrity WEEK 2: ENVIRONMENT
Education for sustainable JURISPRUDENCE
aims to: Environmental Legislation
 Create awareness of  include allows
sustainable development pertaining to the
issues management of natural
 Enhance knowledge and resources and the
understanding skills regulation of the
 Influence values and discharge of materials
attitudes into the environment. It
 Encourage more is a set of legal rules
responsibilities addressed specifically
behavior to human activities that
 Promote learning that affect the quality of
leads to action environment.

The Millenium Development Different Environmental Laws

Goals and Targets (Millenium
Declaration signed by 189
Commonwealth Era (1936-1942)  7. PD 1181-Abatement,
1. Mining Act (Commonwealth control & prevention of
Act. No. 137) vehicular pollution
&establishing the
 Prohibition on the
maximum allowable
improper disposal of
emissions of specific
mine wastes and tailings
air pollutant
2. Anti-Dumping Law  8. PD979- Prohibits the
discharge of oil,
 Prohibits the dumping of noxious liquid
wastes into any river. substances &other
Garbage harmful substances into
B. After regaining the country's island
independence (1946) &territorial waste
 9. PD825- Prohibits the
1. Republic Act (RA)3931
improper disposal of
 First major legal garbage.
declaration that  10. PD 856- Known as
pollution control was a Sanitation Code
policy. Passage of this  11. PD 1096- Known as
law was in response to National Building Code
the emergence of more
D Present Laws
industries and urban
areas.  Republic Act (RA)6969 or
C. Martial Law Years (1972- the Toxic Substances
1986) &Nuclear Wastes Control
Act of 1990 Prohibits
 1 PD 984- Pollution the importation, storage
Control Law or transport of toxic or
 2. PD 1151- Philippine nuclear wastes into or
Environment Policy through the Philippines.
 3. PD 1152-Philippine  RA 7586 or the National
Environment Code Integrated Protected
 4. PD 389-Forestry Areas System Law
Reform Code biodiversity
conservation, natural
 5. PD463- Mineral
resources management &
Resources Development
protection of the plants
Decree of 1974
&animals.
 6. PD984(amended by
 House Bill 5668 Penalize
Executive order 192- Air
all chemical, thermal
and water quality
and industrial plants &
management
factories found to be
violating environmental 8.RA 9275
protection laws.
 -Known as the Philippine
4. HB 8622- Clean Water Act of 2004
 Endorses emission & Environmental Administration/
water pollution charge Government Agencies
system by promoting
Department of Environment and
cooperation & self-
Natural Resources(DENR)
regulation among
industries & market-  Protects our environment
based
5. RA 9003

 or the Solid Waste

Management Act 2000
under the garbage
segregation scheme,
household & commercial
wastes should be Environmental Management
classified into wet & Bureau (National Pollution
dry categories before Control Commission. National
they are collected by Environmental Council,
the garbage collectors. Environmental Center of the
Philippines).
6. RA 8749

 or the Clean Air Act of

1999 banning all forms
of garbage incineration
& imposes higher
emission standards on
oil products to lower
the amount of pollution Land Management Bureau
they generate.
7. RA 3571-

 an act prohibiting the

cutting, destroying or
injuring of planted or
growing trees or
flowering plants along
Forest Management Bureau
plazas, parks, public
roads.
 Takes charge of
environmental health &
sanitation

Department of Agriculture

• In charge of person soil

conservation, regulations on Department of Science and
the 1B20f pesticides & Technology
fertilizers.
 Undertakes environmental
research.

Protects Areas & Wildlife

Bureau
Housing Land Use Regulatory
Board (HLURB)

 responsible for
enforcing regulations
on Land use.

Department of Public Works

and Highways

 Responsible on the
construction of flood
facilities, systems
sewerage facilities Laguna Lake Development
solid wastes disposal Authority(LLDA)
system  Control industrial
pollution &
enforcement of land
use

Department of Health
Terminologies
1. Ecological
 refers to components
of ecosystems.
a. Biotic (living)
Metro Manila Development
Authority (MMDA) b. Abiotic (non-living)
2. Impact

 effect of a human-
induced action on the
ecosystem.

WEEK 3- ENVIRONMENTAL 3. Assessment

IMPACT ASSESSMENT  refers to analyzing
Environmental/Ecological evaluating impacts on
Impact Assessment ecosystem identifying
actions
 Refers to a wide
Phases of Ecological or
range of predictive
Environmental Impact
tasks within
Assesment (EIA)
environmental
planning. Phase 1- Defining Study Goals
 Focuses on the
prediction &  What information is
evaluation of the needed?
effects of human  What are the
activities on the resources needed for
structure & functions the study & what are
of normal ecosystem available?
components. Phase 2- Identifying
Main Objective of Potential Impacts
Conducting ElA
 What are the
 To have an boundaries of
opportunity to potential impacts?
identify costly  What is the range of
undesirable effects & potential impacts?
to modify projects in  Which potential
the design stage impacts are most
significant?
Phase 3- Measuring Baseline administrative system
Conditions & Predicting for EIA)
Significant Impacts
Four Significant Statements
 Baseline Conditions Under Phil. Environmental
(population, size, Policy of 1997
role of species, 1. National Environment
condition, Policy
interaction)
 Prediction (case 2. National Environment Goal
studies) 3. Right to a healthy
 Estimation of environment
Likehood 4. Environment Impact System
 Summarizing
 is the comprehensive
Phase 4- Evaluating process of assessing the
Significant Findings significance of the of a
How are the effects project or undertaking
distributed among affected on the quality of the
group? physical, biological &
socio-economic
How well are goals achieved environment
by the proposal?
Environmental Compliance
What is the overall social Certificate
significance of the predicted
ecological effects? is a document issued by the
DENR or authorized
Phase 5- Considering representative certifying
Alternatives to the proposed that:
action
 The proposed project or
Phase 6- Communication of undertaking will not
Findings and Recommendation cause any negative
Phase 7- Monitoring effects environmental impact.
of action  The proponent has
complied with all the
Legal Framework of EIA requirements of the EIS
 Originated from PD 1151 System
(Philippine  The proponent is
Environmental Policy) committed to implement
the projects approved
 Declared on June 6,1977
Environment Management
together LOI no. 549
Plan.
(establishment of an
WEEK 4- MATTER, ENERGY AND forms which can be used
LIFE IN ECOSYSTEM again by living
organisms.
Energy
 They get energy from
 Ability to do work wastes of plants animals
as well as from the dead
Kinetic bodies organisms.
 Energy in motion Abiotic (non-living)
Potential components
Light
 Energy at rest
Components of an Ecosystem  aids in photosynthesis.
Activities of plants
Biotic (living) components (flowering), length of
Producers day night (migration,
nesting, hibernation of
 are called autotrophs. animals) are affected
 They manufacture their Temperature/Climate
own food.
 The effects of
Consumers temperature on the
 are called heterotrophs. absence or presence of
animals in different
 They cannot produce
habitat are varied.
their own food.
Other animals can
 They feed on plants,
survive in cold while
wastes of other living others can live in hot
things or remain of temperature
organisms.
1. Herbivores - consumers
that eat plant products
2. Carnivores - consumers
that eat animal products.
3. Omnivores - consumers that Soil
eat both plants & animal
 character of the soil
products.
determines largely the
Decomposers character of vegetation
8 types of animals that
 are fungi & bacteria maintain themselves upon
that convert organic it
compounds into inorganic
Sandy Plant Water Requirements:

 plants do not grow well Hydrophytes

because water goes
 plants that live in
rapidly through the
areas submerged in water
spaces between
Mesophytes
Clay
 found in neither wet or
 retains water before
dry environment
drying, it is sticky not
suitable for plant Xerophytes
growth
 found in an almost
Loam waterless environment.
 good for agriculture & Wind/ Air
made up of particles of
gravel sand 8 clay with  removes water vapor
the addition of humus surroundings the plant
causing evaporation to
Silt take place. Air is 78%
nitrogen, oxygen and
 made up of very fine
Other gases
particles of soil or
clay, deposited as Thermodynamics and Energy
sediments. Transfer
Water Thermodynamics

 no organisms will  deals with how energy is

survive without water. transferred in natural
It comprises a large processes. It deals
percent of the body specifically with the
tissue of organism. relationship between
Water helps in the heat, work, energy.
germination of seeds,
transports substances in Laws of Thermodynamics
the body of plants & First Law
animals, aids in the
erosion 8 breaking of  energy may be
rocks. transferred into a
system. It maybe
transformed from one
form to another.
Second Law

 with each successive

energy transfer or
transformation, less
energy is available for
work.
Laws of Conservation of
Matter & Energy

 Matter and Energy cannot

be created nor destroyed Food Web
but can be transformed
or transferred from one
form to another.
 Food chains and food
webs are responsible for
the continuous flow of
energy in the ecosystem.
 Energy is passed from
one trophic level to
another. As energy moves
from one trophic level
to another great
percentage about 90% of
Pyramid of Biomass
it is lost as heat. In
each trophic level,
organisms use energy for
metabolic activities,
growth, development,
reproduction. The amount
of energy that is
available to the
succeeding level become
less and less. Humans
 usually occupy the last
trophic level. What does
this imply about the Trophic Level and Biomass
amount of energy
Trophic Level
available to them?
 position occupied by
Food Chain an organism in the
food chain.
Biomass compared to the next
higher level
 weight of living
matter per unit area WEEK 5- RESOURCES
of habitat.
Kind of Resources
 There are limitations
of trophic levels. 1. Non- Renewable resources
Every time one  not capable of
organism eats another, replacement or
only a small fraction renewable once
of energy present in utilized or extracted.
the lower trophic
level is stored in the A. Mineral resources
next higher level.  are stock resources
using the ecological that are dormant and
rule of 10 or the if left alone, no
10'/0 rule, an average economic benefit could
of only about 10% of be derived from these.
energy fixed by plants
 Gold
is ultimately stored
by herbivores. Only  Copper
10% of the energy that  Silver
herbivores accumulate  Lead
ends up being stored Mineral deposit
in the living tissues
of carnivores that eat  naturally occurring
them. And only of that concentration of a free
energy is successfully element or compound in
converted into living solid form.
tissues by carnivores
b. Energy Resources
on the third trophic
level. - Decrease of  Fossil fuel, petroleum,
energy from the first coal - carbon in solid
trophic level to form
succeeding levels
indicates that less 1910
and less biomass can
 coal was replaced by
be supported at each
oil and natural gas
succeeding level. The
because they are
pyramid of biomass
environmentally clean
shows that the number
and are easier and
of individuals in the
cheaper to transport.
lower pyramid trophic
They can also be
level is much more
refined to produce
liquid fuels for  •Massive leak that
vehicles. caused explosions and
OPEC (Organization of fire
Petroleum Exporting  -Caused immediate death
Countries) of more than 30 people
(2 from the blast and 29
 association of to exposure to
different countries in radiation)
the Middle East that  In July 1973, the
supply petroleum Philippine government
products all over the under President Marcos
world. These countries announced its decision
have the control in the to construct a Nuclear
supply and price of oil Power Plant in the
in the world market. Philippines to be
operated by the National
c. Geothermal Resources Power Corporation (NPC)
in Morong, Bataan. After
 perpetual energy
its completion, group of
resources
environmentalists,
 Hot Springs
lawyers and protesters
d. Conventional Non- mounted a resistance
Renewable against the operations
of the power plant
Nuclear Fission challenging the NPC and
 splitting of the nucleus its builders, the
of an atom Westinq House Electric
Corporation based on the
Nuclear Fission following allegations:
 combination of nuclei to  The nuclear power plant
form a single nucleus
was deficient,
(This both produce
defective, and
Nuclear Fusion unacceptable by any
tremendous amount of
standards.
energy)
 Implementations of
 Ex: oil, coal and designs, develop for
natural gas plus nuclear another plant are not
fission of uranium were suitable for the nuclear
used to produce power plant-
electricity.  Aside from the reasons
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant mentioned above,
in Russia (1986) Filipinos during that
time (1973) are not open
to nuclear power plant. energy is tapped by
They have negative giant floating ocean
thinking that nuclear thermal energy
power plants are conversion power
dangerous, might cause plants.
explosions that will
d. Energy from wind
lead to death, contains
radiation that can cause  wind energy (or wind
diseases. That is why up power) describes the
to now it did not process by which wind
operate even once. is used to generate
Meanwhile, the electricity.
Philippine government is
paying interest for the e. Biomass
loan contracted for the  this is produced
construction of nuclear through
power plant. photosynthesis. -
2. Renewable Resources organic plant matter
that can be burned
a. Solar energy directly as a solid
fuel.
 is radiant light and
heat from the Sun that Bio gas
is harnessed using a
use of organic waste from
range of ever-evolving
plants and animals waste
technologies such as
matter is fermented
solar heating,
anaerobically (without
photovoltaic, solar
oxygen) into a methane gas.
thermal energy, solar
architecture, molten
salt power plants and
artificial
photosynthesis.
b. Hydro power

 is electrical energy
produced through the
power of moving water.
c. Energy from heat stored
in water

 ocean water stores a

large amount of heat
from the sun and