CALCULUS Ⅰ

武清 (Qing Wu)
Email: [email protected]
Beijing Jiaotong University
Chapter 1 Functions and Models

1.6 Trigonometric Functions

In this section, we will learn trigonometric

functions. We also learn how to define
inverse trigonometric functions .
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (1)
（三角函数） Radian Measures

 A circle with radius r, there are six

P(x,y)
r basic trigonometric functions
q y

x y r
s ine : s in   cos e cant: cs c  
r y
x r
cos ine : cos   s e cant: s e c  
r x
y x
tange nt : ta n   cotange nt: c o t  
x y
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (2)
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

 The basic trigonometric functions are based on the

radius =1, since q = 0 to 2p.
s in   y cos   x
1 y  s in x 1
y  cos x

0 0

-p p -p -p/2 p/2 p 3p/2 2p

-p/2 p/2 3p/2 2p

-1 -1

Doma in: -   x   Doma in: -   x  

Ra nge : -1  y  1 Ra nge : -1  y  1
P e riod : 2  P e riod : 2 
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (3)
Radian Measures

 The basic trigonometric functions are based on the

radius =1, since q = 0 to 2p
ta n   y / x c ot   x / y
y  ta n x y  cot x

-p -p/2 p/2 p 3p/2 -p -p/2 p/2 p 3p/2 2p

-3p/2

Doma in: x   / 2, 3  / 2,.. Doma in: x  0, , 2 ,..

Ra nge : -  y   Ra nge : -  y  
P e riod :  P e riod : 
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (4)
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

 The basic trigonometric functions are based on the

radius =1, since q = 0 to 2p
sec   r / x cs c   r / y
y  sec x y  cs c x

-p -p/2 p/2 p 3p/2 -p -p/2 p/2 p 3p/2 2p

-3p/2

Doma in: x   / 2, 3  / 2,.. Doma in: x  0, , 2 ,..

Ra nge : y  1 a nd y  1 Ra nge : y  1 a nd y  1
P e riod : 2  P e riod : 2 
1.6 Trigonometric Functions
Periodicity

De finition Pe riodic Function, Pe riod

A function f ( x ) is pe riodic if the re is a pos tive numbe r
p s uch tha t f ( x  p )  f ( x ) for e ve ry va lue of x .
The s ma lle s t s uch va lue of p is the pe riod of f .

Pe riods Trigonome tric Functions

pe riod  : ta n( x  )  ta n( x )
cot( x  )  cot( x )
pe riod 2  : s in(x  2 )  s in( x )
co s ( x  2 )  cos ( x )
s e c( x  2 )  s e c( x )
cs c( x  2 )  cs c( x )
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (11, Example 1)
Even and Odd Trigonometric Functions

From de finition
e ve n function of x if f (-x ) = f ( x ), s ymm. a bout y a xis
odd function of x if f (- x ) = -f ( x ), s ymm. a bout origin
Exa mple 1 CONFIRMING EVEN AND ODD
S how tha t cos ine is e ve n function a nd s ine is odd

S olution
x 
cos (-)   cos  r
r y
y x
s in(-)    s in 
r -y
-
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (12)
Even and Odd Trigonometric Functions

s in x 1 1
cos x ta n x

0 0

-1 -1

sec x cot x
cs c x
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (14, Example 2)
Applications

Example 2 FINDING A TRIGONOMETRIC MO DEL

 2 
Gra ph f ( x )  A s in  ( x  c )  D
B 
y
amplitude (A)

vertical shift (D)

horizontal shift (c) period (B)

1.6 Trigonometric Functions (15, Example 3-a)
Applications

Example 3 FINDING THE MODEL OF TEMPERATURE

The figure s hows the norma l me a n a ir te mpe ra ture s for Fa irba nks ,
Ala s ka , plotte d a s da ta points (re d).
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (16, Example 3-b)
Applications

Example 3 FINDING THE MODEL OF TEMPERATURE

b  The a pproxima ting s ine function (blue ) is

whe re f is te mpe ra ture in de gre e s Fa hre nh e it a nd x is the numbe r

of the da y counting from the be ginning o f the ye a r. The fit, obta ine d
by us ing the s inus oida l re gre s s ion fe a ture on a ca lcula tor or compute r.
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (16, Example 4) Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

Example 4 RES TRICTING THE DOMAIN OF THE S INE

S how tha t the function y  s in x , -  / 2  x   / 2, is
one -to-one , a nd gra ph its inve rs e .
S ollution
 
x 1  t , y 1  s in t ,  t 
2 2

 
x 2  s in t , y 2  t ,  t 
2 2
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (17)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 The inverse of the restricted sine function is called

inverse sine function. The inverse sine of x is the
angle whose sine is x. It is denoted by sin-1x or
arcsinx.

1
f (x )  s in x  f (x )  s in 1 x
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (19)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

y  cos -1 x y  s in -1 x
Doma in : 1  x  1 Doma in : 1  x  1
Ra nge : 0  y   Ra nge :  / 2  y   / 2

4
1.5708
3

2 0
-1 0 1
1

-1.5708
0
-1 0 1
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (20)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

y  ta n -1 x y  cot -1 x
Doma in :   x   Doma in :   x  
Ra nge : 0  y   Ra nge : 0  y  

1.5708 3.1416

0 1.5708
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-1.5708 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (21)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

y  s e c -1 x y  cs c -1 x
Doma in : x  1 or x  1 Doma in : x  1 or x  1
 3  3
Ra nge : 0  y  ,   y  Ra nge : 0  y  ,   y 
2 2 2 2
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (18)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

De finitions Inve rs e Trigonome tric Functio ns

Function Domain Ra ng e
y  cos -1 x -1  x  1 0y 
 
y  s in 1 x 1  x  1  y 
2 2
 
y  ta n 1 x   x    y 
2 2
 3
y  s e c 1 x x 1 0 y  , y 
2 2
 3
y  cs c 1 x x 1 0 y  , y 
2 2
y  cot 1 x   x   0y 
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (22, Example 5) Inverse
Trigonometric Functions （反三角函数）

Example 5 US ING THE INVERS E TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

S olve for x (a ) s in x  0.7 in 0  x  2 
(b) ta n x  -2 in -   x  

S ollutio n
(a ) x  s in 1(0.7)  0.775,
  s in 1(0.7)  2.366
(b) x  ta n 1( 2)  1.107
a ls o, ta n 1( 2)  k   1.107  k 
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (23) Trigonometric
Identities （三角恒等式）
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (24) Trigonometric
Identities
1.6 Trigonometric Functions (25) Trigonometric
Identities
Example S HOWING THE TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Us ing the S um & Diffe re nce Formula s

to prove the P roduct-to-S um Formula s

Homework

 Section 1.6 P.70

 64, 69, 75

 Chapter1 Review p.73

 19, 23, 27
Homework