RAFFLES INSTITUTION

RAFFLES PROGRAMME 2023

YEAR 3 MATHEMATICS
TOPIC 10: TRIGONOMETRY II (MATHS 2)
WORKSHEET 5
Name: ( ) Class: 3( ) Date:

WORKSHEET 5: ADDITION FORMULAE

Think! Additional Mathematics Book A, 10th Edition, Chapter 9 (P.239 – P.284)

LEARNER OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
Solve different types of trigonometrical equations using Addition Formulae
Prove further trigonometrical identities using Addition Formulae
Find values of other trigonometrical ratios using Addition Formulae
Solve equations of the type and by
using the R-formulae

(1) ADDITION FORMULAE (SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES)

Addition Formulae:

sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B

cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan A B
1 tan A tan B

PROOF: sin( A B ) and sin( A B )

Let P and Q be 2 points on a circle of radius 1 unit.

The radii OP and OQ makes an angle A and angle B with the positive x-axis respectively and
A > B as shown in the diagram.
y
yP xP
As sin A and cos A , then point P has coordinates cos A, sin A .
1 1
P
Similarly, point Q has coordinates cos B, sin B .
Q
Since points O , Q and P are in an anticlockwise direction, A
B
x
1 0 cos B cos A 0 O
Area of OQP
2 0 sin B sin A 0

1
sin A cos B cos A sin B
2

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Alternatively, this area can be found as follows:
1
Area of OQP OP OQ sin POQ
2
1
1 1 sin A B
2
1
sin A B
2
Comparing the 2 expressions,
sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B

Using this identity, replacing B by B

sin A B sin A B

Hence
sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B

sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B

PROOF: cos( A B ) and cos(A B )

cos( A B) sin 90 A B

sin 90 A B

Using this identity, replacing B by B

cos A B cos A B

Hence
cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B

cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B

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PROOF: tan( A B ) and tan(A B )

sin( A B)
tan( A B)
cos( A B)

Using this identity, replacing B by B

tan A B tan A B

Hence
tan A tan B
tan A B
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
tan A B
1 tan A tan B
Note:

sin A B sin A sin B

cos A B cos A cos B
tan A B tan A tan B

You may refer to resources at www.heymath.com; click on “Lessons”, select “Year 3”

“Mathematics” and click the folder “Trigonometry II” to expand to see the video lesson links
for “Addition Formulae”.

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EG 1 Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following, giving each answer
in surd form.
(a) cos165 (b) tan 285

EG 2 Express the following as a single trigonometric ratio

1 3 1 tan12
(a) cos sin (b)
2 2 1 tan12

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HOMEWORK 1

LEVEL 1
Think!Add Maths Bk A, Chapter 10, Ex 10C Q1, 2 (P.261)

LEVEL 2
1. Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following, giving each answer
in surd form.
1 tan15
(a) cos 255 (b) sin187 cos 52 cos187 sin 52 (c)
1 tan15

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2. It is given that tan A 2 . Find, without using tables or calculator,
(a) the exact value of tan x , given that tan x A 4,
(b) the exact value of tan , given that sin A 3cos A .
2 6 2 2 1
[Ans:1(a) , (b) , (c) 3 ; 2(a) , (b) ]
4 2 9 5

(2) SOLVE TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

EG 3 Solve the following equations.

(a) sin x 30 2 cos x ( 0 x 360 )

Sinx 0530 COSXsin300 21054

E sinx OSX 21057

E sinx 3cost simple

Eantanx
tanx 5 b f 1,3
basics 600
60 240 Page 6 of 28
1.20 or 3.94
(b) sin x cos1 cos x sin1 0.2 ( 0 x 2 )

Sin x 1 02 bf
I 142T 1
basic 0.20136

1 0 20130 or Tv 020136

1.20 or 3.94

(3) FIND TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

3 5
EG 4 Given that sin A and sin B and both A and B lie between 90 and 270 ,
5 13
find, without using calculators, the values of cos A B and tan A B .

3 5 Bradand

105 A B COSACOSB sin SinB

CE 1 E E

tanca B Ans

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cos A B 1
EG 5 Given that , show that 2sin A sin B cos A cos B and that 2 tan A cot B .
cos A B 3
2
Given also that tan A , find tan B and hence find tan A B .
5

COSA OSB Sin SinB

USA OSB sinasing

3105ACosB 3SinasinB cosA OSB SinasinB
451nASinB 2105A OSB
25inASinB COSACOSB shown
cosAsinB
2tanA OTB Shown
tanA
anB
tank B
Is

HOMEWORK 2
LEVEL 1
1. Think!Add Maths Bk A, Chapter 10, Ex 10C Q3, 4 (P.261)
2. Think!Add Maths Bk A, Chapter 9, P.262, Q8
A is an acute angle such that tan A a . Find the value of each of the following in
terms of a .
(i) tan 45 A (ii) sin 60 A (iii) cos A 30
1 a 3 a 3 a
[Ans: (i) , (ii) , (iii) ]
1 a 2 1 a2 2 1 a2

LEVEL 2
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1. Find all the angles between 0 and 360 inclusive which satisfy the equation
cos x 10 cos x 50 .
[Ans: 20 or 200 ]

3 5
2. Given that tan A and cos B and that A and B are between 180 and 360 ,
4 13
find, without using tables or calculators, the values of
(i) sin A B (ii) tan A B
33 33
[ Ans : (i ) (ii ) ]
65 56

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(4) PROVE TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

sin( A B) tan A tan B

EG 6 Prove the identity .
sin( A B) tan A tan B

Sin ATB
LHS
sin A 13
SinACOSB 0575in
CosA 1053
Sink COSB COSASinB

tana tank
tank tank

EG 7 Show that cos A B cos A B cos 2 A sin 2 B .

COSACOSB sinAsinB OSAWSB SinAsink

LHS
COSACOSB SinASinB 2

2H i sinB
Cos 2A
sinB 1 cos
Cosa COSASiRB SMB sinBCoSA
Cos A sin B
pits proved

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sin A B sin B A
EG 8 (i) Prove that cot A .
cos A B cos B A

sin 2 x sin 2x
8 8
(ii) Hence, solve 2 cos 2 x for 0 x , giving
cos 2 x cos 2x
8 8
your answers in terms of .

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HOMEWORK 3

LEVEL 1
1. Think!Add Maths Bk A, Chapter 9, P.262, Q10, 11, 12
1 tan A 3
2. Prove that tan A 45 . Given that tan A 45 , find the value of tan A .
1 tan A 2
1
[Ans: tan A ]
5
LEVEL 2
1. Prove the identity cos 60 sin 30 cos .

LHS 10s 60 G sin 300 A

2sin( A B)
2. Prove that cot B cot A .
cos( A B) cos( A B)

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cos A B 3
3. Given that , prove that cos A cos B 7 sin A sin B .
cos A B 4
Hence, find the value of tan A tan B .
1
[Ans: ]
7

LEVEL 3
1. Show that cos A B C sin A sin B sin C cot A cot B cot C cot A cot B cot C .
Hence deduce that if A , B and C are angles in a triangle,
1 sec A sec B sec C tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A .

(5) R-FORMULAE
Note that
sin 30o sin cos 30o cos sin 30o
3 1
sin cos
2 2
3 1
Hence sin cos can be written as a single trigonometric function
2 2

Question: Can a sin b cos be expressed as a single trigonometric function where a and
b are constants?

You may refer to resources at www.heymath.com; click on “Lessons”, select “Year 3”

“Mathematics” and click the folder “Trigonometry II” to expand to see the video lesson links
for “R-Formulae”. (BL)

Page 13 of 28
The diagram below shows the graphs of y sin x and y cos x for 2 x 2 .

Observe that the graph of y cos x will coincide with y sin x if we shift the graph of
y cos x horizontally to the right by (phase shift). In other words, the two graphs belong
2
to the same family known as sinusoidal curves.

The diagrams below shows the graphs of y sin x cos x and y 3sin x 2 cos x for
2 x 2 .

Observe that both graphs belong to the same family as y sin x and y cos x , they have the
same period but they have a different amplitude. There is also a horizontal shift in the graphs.
Hence we can represent a sin x b cos x in the form of R sin( x ) where R is the amplitude
and is the horizontal shift (not the basic angle). The worked example below showed how
this can be done.

Worked example: Express 2sin x 3cos x in the form of R sin( x ) where R is a positive
constant and is an acute angle.
Let 2sin x 3cos x R sin( x )
R sin x cos R cos x sin
Comparing coefficients of sin x and cos x :
R cos 2 ---------- (1)
R sin 3 ---------- (2)
(2) 3
: tan
(1) 2
56.3
(1) 2 (2) 2 : R 2 cos 2 R 2 sin 2 22 32
R 13 ( cos 2 sin 2 1)
Hence 2sin x 3cos x 13 sin x 56.3

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In general, a sin b cos (a and b are positive constants) can be expressed as R sin( )
where R is a positive constant and is an acute angle as shown below.
Let a sin b cos R sin( )
R sin cos R cos sin
Comparing coefficients of sin and cos :
R cos a ---------- (1)
R sin b ---------- (2)
(2) b
: tan
(1) a
(1) 2 (2) 2 : R 2 cos 2 R 2 sin 2 a 2 b2
R a 2 b2
b
Hence a sin b cos R sin where R a 2 b 2 and tan
a

Since y cos is in the same family as y sin , we can also express a cos b sin in the
form of R cos( ) as shown below.

Let a cos b sin R cos , where a, b and R 0 and is acute.

= R cos cos R sin sin

Comparing the coefficients of cos and sin , we have

R cos a ---------- (1)

R sin b ---------- (2)

b
(2) (1): tan
a
(1)2 + (2)2: R 2 cos 2 R 2 sin 2 a 2 b2

R 2 cos 2 sin 2 a 2 b2

R2 a 2 b2 since cos 2 sin 2 1

R a 2 b2 ( R 0)

b
Hence a cos b sin R cos where R a 2 b 2 and tan .
a

Can we express a cos b sin in the form of R cos( )?

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Hence the form chosen should always match the respective sign of a cos and b sin .

R-formulae

a sin b cos in the form R sin

a sin b cos in the form R sin

a cos b sin in the form R cos

a cos b sin in the form R cos

b
where a , b > 0, R a 2 b 2 and tan
a

EG 9 (a) Express 7 sin 24 cos as a single trigonometrical function.

(b) Express 2cos x 15 3sin x 15 as a single trigonometrical function.

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(6) APPLICATIONS OF THE R-FORMULAE

(6.1) SOLVING EQUATIONS OF THE FORM a sin b cos c (c 0)

Note: There is no need to use R-formulae when c = 0, i.e. a sin b cos 0 , why?

EG 10 Solve the equation 8sin x 3 cos x 5 for angles between 0 and 360 by
expressing 8sin x 3 cos x in the form R sin x , where R is positive and is
acute.

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EG 11 Express sin 2 x 3 cos 2 x in the form R sin 2 x where R is positive and is

acute. Hence solve the equation 2sin 2 x 2 3 cos 2 x 1 , giving all values of x
between 0 and 360 .

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(6.2) FINDING THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF a sin b cos

Note: 1 sin x 1 and 1 cos x 1 for all values of x

EG 12 Find the maximum and minimum values of 3sin 4 cos and the values of , where
0 360 , for which the maximum and minimum values occur.
Hence find the maximum and minimum values of
2
(a) 3sin 4 cos ,
3
(b) 3sin 2 4 cos 2 ,
(c) 1 6sin 8cos .

Page 19 of 28
HOMEWORK 4
LEVEL 1
1. Think!Add Maths Bk A, Ex 10F Q1 - 6 (P.277)
2. Find all the angles between 0 and 360 which satisfy each of the following equations.
(a) 2 cos 3 sin 5
(b) 3cos 4sin 2
[Ans: (a ) 309.2 (b) 119.6 or 346.7 ]
LEVEL 2

1. Solve cos 3sin 2 for angles between 0 and 360 by expressing the appropriate
expression in the form R cos or R cos where R is positive and is
acute.
[Ans: 57.7 or 159.2 ]
a 3sino 4105012 b 2351120 4105203

Maxvalue 25
Izsmrnvaive
O
mm.IE

I S
it fi
Imax
1 10CD
llmm
I 110741 4

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2. Express 12sin x 5cos x in the form R sin x where R is positive and is acute.
Find
(a) the values of x between 0 and 360 for which 12sin x 5cos x 7.5 ,
(b) the maximum and minimum values of 12sin x 5cos x 9 and the angles
between 0 and 360 which give these values.

[Ans: 13sin x 22.6 ; 57.9 or 167.4 ; 4, 112.6 (Max); 22, 292.6 (Min)]

Page 21 of 28
3. Express 12 cos x 9sin x in the form R cos x where R is positive and is
acute. Hence find
(a) the acute angle x , in degrees, for which 12 cos x 9sin x 11 ,
(b) the maximum and minimum values of
(i) 12 cos x 9sin x ,
2
(ii) 12 cos x 9sin x .
[Ans: (a ) 79.7 (b)(i ) 15; 15 (ii ) 225; 0 ]

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(6.3) WORD PROBLEM INVOLVING R-FORMULAE

EG 13 In the diagram, AB = 8 cm, BC = 5 cm and AOB ABC BDC 90 .

(i) Given that OAB , where 0 90 , express OD in terms of .
By rewriting OD in the form R sin , where R > 0 and is acute, find the value
of for which
(ii) OD has a maximum value,
(iii) OD = 8 cm.

i Sino i DB 85in0

8 cao.osao

fi 8
OD 8sin
p
BD 51050
TO Asin t 8

12 552 54
an
3 05 cap
OD 5895in 32.0

i OD is mox when sin 60 32ru

3.2 0050 90
0 58.00
D 8
Tgasin 6 32.007 08
sin 0 32.005
32.82 5290502122.0050

basicD 579959

Page 23 of 28
EG 14
The diagram shows a vertical section through a tent in which AB 1 m , BC 2 m ,
BAD BCD , where 0 90 , and CD is horizontal. The diagram is symmetrical
about the vertical line AD . A
(a) Obtain an expression for AD in terms of . 1m
B
(b) Express AD in the form R cos

T
where R is positive and is acute.
(c) State the maximum length of AD and the 2m
corresponding value of .
(d) Given that AD 2.15 m , find the value of
for which .
C
D

Af
a AX 1050
cos

sino BI BY 25170
AD AX BY Cost 25110

cost 2s.no Plos 0 α

R 522 55
and 7 2 2 63435 3dp
cost 2570 TIcos 0 6340

Max lengthofAD Is m
65.4550
when cos 0
634350 00
0 6340

d AD 2.15
2.15
TT OS 0 634300
63.4300
cos 0
63435 0 634300 26.565

is a

Page 24 of 28
EG 15

The diagram shows an area of rough ground bordered by a straight road XY. The point
O is such that OX = 5 km, OY = 3 km and angle XOY -country runner
leaves O and reaches P on the road XY after running for 4 km in a straight line inclined
at an angle to OY.
(i) Express the shortest distance of P from OX and from OY in terms of .
(ii) Show that 20 cos 12sin 15 .
(iii) Express 20 cos 12sin in the form R cos , where R 0 and is
acute.
(iv) Find the value of .

Page 25 of 28
HOMEWORK 5

LEVEL 1
1. Think!Add Maths Bk A, Ex 10F Q13, 14 (P.278)

LEVEL 2
1. In the diagram, OP 12 cm , OQ 5 cm and OAQ OBP 90 . The angles
OPB and AOQ are each equal to , where is a variable and 0 90 . P
(a) Obtain values of R and for which
AB R sin where R 0 and is acute. 12 cm
(b) Hence find the value of for which AB 3 cm . Q

[Ans: R = 13, = 22.6o(b) 36.0o]

5 cm

O A B

Page 26 of 28
2. ABCD is a rectangle. A line through B, at an angle to
BC , intersects AD at F and CD produced at E , B C
where BF 8 cm and FE 7 cm .
(a) Show that the length, P cm , of the perimeter of 8 cm
ABCD is given by P 16sin 30 cos . F
A D
(b) Express P in the form P R sin where
R > 0 and is acute, evaluate R and . 7 cm
Given that varies,
E
(c) state the maximum value of P and the
corresponding value of ,
(d) find the value of for which P 20 .
[Ans: 34sin 61.9 ; 28.1 ; 82.0 ]

Page 27 of 28
FOR YOUR INTEREST

VIÈTE’S TRIGONOMETRIC DIAGRAM

In the 16th century the French mathematician François Viète published the following
remarkable diagram.

In the diagram, the radius of the circle is 1, the centre is O, segment QS is tangent to the circle
at R, and SOQ is a right angle. This diagram is remarkable because each of the six
trigonometric functions of is equal to the length of a line segment in the figure. For instance,
PR
sin
OR
PR
1
PR

Your task: Try to find the line segment in the figure which is equal to (i) cos , (ii) tan , (iii)
sec , (iv) cosec and (v) cot . (Hint: identify three similar triangles.)

[Ans: cos OP, tan RQ, sec OQ, cosec OS , cot RS ]

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