16-Dec-21

WEEK6: VERTICAL /
Horizontal
ALIGNMENT – SIGHT
DISTANCE

1. Sight Distance
2. Stopping Sight Distance for Crest Vertical Curves
3. Passing Sight Distance for Crest Vertical Curves
4. Stopping Sight Distance for Sag Vertical
Curves

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Sight Distance
• On crests/sags, the vertical curvature of facility causes sight
restrictions

< >

< >

Figure 2.7: Sight distance / stopping sight distance at Vertical alignment

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Sight Distance for Crest Vertical Curve

The case of designing a crest vertical curve for adequate stopping sight
distance is illustrated as below:

Figure 2.8: Stopping sight distance considerations for crest vertical curves.
S = sight distance (m),

h1 = height of driver’s eye above roadway surface (m),

h2 = height of object above roadway surface (m),

PVC = point of the vertical curve (the initial point of the curve),

PVI = point of vertical intersection (intersection of initial and final grades),

PVT = point of vertical tangent, which is the final point of the vertical curve (the point where the
curve returns to the final grade or, equivalently, the final tangent), and
9
L = length of the curve (m).

Assumptions for design

• h1 = driver’s eye height = 1.08 m
• h2 = object height = 0.15 m (SSD)

PVI
Line of Sight

PVC PVT G2
G1
h2
h1
L

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Assumptions for design

• h1 = driver’s eye height = 1.07 m
• h2 = object height = 1.08 m for passing sight distance (PSD)

PVI
Line of Sight

PVC PVT G2
G1

h1 h2
L

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Minimum length of curve satisfying a given sight

distance requirement

PVI
Line of Sight

PVC PVT G2
G1
h2
h1

For L > S For S > L

𝐴(𝑆) 200 ℎ + ℎ (2.14)
𝐿= (2.13) 𝐿 = 2𝑆 −
200 ℎ + ℎ 𝐴
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Stopping Sight Distance

• Design to provide for adequate sight distances

• To perceive dangerous situation ahead
• To take preventive action
• Stopping sight distance
 The sum of the distance the vehicle travels from the
driver’s first possible sighting of the hazard to the
instant the brake is touched, plus the distance required
to stop after brake activation.
• Passing sight distance
 The minimum sight distance for vehicle passing on two
lane

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Stopping Sight Distance

𝑉
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = +𝑉 𝑡 (2.12)
2𝑔 𝑓 ± 𝐺

Where:
SSD = stopping sight distance in (m),
a = deceleration rate in (m/s2),
V1 = initial vehicle speed in (m/s),
g = gravitational constant in (m/s2),
tr = perception/reaction time in sec, and
G = roadway grade (+ for uphill and – for downhill) in percent/100.
f = friction factor

With a = 3.4 m/s2, tr =2.5s, the application of Eq. 2.12

(assuming G = 0) produces the stopping sight distances presented in Table 3.1.

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Table 3.1 Stopping Sight Distance when G=0

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• If G≠0, should apply,

𝑉
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = +𝑉 𝑡
2𝑔 𝑓 ± 𝐺
but due to difficulties to estimate where the vehicle began to brake,
many agencies ignore the effect of grade completely while other
assume G = 0 for grades less than 3%.

 Difficult to get exact effect of grade unless you know exactly where
on the curve the brakes were applied.
 Assuming initial or final could be too conservative or too risky.

 Practices vary, but most agencies do not correct if G < 3%, then may
add a fixed-distance correction

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Assuming L > SSD instead of SSD > L.

 If SSD > L the relationship between A and Lm is
not linear so K-values cannot be used in the L = KA
formula.
 At low values of A, it is possible to get negative
minimum curve lengths.
 L > SSD is a good one because, in many cases,
 L is greater than SSD and
 when it is not (SSD > L), the use of the L >
SSD formula gives longer curve lengths and
thus the error is on the conservative, safe
side.
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L>S
S

S>L
S

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Sight Distance for Crest Vertical Curves

• Simplified Equations For G = 0%

For L > S For S > L

404
𝐴 𝑆𝑆𝐷 𝐿 = 2 𝑆𝑆𝐷 − (2.17)
𝐿= (2.15) 𝐴
404

𝐴 𝑃𝑆𝐷
𝐿= (2.16) 946
946 𝐿 = 2 𝑃𝑆𝐷 − (2.18)
𝐴

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Relationship with K value

K= horizontal distance, in (m), required to affect a

1% change in the slope, and is defined as

For L > S Metric

𝐴 𝑆𝑆𝐷
𝐿= rearranged
404
𝑆𝑆𝐷
𝐾= (2.19)
404
L  KA

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Table 3.2 Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves

Based on Stopping Sight Distance

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Example 1

A highway is being designed to AASHTO guidelines with a 120km/h

design speed. At one section, an equal tangent vertical curve must be
designed to connect grades of +1.0% and -2.0%. Determine the length
of curve required assuming provisions are to be made for minimum
SSD and desirable SSD.

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Example 1(cont’d)
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Example 2

If the grades in Example 1 (previous example) intersect at station

10+000.000, determine the stationing of the PVC, PVT, and curve high
points for both minimum and desirable SSD curve lengths.

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Passing Sight Distance and Crest Vertical

Curve Design

• Passing sight distance is a factor only in crest vertical curve design.

• Not for sag curves because the sight distance is unobstructed looking
up or down the grade, and, at night, the headlights of oncoming or
opposing vehicles will be noticed.

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Assumptions for design

• h1 = driver’s eye height = 1.08 m
• h2 = object height = 1.08 m for passing sight distance (PSD)

PVI
Line of Sight

PVC PVT G2
G1

h1 h2
L

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Passing Sight Distance and Crest Vertical Curve

Design
Passing sight distance (PSD) used for
design is assumed to consist of four
distances;
1. d1 - The initial maneuver distance
(which includes drivers'
perception/reaction time and the
time it takes to bring the vehicle
from its trailing speed to the point
of encroachment on the left lane),
2. d2 - The distance that the passing
vehicle traverses while occupying
the left lane,
3. d3 - The clearance length between
the passing and opposing vehicles
at the end of the passing maneuver,
and
4. d4 - The distance traversed by an
opposing vehicle during two-thirds
of the time the passing vehicle
occupies the left lane.
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 K-values can be computed by assuming L > SSD,

which
o H1, remain at 1080 mm,
o H2 is also be set to 1080 mm – height of
oncoming car.
𝐴 𝑃𝑆𝐷
(2.26)
For L > PSD 𝐿𝑚 =
864

For PSD > L 864

𝐿𝑚 = 2 × 𝑃𝑆𝐷 − (2.27)
𝐴
Where:
Lm = minimum length of vertical curve in (m),
PSD = passing sight distance in (m), and
A = algebraic difference in grades in percent.

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Assuming L > PSD, so

𝑃𝑆𝐷2
𝐾= (2.28)
864

Where:
K= horizontal distance (m), required to affect a 1% change in the slope,
PSD as before.

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Table 3.4 Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves Based on Passing
Sight Distance

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Example 3

An equal-tangent crest vertical curve is 480 m long and connects a

+2.0% and a -1.5% grade. If the design speed of the roadway is 80
km/h, does this curve have adequate passing-sight distance?

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Example 3
An equal-tangent crest vertical curve is 480 m long and
connects a +2.0% and a -1.5% grade. If the design speed of
the roadway is 80 km/h, does this curve have adequate
passing-sight distance?

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Sight Distance for Sag Vertical curve

Light Beam Distance (S)

headlight beam (diverging from LOS by β degrees)

G1 β G2
PVC PVT

h1 PVI
h2=0

L
For L > S For S > L

𝐴 𝑆 200(ℎ + 𝑆 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽)
𝐿= (2.20) 𝐿 = 2𝑆 − (2.21)
200 ℎ + 𝑆 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝐴

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Sight Distance for Sag Vertical curve

In this figure,
S= sight distance in (m),
h= height of headlight in (m),
= inclined angle of headlight beam in degrees,
PVC = point of the vertical curve (the initial point of the curve),
PVI = point of vertical intersection (intersection of initial and final
grades),
PVT = point of vertical tangent, which is the final point of the vertical
curve (the point where the curve returns to the final grade or,
equivalently, the final tangent), and
L= length of the curve in (m).

Assumptions for design:

• h1 = headlight height = 0.6 m

• β = 1 degree
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Sight Distance for Sag Vertical curve

• Simplified Equations

For L > S For S > L

𝐴 𝑆𝑆𝐷 120 + 3.5(𝑆𝑆𝐷)

𝐿= (2.24) 𝐿 = 2 𝑆𝑆𝐷 − (2.25)
120 + 3.5 𝑆𝑆𝐷 𝐴

𝑆𝑆𝐷
𝐾= (2.26)
120 + 3.5𝑆𝑆𝐷

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Table 3.3 Design Controls for Sag Vertical Curves

Based on Stopping Sight Distance

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horizontal
ALIGNMENT –
SIGHT DISTANCE

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In this figure,
R= radius, usually measured to the
centerline of the road, in ft (m),
Δ= central angle of the curve in
degrees,
PC = point of curve (the beginning point
of the horizontal curve),
PI = point of tangent intersection,
PT = point of tangent (the ending point of
the horizontal curve),
T= tangent length in (m),
M= middle ordinate in (m),
E= external distance in (m), and
L= length of curve in (m).
Figure 2.11 Elements of a simple circular horizontal curve
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Geometric and trigonometric analyses of Fig. 2.11 reveal the

following relationships:


T = R tan (2.40)
2

1
𝐸=𝑅 − 1 (2.41)
∆
𝑐𝑜𝑠
2

∆
𝑀 = 𝑅 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2.42)
2


L= R (2.43)
180
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Example

A horizontal curve is designed with a 725 m radius. The curve has a

tangent length of 140 m and the PI is at station 3+103.000. Determine
the stationing of the PT.

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Horizontal Alignment
In this figure,
Vehicle Cornering Rv = radius defined to the vehicle’s
traveled path in (m),
α= angle of incline in degrees,
e= number of vertical (m) of rise per
100 (m) of horizontal distance,
W= weight of the vehicle in (N),
Wn = vehicle weight normal to the
roadway surface in (N),
Wp = vehicle weight parallel to the
roadway surface in (N),
Ff (or Fs) = side frictional force (centripetal,
in (N)),
Fc = centripetal force (lateral
acceleration mass, in (N)),
Fcp = centripetal force acting parallel to
the roadway surface in (N), and
Fcn = centripetal force acting normal to
the roadway surface in (N).

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Vehicle Cornering : Superelevation – (for vehicle

cornering)

 Superelevated section of a
highway offsets the tendency
of the vehicle to slide outward

 Necessary to establish proper

relation with superelevation and
side friction, design speed and
curvature

 When moves in a circular path, a vehicle is forced radially outward by

centrifugal force. To counteract this force, the vehicle weight component
creates side friction between road surface and tires.

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16-Dec-21

𝑉
𝑅 = 𝑒 (2.38)
𝑔 𝑓 +
100

See Table 3.5 for computed values. Get fs from Table 3.5 or use (where V is
in km/hr)

fs = 0.190 – V/1000 for V ≤ 80.5 km/h

fs = 0.140 – 2(V – 50 )/1000 for V > 80.5 km/h

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U S C u s to m a r y M e tr ic
D es i g n L im itin g C a lc u late d R o un ded D e s ign L im itin g C alc u lated R o un ded
S p eed M ax im u m e V a lu es o f T o ta l R ad iu s , R v R ad iu s , R v S p ee d M a x im u m e V alu e s o f T o tal R ad iu s , R v R ad iu s , R v
(m i/h ) (% ) fs (e /1 0 0 + f s ) (ft) (ft) (k m /h ) (% ) fs (e /1 0 0 + f s ) (m ) (m )
15 4 .0 0 .1 7 5 0 .2 1 5 7 0 .0 70 20 4 .0 0 .1 8 0 .2 2 1 4 .3 15
20 4 .0 0 .1 7 0 0 .2 1 0 1 2 7 .4 125 30 4 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 1 3 3 .7 35
25 4 .0 0 .1 6 5 0 .2 0 5 2 0 3 .9 205 40 4 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 1 6 0 .0 60
30 4 .0 0 .1 6 0 0 .2 0 0 3 0 1 .0 300 50 4 .0 0 .1 6 0 .2 0 9 8 .4 100
35 4 .0 0 .1 5 5 0 .1 9 5 4 2 0 .2 420 60 4 .0 0 .1 5 0 .1 9 1 4 9 .1 150
40 4 .0 0 .1 5 0 0 .1 9 0 5 6 3 .3 565 70 4 .0 0 .1 4 0 .1 8 2 1 4 .2 215
45 4 .0 0 .1 4 5 0 .1 8 5 7 3 2 .2 730 80 4 .0 0 .1 4 0 .1 8 2 7 9 .8 280
50 4 .0 0 .1 4 0 0 .1 8 0 9 2 9 .0 930 90 4 .0 0 .1 3 0 .1 7 3 7 5 .0 375
55 4 .0 0 .1 3 0 0 .1 7 0 1 1 9 0 .2 1190 100 4 .0 0 .1 2 0 .1 6 4 9 1 .9 490
60 4 .0 0 .1 2 0 0 .1 6 0 1 5 0 5 .0 1505
15 6 .0 0 .1 7 5 0 .2 3 5 6 4 .0 65 20 6 .0 0 .1 8 0 .2 4 1 3 .1 15
20 6 .0 0 .1 7 0 0 .2 3 0 1 1 6 .3 115 30 6 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 3 3 0 .8 30
25 6 .0 0 .1 6 5 0 .2 2 5 1 8 5 .8 185 40 6 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 3 5 4 .7 55
30 6 .0 0 .1 6 0 0 .2 2 0 2 7 3 .6 275 50 6 .0 0 .1 6 0 .2 2 8 9 .4 90
35 6 .0 0 .1 5 5 0 .2 1 5 3 8 1 .1 380 60 6 .0 0 .1 5 0 .2 1 1 3 4 .9 135
40 6 .0 0 .1 5 0 0 .2 1 0 5 0 9 .6 510 70 6 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 0 1 9 2 .8 195
45 6 .0 0 .1 4 5 0 .2 0 5 6 6 0 .7 660 80 6 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 0 2 5 1 .8 250
50 6 .0 0 .1 4 0 0 .2 0 0 8 3 6 .1 835 90 6 .0 0 .1 3 0 .1 9 3 3 5 .5 335
55 6 .0 0 .1 3 0 0 .1 9 0 1 0 6 5 .0 1065 100 6 .0 0 .1 2 0 .1 8 4 3 7 .2 435
60 6 .0 0 .1 2 0 0 .1 8 0 1 3 3 7 .8 1340 110 6 .0 0 .1 1 0 .1 7 5 6 0 .2 560
65 6 .0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 7 0 1 6 6 2 .4 1660 120 6 .0 0 .0 9 0 .1 5 7 5 5 .5 755

Table 3.5 :
70 6 .0 0 .1 0 0 0 .1 6 0 2 0 4 8 .5 2050 130 6 .0 0 .0 8 0 .1 4 9 5 0 .0 950
75 6 .0 0 .0 9 0 0 .1 5 0 2 5 0 8 .4 2510
80 6 .0 0 .0 8 0 0 .1 4 0 3 0 5 7 .8 3060

Minimum
15 8 .0 0 .1 7 5 0 .2 5 5 5 9 .0 60 20 8 .0 0 .1 8 0 .2 8 1 2 .1 10
20 8 .0 0 .1 7 0 0 .2 5 0 1 0 7 .0 105 30 8 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 5 2 8 .3 30
25 8 .0 0 .1 8 5 0 .2 4 5 1 7 0 .8 170 40 8 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 5 5 0 .4 50

Radius using
30 8 .0 0 .1 6 0 0 .2 4 0 2 5 0 .8 250 50 8 .0 0 .1 6 0 .2 4 8 2 .0 80
35 8 .0 0 .1 5 5 0 .2 3 5 3 4 8 .7 350 60 8 .0 0 .1 5 0 .2 3 1 2 3 .2 125
40 8 .0 0 .1 5 0 0 .2 3 0 4 6 5 .3 465 70 8 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 2 1 7 5 .3 175

limiting
45 8 .0 0 .1 4 5 0 .2 2 5 5 0 2 .0 500 80 8 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 2 2 2 8 .9 230
50 8 .0 0 .1 4 0 0 .2 2 0 7 6 0 .1 760 90 8 .0 0 .1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 3 .6 305
55 8 .0 0 .1 3 0 0 .2 1 0 9 6 3 .5 965 100 8 .0 0 .1 2 0 .2 0 3 9 3 .5 395

values of e
60 8 .0 0 .1 2 0 0 .2 0 0 1 2 0 4 .0 1205 110 8 .0 0 .1 1 0 .1 9 5 0 1 .2 500
65 8 .0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 9 0 1 4 8 7 .4 1485 120 8 .0 0 .0 9 0 .1 7 6 6 6 .6 665
70 8 .0 0 .1 0 0 0 .1 8 0 1 8 2 0 .9 1820 130 8 .0 0 .0 8 0 .1 8 8 3 1 .3 830

and fs
75 8 .0 0 .0 9 0 0 .1 7 0 2 2 1 3 .3 2215
80 8 .0 0 .0 8 0 0 .1 6 0 2 6 7 5 .6 2675
15 1 0 .0 0 .1 7 5 0 .2 7 5 5 4 .7 55 20 1 0 .0 0 .1 8 0 .2 8 1 1 .2 10
20 1 0 .0 0 .1 7 0 0 .2 7 0 9 9 .1 100 30 1 0 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 7 2 6 .2 25
25 1 0 .0 0 .1 6 5 0 .2 6 5 1 5 7 .8 160 40 1 0 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 7 4 6 .6 45
30 1 0 .0 0 .1 6 0 0 .2 8 0 2 3 1 .5 230 50 1 0 .0 0 .1 6 0 .2 6 7 5 .7 75
35 1 0 .0 0 .1 5 5 0 .2 5 5 3 2 1 .3 320 60 1 0 .0 0 .1 5 0 .2 5 1 1 3 .3 115
40 1 0 .0 0 .1 5 0 0 .2 5 0 4 2 8 .1 430 70 1 0 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 1 6 0 .7 160
45 1 0 .0 0 .1 4 5 0 .2 4 5 5 5 2 .9 555 80 1 0 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 2 0 9 .9 210
50 1 0 .0 0 .1 4 0 0 .2 4 0 6 9 6 .8 695 90 1 0 .0 0 .1 3 0 .2 3 2 7 7 .2 275
55 1 0 .0 0 .1 3 0 0 .2 3 0 8 7 9 .7 880 100 1 0 .0 0 .1 2 0 .2 2 3 5 7 .7 360
60 1 0 .0 0 .1 2 0 0 .2 2 0 1 0 9 4 .6 1095 110 1 0 .0 0 .1 1 0 .2 1 4 5 3 .5 455
65 1 0 .0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 3 4 5 .8 1345 120 1 0 .0 0 .0 9 0 .1 9 5 9 6 .5 595
70 1 0 .0 0 .1 0 0 0 .2 0 0 1 8 3 8 .8 1840 130 1 0 .0 0 .0 8 0 .1 8 7 3 8 .9 740
75 1 0 .0 0 .0 9 0 0 .1 9 0 1 9 8 0 .3 1980
80 1 0 .0 0 .0 8 0 0 .1 8 0 2 3 7 8 .3 2380
15 1 2 .0 0 .1 7 5 0 .2 9 5 5 1 .0 50 20 1 2 .0 0 .1 8 0 .3 0 1 0 .5 10
20 1 2 .0 0 .1 7 0 0 .2 9 0 9 2 .3 90 30 1 2 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 9 2 4 .4 25
25 1 2 .0 0 .1 6 5 0 .2 8 5 1 4 6 .7 145 40 1 2 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 9 4 3 .4 45
30 1 2 .0 0 .1 6 0 0 .2 8 0 2 1 5 .0 215 50 1 2 .0 0 .1 6 0 .2 8 7 0 .3 70
35 1 2 .0 0 .1 5 5 0 .2 7 5 2 9 8 .0 300 60 1 2 .0 0 .1 5 0 .2 7 1 0 4 .9 105
40 1 2 .0 0 .1 5 0 0 .2 7 0 3 9 6 .4 395 70 1 2 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 6 1 4 8 .3 150
45 1 2 .0 0 .1 4 5 0 .2 6 5 5 1 1 .1 510 80 1 2 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 6 1 9 3 .7 195
50 1 2 .0 0 .1 4 0 0 .2 6 0 6 4 3 .2 645 90 1 2 .0 0 .1 3 0 .2 5 2 5 5 .0 255
55 1 2 .0 0 .1 3 0 0 .2 5 0 8 0 9 .4 810 100 1 2 .0 0 .1 2 0 .2 4 3 2 7 .9 330
60 1 2 .0 0 .1 2 0 0 .2 4 0 1 0 0 3 .4 1005 110 1 2 .0 0 .1 1 0 .2 3 4 1 4 .0 415
65 1 2 .0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 3 0 1 2 2 8 .7 1230 120 1 2 .0 0 .0 9 0 .2 1 5 3 9 .7 540
70 1 2 .0 0 .1 0 0 0 .2 2 0 1 4 8 9 .8 1490 130 1 2 .0 0 .0 8 0 .2 0 6 6 5 .0 665
75 1 2 .0 0 .0 9 0 0 .2 1 0 1 7 9 1 .7 1790
80 1 2 .0 0 .0 8 0 0 .2 0 0 2 1 4 0 .5 2140 48
N o te: In re co g n itio n o f s afe ty co n s id erat io n s , u s e o f e m a x = 4 .0 % s h o u ld b e lim ited to u rb a n co n d itio n s .

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Example

A roadway is being designed for a speed of 120 km/h. At one

horizontal curve it is known that the super-elevation is 8.00% and the
coefficient of side friction is 0.09. Determine the minimum radius of
curve (measured to the traveled path) that will provide safe vehicle
operation.

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Stopping Sight Distance and

Horizontal Curve design

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Stopping Sight Distance and Horizontal

Curve design
In this figure,
L= length of curve in (m),
SSD = stopping sight distance in (m),
Δs= central angle (in degrees)
subtended by a curve whose arc
is the stopping sight distance
(SSD) and radius is Rv, and
Ms = middle ordinate necessary to
provide adequate stopping sight
distance (SSD) in (m).

Figure2.12 Stopping sight distance considerations for horizontal curves.

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Stopping Sight Distance and Horizontal Curve

design
Assuming that the length of the horizontal curve exceeds the
required SSD (as shown in Fig 2.11), gives
𝜋
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 𝑅 ∆ (2.44)
180

Rearranging terms,
180𝑆𝑆𝐷
∆ = (2.45)
𝜋𝑅

Substituting this into the general equation for the middle ordinate of a
simple horizontal curve (Eq. 2.42) to get an expression for Ms (the
middle ordinate necessary to provide adequate stopping sight distance
as shown in Fig. 2.12), gives
90𝑆𝑆𝐷
𝑀 =𝑅 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2.46)
𝜋𝑅

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Solving Eq. 2.46 for SSD gives

𝜋𝑅 𝑅 −𝑀
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2.47)
90 𝑅

Note that Eqs. 2.44 to 2.47 can also be applied directly to determine
sight distance requirements for passing (PSD). If these equations
are to be used for passing, distances given in Table 3.4 would apply
and SSD in the equations would be replaced by PSD.

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Example
A horizontal curve on a two-lane highway is designed with a 700
m radius, 3.6m lanes, and a 100km/h design speed. Determine
the distance that must be cleared from the inside edge of the
inside lane to provide a sufficient stopping sight distance.

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Example
A two-lane highway (two 3.6 m
Station 4+600.000
lanes) has a posted speed limit of 80
Station 4+160.000
km/h, and, on one section, has both
6m
horizontal and vertical curves. A
recent daytime accident (driver
traveling westbound and striking a
stationary roadway object) resulted
in a fatality and a lawsuit alleging
that the 80-km/h posted speed limit
was an unsafe speed for the curves
in question and a major cause of the
accident. Evaluate and comment on St4+290.00
4+290.000
St 4+140.000
the roadway design.
𝜋𝑅 𝑅 −𝑀
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 Station 4+215.000
90 𝑅
Figure 3.13
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16-Dec-21


L= R
180

Rv

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2.38

𝑉
𝑅 = 𝑒
𝑔 𝑓 +
100

westbound 2.47

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U S C u s to m a r y M e tr ic
D esign L i m i ti n g C a lc u la te d R ounded D esign L im it i n g C a lc u la te d R ounded
S p e ed M a x im u m e V alu e s o f T o tal R a d iu s, R v R a d iu s , R v S p ee d M ax im u m e V a lu e s o f T o tal R a d iu s, R v R a d iu s, R v
(m i/h ) (% ) f s ( e /1 0 0 + f s ) (ft) ( f t) (k m /h ) (% ) f s ( e /1 0 0 + f s ) (m ) (m )
15 4 .0 0 .1 7 5 0 .2 1 5 7 0 .0 70 20 4 .0 0 .1 8 0 .2 2 1 4 .3 15
20 4 .0 0 .1 7 0 0 .2 1 0 1 2 7 .4 125 30 4 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 1 3 3 .7 35
25 4 .0 0 .1 6 5 0 .2 0 5 2 0 3 .9 205 40 4 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 1 6 0 .0 60
30 4 .0 0 .1 6 0 0 .2 0 0 3 0 1 .0 300 50 4 .0 0 .1 6 0 .2 0 9 8 .4 100
35 4 .0 0 .1 5 5 0 .1 9 5 4 2 0 .2 420 60 4 .0 0 .1 5 0 .1 9 1 4 9 .1 150
40 4 .0 0 .1 5 0 0 .1 9 0 5 6 3 .3 565 70 4 .0 0 .1 4 0 .1 8 2 1 4 .2 215
45 4 .0 0 .1 4 5 0 .1 8 5 7 3 2 .2 730 80 4 .0 0 .1 4 0 .1 8 2 7 9 .8 280
50 4 .0 0 .1 4 0 0 .1 8 0 9 2 9 .0 930 90 4 .0 0 .1 3 0 .1 7 3 7 5 .0 375
55 4 .0 0 .1 3 0 0 .1 7 0 1 1 9 0 .2 1190 100 4 .0 0 .1 2 0 .1 6 4 9 1 .9 490
60 4 .0 0 .1 2 0 0 .1 6 0 1 5 0 5 .0 1505
15 6 .0 0 .1 7 5 0 .2 3 5 6 4 .0 65 20 6 .0 0 .1 8 0 .2 4 1 3 .1 15
20 6 .0 0 .1 7 0 0 .2 3 0 1 1 6 .3 115 30 6 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 3 3 0 .8 30
25 6 .0 0 .1 6 5 0 .2 2 5 1 8 5 .8 185 40 6 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 3 5 4 .7 55
30 6 .0 0 .1 6 0 0 .2 2 0 2 7 3 .6 275 50 6 .0 0 .1 6 0 .2 2 8 9 .4 90
35 6 .0 0 .1 5 5 0 .2 1 5 3 8 1 .1 380 60 6 .0 0 .1 5 0 .2 1 1 3 4 .9 135
40 6 .0 0 .1 5 0 0 .2 1 0 5 0 9 .6 510 70 6 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 0 1 9 2 .8 195
45 6 .0 0 .1 4 5 0 .2 0 5 6 6 0 .7 660 80 6 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 0 2 5 1 .8 250
50 6 .0 0 .1 4 0 0 .2 0 0 8 3 6 .1 835 90 6 .0 0 .1 3 0 .1 9 3 3 5 .5 335
55 6 .0 0 .1 3 0 0 .1 9 0 1 0 6 5 .0 1065 100 6 .0 0 .1 2 0 .1 8 4 3 7 .2 435
60 6 .0 0 .1 2 0 0 .1 8 0 1 3 3 7 .8 1340 110 6 .0 0 .1 1 0 .1 7 5 6 0 .2 560
65 6 .0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 7 0 1 6 6 2 .4 1660 120 6 .0 0 .0 9 0 .1 5 7 5 5 .5 755
70 6 .0 0 .1 0 0 0 .1 6 0 2 0 4 8 .5 2050 130 6 .0 0 .0 8 0 .1 4 9 5 0 .0 950
75 6 .0 0 .0 9 0 0 .1 5 0 2 5 0 8 .4 2510
80 6 .0 0 .0 8 0 0 .1 4 0 3 0 5 7 .8 3060
15 8 .0 0 .1 7 5 0 .2 5 5 5 9 .0 60 20 8 .0 0 .1 8 0 .2 8 1 2 .1 10
20 8 .0 0 .1 7 0 0 .2 5 0 1 0 7 .0 105 30 8 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 5 2 8 .3 30
25 8 .0 0 .1 8 5 0 .2 4 5 1 7 0 .8 170 40 8 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 5 5 0 .4 50
30 8 .0 0 .1 6 0 0 .2 4 0 2 5 0 .8 250 50 8 .0 0 .1 6 0 .2 4 8 2 .0 80
35 8 .0 0 .1 5 5 0 .2 3 5 3 4 8 .7 350 60 8 .0 0 .1 5 0 .2 3 1 2 3 .2 125
40 8 .0 0 .1 5 0 0 .2 3 0 4 6 5 .3 465 70 8 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 2 1 7 5 .3 175
45 8 .0 0 .1 4 5 0 .2 2 5 5 0 2 .0 500 80 8 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 2 2 2 8 .9 230
50 8 .0 0 .1 4 0 0 .2 2 0 7 6 0 .1 760 90 8 .0 0 .1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 3 .6 305
55 8 .0 0 .1 3 0 0 .2 1 0 9 6 3 .5 965 100 8 .0 0 .1 2 0 .2 0 3 9 3 .5 395
60 8 .0 0 .1 2 0 0 .2 0 0 1 2 0 4 .0 1205 110 8 .0 0 .1 1 0 .1 9 5 0 1 .2 500
65 8 .0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 9 0 1 4 8 7 .4 1485 120 8 .0 0 .0 9 0 .1 7 6 6 6 .6 665
70 8 .0 0 .1 0 0 0 .1 8 0 1 8 2 0 .9 1820 130 8 .0 0 .0 8 0 .1 8 8 3 1 .3 830
75 8 .0 0 .0 9 0 0 .1 7 0 2 2 1 3 .3 2215
80 8 .0 0 .0 8 0 0 .1 6 0 2 6 7 5 .6 2675
15 1 0 .0 0 .1 7 5 0 .2 7 5 5 4 .7 55 20 1 0 .0 0 .1 8 0 .2 8 1 1 .2 10
20 1 0 .0 0 .1 7 0 0 .2 7 0 9 9 .1 100 30 1 0 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 7 2 6 .2 25
25 1 0 .0 0 .1 6 5 0 .2 6 5 1 5 7 .8 160 40 1 0 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 7 4 6 .6 45
30 1 0 .0 0 .1 6 0 0 .2 8 0 2 3 1 .5 230 50 1 0 .0 0 .1 6 0 .2 6 7 5 .7 75
35 1 0 .0 0 .1 5 5 0 .2 5 5 3 2 1 .3 320 60 1 0 .0 0 .1 5 0 .2 5 1 1 3 .3 115
40 1 0 .0 0 .1 5 0 0 .2 5 0 4 2 8 .1 430 70 1 0 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 1 6 0 .7 160
45 1 0 .0 0 .1 4 5 0 .2 4 5 5 5 2 .9 555 80 1 0 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 2 0 9 .9 210
50 1 0 .0 0 .1 4 0 0 .2 4 0 6 9 6 .8 695 90 1 0 .0 0 .1 3 0 .2 3 2 7 7 .2 275
55 1 0 .0 0 .1 3 0 0 .2 3 0 8 7 9 .7 880 100 1 0 .0 0 .1 2 0 .2 2 3 5 7 .7 360
60 1 0 .0 0 .1 2 0 0 .2 2 0 1 0 9 4 .6 1095 110 1 0 .0 0 .1 1 0 .2 1 4 5 3 .5 455
65 1 0 .0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 3 4 5 .8 1345 120 1 0 .0 0 .0 9 0 .1 9 5 9 6 .5 595
70 1 0 .0 0 .1 0 0 0 .2 0 0 1 8 3 8 .8 1840 130 1 0 .0 0 .0 8 0 .1 8 7 3 8 .9 740
75 1 0 .0 0 .0 9 0 0 .1 9 0 1 9 8 0 .3 1980
80 1 0 .0 0 .0 8 0 0 .1 8 0 2 3 7 8 .3 2380
15 1 2 .0 0 .1 7 5 0 .2 9 5 5 1 .0 50 20 1 2 .0 0 .1 8 0 .3 0 1 0 .5 10
20 1 2 .0 0 .1 7 0 0 .2 9 0 9 2 .3 90 30 1 2 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 9 2 4 .4 25
25 1 2 .0 0 .1 6 5 0 .2 8 5 1 4 6 .7 145 40 1 2 .0 0 .1 7 0 .2 9 4 3 .4 45
30 1 2 .0 0 .1 6 0 0 .2 8 0 2 1 5 .0 215 50 1 2 .0 0 .1 6 0 .2 8 7 0 .3 70
35 1 2 .0 0 .1 5 5 0 .2 7 5 2 9 8 .0 300 60 1 2 .0 0 .1 5 0 .2 7 1 0 4 .9 105
40 1 2 .0 0 .1 5 0 0 .2 7 0 3 9 6 .4 395 70 1 2 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 6 1 4 8 .3 150
45 1 2 .0 0 .1 4 5 0 .2 6 5 5 1 1 .1 510 80 1 2 .0 0 .1 4 0 .2 6 1 9 3 .7 195
50 1 2 .0 0 .1 4 0 0 .2 6 0 6 4 3 .2 645 90 1 2 .0 0 .1 3 0 .2 5 2 5 5 .0 255
55 1 2 .0 0 .1 3 0 0 .2 5 0 8 0 9 .4 810 100 1 2 .0 0 .1 2 0 .2 4 3 2 7 .9 330
60 1 2 .0 0 .1 2 0 0 .2 4 0 1 0 0 3 .4 1005 110 1 2 .0 0 .1 1 0 .2 3 4 1 4 .0 415
65 1 2 .0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 3 0 1 2 2 8 .7 1230 120 1 2 .0 0 .0 9 0 .2 1 5 3 9 .7 540
70 1 2 .0 0 .1 0 0 0 .2 2 0 1 4 8 9 .8 1490 130 1 2 .0 0 .0 8 0 .2 0 6 6 5 .0 665
75 1 2 .0 0 .0 9 0 0 .2 1 0 1 7 9 1 .7 1790
80 1 2 .0 0 .0 8 0 0 .2 0 0 2 1 4 0 .5 2140
N o te:
Table 3.5 : Minimum Radius using limiting values of e and fs
In r e c o g n i t i o n o f s a f e t y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , u s e o f e m a x = 4 . 0 % s h o u l d b e l i m i t e d t o u r b a n c o n d i t i o n s . 65

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THANK YOU

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