A transmission line has a characteristics impedance 500Ω.

It has been transmitted by

ω200Ω load. Find reflection coefficient and VSWR.
ZL−Z 0 200−500
We have reflection coefficient ρ=
ZL+Z 0
= 200+500
3
.: | ρ |= 7
¿
Now VSWR =1+¿ ρ∨ 1−¿ ρ∨¿ ¿ ¿ =2.5
(i) Loss less transmission line, R=G=0
R G
(ii) Distortion Less transmission line, =
L C
A loss less transmission line operating at 200m rad/sec has L=0.6NH/m, C=20PF/m. Find the value of α,β,ϑ,λ
and Z0.
We have,
Propagation constant, r= √ ( R+ jωL ) (G+ jωC )
Here, G=R=0
.: α=0 & β=0.6928
ω 200∗10 6
Phase velocity, ϑ= = =2.88*108 m/s
β 0.6928
2π 2π
λ=
β
= 0.6928
= 9.06m

√ √
−6
Z0 =
L
= 0.6∗10−12 = 173.2Ω
C 20∗10

A transmission line operating at 500m rad/sec has L=0.5NH/m, C=32.PF/m, G=100NΩ/m & R=25Ω/m. (a)
calculate α1,β1,ϑ1,λ and Z0.
(b) What distance must it travel to undergo a 90° phase shift?
Here L=0.5NH/m, C=32PF/m, G=100NΩ/m, R=25Ω/m & ω=500m rad/sec
.: r =√ ( R+ jωL ) (G+ jωC )
= √ ( 25+ j250 ) (10−4 + j160∗10−4)
r= (0.1061 + j2.002) Ω/m
r=α+jβ → α=0.01061 NP/m & β =2.002 rad/m
6
ω 500∗10
ϑ = =¿ =3.14m
β 2.002

Z0 =
√ R+ jωL
G+ jωC √
= −4
25+ j250
10 + j160∗10−6
=125.3 < - 2.68Ω

(b) α = 0.1061 NP/m & β = 2.002

For 90° phase

π
Βd =
2
π
d= = 0.7842m
2∗2.002

Velocity of propagation on a certain lossless transmission line is 250m/NS. If C=30 PF/m. find (a) L (b) Z0 (c) β
at 100 MHz (d) the line us terminated by 50Ω resistor . Find T
Here v = 250m/s, C = 30 PF/m
1
Then, v =
√ LC
1 1
L= 2 = 6 2 −12 = 5.3*10
−7
v C (250∗10 ) ∗30∗10

√ √
−7
Zo =
L
= 5.33∗10−12 = 133.3Ω
C 30∗10

ω 2 π∗100∗10 6
Β= = = 2.51 rad/m
v 250∗10
6

ZL−Z 0 50−133.3
T= = = -0.454
ZL+ Z 0 50+133.3

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 1
Smith chart:
Smith chart is basically an impedance chart containing two sets of lines. The first set of lines of lines
referred to as constant resistance line from circle all tangent to each other at right hand end of horizontal
diameter. Each circle represent a fix resistance i.e. all these points on a particular resistance circle represent the
same resistance. The resistance which these represent are marked on the horizontal line (diameter) at the point
of intersection of these circle and horizontal lines. The outer most resistance circle cutting the horizontal line on
the left extreme represent zero resistance while the inner most or right extreme represent infinite resistance.
The center of horizontal diameter is labeled as 1. It may be noted that all impedance represented on this chart
have been normalized with respect to Z0. Ie.1 represent Z0Ω and so on. As an illustration while working out
transmission line problem, if Z0 is 50Ω. The resistance circle that passes through 2, represent a 100Ω circle and
in another problem where Z0 = 100Ω, same resistance circle represent a resistance of 200Ω.
There is a another set of lines called constant resistance lines, these lines are not complete circle like the
line of constant resistance but are arcs of complete circle. All tangent lines to each other on the right hand
extreme of horizontal diameter and also tangent to these lines.
Various transmission line parameter like the SWR, reflection coefficient (ρ), transmission line impedance
etc. Can be very conveniently and quickly determined from smith chart. The smith chart can be used as an
admittance chart also.

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 2
Standing wave ratios (SWR):
The ratio of maximum current to minimum current along a transmission line is called the
standing wave ratio. As it is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage, which is equal to
current ratio.

The SWR is equal to unity when the load is perfectly matched. Thus, SWR is measure of the
mismatch between load and line.

Wave guide:
Wave are guided along or over conducting or dielectric surface. In a typical setup, there may be
an antenna at one end of a waveguide and some form of load at other end. The antenna
generates electromagnetic waves which travel through the waveguide to be eventually received
by the load. It is important to note that whole EM energy confined within wave guide and travel
along the free space of waveguide, not through the wall of waveguide.

Wave propagation in waveguide:

1. The propagation in this case is by means of guided waves.

2. In case of TE (transvered electric) wave, no electric field component exist in the direction of propagation.
3. In case of TM (transvered magnetic) wave, no magnetic field component can exist in the direction of
propagation.
4. The cut off frequency fc is the frequency below which wave propagation does not occur.

5. The which have lowest cut off frequency is called dominant mode. A linearly polarized
uniform wave must satisfy.

I) At every points in space to vectory E & H are perpendicular to each other and to the direction
of travel.
II) Each field have the same direction, magnitude and phase at all points in any plane
perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
III) The field vary harmonically with time at field frequency in space.

Comparison between Transmission line and Waveguide

1) Waveguide are simpler to manufacture than transmission line.

2) The power handling ability of waveguide is improved and is about 10 times as high as transmission line of similar
dimension.
Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel
Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 3
3) Power loss in waveguide is lower in comparison to that of the transmission line.
4) Waveguide can operate at higher frequency (325 GHz) than the transmission line (18 GHz).
5) Waveguide can propagate the wave in different mode but the transmission line cannot do it.
P.U 2068
1) Find V at P (2, 1, and 3) for the field of
a) Two co-axial conducting cylinders V=50v at ƍ=2m and V=20v at ƍ=3m
b) Two radial conducting planes V=50v at φ=10° and V=20v at φ=30°
c) Two concentric conducting spheres V=50v at r=3m and V=20v at r=5m
d) Two co-axial conducting cones V=50v at θ=30° and V=20v at θ=50°
soln:
a) V=50v at ƍ=2m & V=20v at ƍ=3m
∂V ∂V
Here, = =0 [only ƍ is variable]
∂Φ ∂ z
1 ∂ ∂V
𝛁²V= (δ ) =0, V = A lnƍ+B………….. (i)
ƍ ∂ƍ ∂ƍ
50 = A ln2+B…………. (a)
20 = A ln3+B…………. (b)
Solve (a) & (b)
A = -73.98 & B = 101.28
∴ V = -73.98lnƍ+101.28
At point, P (2, 1, 3), ƍ=√2²+1²=2.236
So, V = -73.98ln2.236+101.28
=41.749v

b) V=50V, at φ=10° & V=20v at φ=30°

∂V ∂V
Here, = =0
∂ƍ ∂Z
1 ∂ 2V
𝛁²V= ( 2 ) =0, V =Aφ+B………… (ii)
ƍ ∂Φ
π
50 = A (10* ) +B……………….. (a.i)
180
π
20 = A (30* ) +B………………… (b.i)
180
Solving, A = -85.94 & B=65
∴ V = -85.94φ+65
At point P (2, 1, 3), φ=tan ̄1 (1/2) =26.56
π
V = -85.94(26.56* ) +65
180
= 25.152v

c) V =50V at r=3m & V=20v at r=5m

1 ∂ 2 ∂V
Here, 𝛁²V = 2 (r )=0
r ∂r ∂r
A
V=- +B………….. (iii)
r

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 4
A
50 = - +B………….. (a.2)
3
A
20 = - +B………….. (b.2)
5
Solving, A=-225 & B=-25
225
∴V = - 25
r
At point P, r=√22+12+32 = 3.7416
∴ V=225/3.7416-25
=35.134v

d) V=50v at θ=30° & V=20v at θ=50°

∂ ∂V
Here, 𝛁²V = (1/r2sinθ) (sinθ ) =0
∂θ ∂θ
∂ ∂V
Here, r²sinθ≠0 so, (sinθ )=0
∂θ ∂θ
θ
V = A ln (tan ) +B……………… (iv)
2
Using the boundary values
50 = A ln (tan15°) +B……………. (a.3)
20 = A ln (tan25°) +B……………. (b.3)
On solving, A=-54.147 & B=-36.69
∴ V = -54.147 ln (tanθ/2)-36.39
At P (2, 1, 3), θ = cos ̄1(z/r)
= cos ̄(3/3.7416)
= 36.698
∴ V = -54.147ln tan (36.698/2)-36.69
= 38.45v Ans.

――

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 5
A Tutorial Solution of

Electromagnetic
Fields and waves
By:
Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel
Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
School of Engineering

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 6
Vector Analysis
Tutorial Sheet No:1
1) Given the two vectors, rA = -ax-3ay-4az and rB = 2ax+2ay+2az and point C(1,3,4). Find:

a) RAB
b) |rA|
c) aA
d) aAB
e) a unit vector directed from C towards A

Solution:
We know that,
RAB = rB - rA = (2ax+2ay+2az) - (-ax -3ay -4az ) Therefore,
RAB = 3ax+5ay+6az

|rA| = ((-1)2 + (-3)2 + (-4)2) = 26 units.

rA = -0.1961 ax-0.588 ay-0.784 az

aA =
| rA |

aAB = ?

|RAB| = (32 + 52 + 62) = 8.366

Therefore,
R 3 a 5 a  6 a aAB
=
AB = x y z | RAB |

8.366

Therefore, aAB = 0.359 ax + 0.598 ay

+ 0.717 az

aCA = ?

position vector of C is rC
= ax + 3 ay + 4 az
Therefore, RCA = rA – RC = (- ax -3ay - 4az) – (ax +3ay +4az)
RCA = -2ax -6ay -8az
Now,

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 7
|RCA| = ((2)2  (6)2  (8)2) = 10.198

Therefore,
RCA -2 ax 6 ay -8 az
aCA = =
| RCA | 10.198

Therefore, aCA = -0.196 ax -0.588 ay -0.784 az

2) Given the vector field, F=0.4(y-2x)ax –[200/(x2+y2+z2)]az.

a. evaluate |F| at P(-4,3,5)
b. find a unit vector specifying the direction of F at P. Describe the locus of all
points for which :
c. |Fx| =1
d. |Fz| = 2.

Solution:
Here, F at P(-4,3,5) is
F = 0.4[3-2(-4)]ax –[200/(x2+y2+z2)]az
Therefore,
F = 4.4ax -4az
So, |F| = (4.4)2  (4)2
Or, |F| = 5.95

aF at P

We have
F
AF =
|F|
Therefore,
AF = 0.74ax -0.672az

Fx = 1, locus of points =?

Here,
FX = 0.4(y-2x) ax
So, |Fx| = 0.4(y 2x)
Or, 1 = 0.4(y 2x)
Squaring both sides,
Or, 0.4(y 2x) = 1

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 8
Or, y – 2x = 2.5
Therefore, y=2x+2.5 is the locus of points.

|FZ| = 2, locus of points =?

Here, FZ = - [200/(x2+y2+z2)] az

Therefore, | FZ| = [200/(x2  y2  z2)] 2

Squaring both sides,
200
=
22 2 2

X  y z
(x2+y2+z2) = 100
This is the required locus of the points.

3) Given points A (2, 5,-1), B (3,-2, 4) and C (-2, 3, 1). Find:

a. RAB . RAC
b. The angle between RAB and RAC
c. The length of the projection of RAB and RAC
d. The vector projection of RAB and RAC

Solution:
RAB= (3-2) ax + (-2-5) ay + (4-(-1)) az
RAB=ax -7ay +5az
RAC=-4ax -2ay +2az

Angle between RAB and RAC

We have RAB . RAC = -4+14+10 = 20
Also, RAB . RAC = |RAB| |RAC| cos θ where θ is angle between RAB and RAC
Or, cos θ = 0.471
8.
0
Therefore, θ = 61.87

The length of the projection of RAB on RAC

Here, |RAC| = (4)2  (2)2  22 = 4.9 units.
RAC
So, aAC = = -0.816ax -0.408ay +0.408az
| RAC |
Now, projection of RAB on RAC is
RP = |RAB| cos θ. 1 = RAB . aAC
Or, RP = (-1)*0.816 + 7*0.408 +5*0.408
Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel
Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 9
Or, RP = 4.08

Vector projection of RAB on RAC is

RP = RP . aAC
Or, RP = -3.33ax -1.664ay +1.664az

4) A triangle is defined by the three points, A(2,-5,1) , B(-3,2,4) and C(0,3,1) . Find:
a. RBC *RBA
b. The area of the triangle
c. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane in which the triangle is located.

Solution:
RBC = 3ax +ay - 3az
RBA = 5ax -7ay - 3az

RBC * RBA = ax {1(-3) – (-7) (-3)} -ay {3(-3) – (5) (-3)} +az {3(-7) – 5*1}
Therefore, RBC * RBA = -24ax -6ay +26az

We know that | RBC * RBA| gives the area of the parallelogram having two sides RBC and RBA. So, the area of the
triangle having two same sides is given by –
Area = ½(| RBC * RBA|) = ½( 242  62  262)
Hence, Area of triangle = 17.944 unit2

Here, let aR is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane in which triangle lies.

Also, the vector RBC * RBA is the perpendicular vector to the plane containing triangle.
RBC * RBA  24ax  6ay  26az
Therefore, aR = =
| RBC * RBA | 35.889
Hence, aR = -0.6687ax -0.167ay +0.724az
This is the required unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the given triangle.

5) Given P (ρ = 6, Φ = 1250, z = -3) and Q(x=3, y=-1, z=4). Find the distance from:
a. P to the origin
b. Q perpendicularly to the Z-axis
c. P to Q

Solution:
Here, P (ρ = 6, Φ = 1250, z = -3)
we have, x = ρ cosΦ = 6 cos125
= -3.441
Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel
Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 10
y= ρ sinΦ = 6 sin125 = 4.915

Therefore, point P can be rewritten as P (-3.441, 4.915, -3)

So, distance OP = 3.4412 4.9152 32 Or, OP
= 6.708 units.

QR =?

We know the point Q(x=3, y=-1, z=4) touches the Z-axis at the point R (0, 0, 4). So, the distance QR is -
QR = 32 12 02
QR = 3.162 units.

PQ =?
We have,
PQ = (3.3.441)2  (14.915)2  (43)2
Hence, PQ = 11.2 units.

6)
a. Express the temperature field T = 240 + z2 –ρ2sin2Φ in
cylindrical coordinates.
b. Find the density at P(-2,-5,1) if the density is e-z^2( 2+ρ3cos2Φ)

Solution:
Given, T = 240 + z2 –ρ2sin2Φ --------- (1) we
have relation in cylindrical co-ordinates x = ρ
cosΦ, y = ρ sinΦ and z = z

Therefore,
T = 240 + z2 – 2 ρ cosΦ. ρ sinΦ
T = 240 + z2 – ρ2 sin2Φ

Given, density = e-z (2+ρ3cos2θ)

At point P (-2,-5, 1)
In cylindrical co-ordinates
Ρ = (2)2  (5)2 = 5.385 units
Φ = tan-1(-5/2) = 68.1980

Therefore, point P can be re-written as P (ρ=5.385, Φ=68.1980, z=1)

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 11
So, density = e-1[2+ (5.385)3 cos268.19]
Hence, density = 8.467

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 12
7) a. Express the vector field W = (x-y)ay in cylindrical co-ordinates.
b. Given the field F in Cartesian co-ordinates if F = ρ cosΦ aρ

Solution:
Given, vector field, W = (x-y) ay in
cylindrical co-ordinates, we have –
x=ρcosΦ y=ρsinΦ z=z Also, we have
– ay = sinΦ aρ + cosΦ aΦ
So, the given field can be written as-
W = (ρcosΦ – ρsinΦ) (sinΦ aρ + cosΦ aΦ )

Here
F = ρ cosΦ aρ
In Cartesian co-ordinates relation is given as
– x=ρcosΦ y=ρsinΦ z=z Also, we have – aρ
= cosΦ ax + sinΦ ay

so, F can be written as –

F = x (cosΦ ax + sinΦ ay)
x y
= x( 2 2
a x+
2 2
ay )
x y x y
x
= 2 2
(xax +yay )
x y

8) Given P(r=6,θ=1100,Φ=1250) and Q(3,-1,4) . Find the distance from –

a. Q to the origin
b. P to the y=0 plane
c. PQ

Solution:
Distance OQ = 32  (1)2  42 = 5.1 units.

Relation between spherical and Cartesian co-ordinates is –

x = r sinθ cosΦ = 6 sin110 cos125 = -3.234 y = r sinθ
sinΦ = 6 sin110 sin125 = 4.618 z = r cosθ = 6 cos110 = -
2.052

So, P can be re-written as –

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel
Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 13
P = (x = -3.234,y=4.618,z=-2.052)
Now, distance from point P to y=0 (XZ) plane is given by the y co-ordinate of point P Hence,
distance to y=0 plane = 4.618 units.

PQ = (33.234)2 (14.618)2 (4 2.052)2

Hence, PQ = 10.346 units

9)
a. Express the temperature field T = 240+z2-2xy in spherical co-
ordinates
b. Find the density at P(-2,-5,1) if the density is re-r/2(5+cosθ+sinθ
cosΦ)

Solution:
We have,
Relation between spherical and Cartesian co-ordinates is –
x = r sinθ cosΦ y = r sinθ sinΦ
z = r cosθ

Therefore, T= 240 + r2cos2θ – 2(r2sin2θ sinΦ cosΦ)

Or, T = 240 + r2(cos2θ - r2sin2θ sin2Φ)

Here, density = re-r/2(5+cosθ+sinθ cosΦ)

At point P (-2,-5,1)
Changing to spherical coordinates r
= (2)2 (5)2 1 = 5.477 units.
θ = cos-1(1/5.477) = 79.4790 x
2
cosΦ = =
rsin 5.477sin79.48
Hence, Φ = 111.800
So, density = 5.477 e-5.477/2(5 + cos79.48 + sin79.48 cos111.8)
Hence, density = 1.604

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Kesharman Rawal \ [email protected] Page 14
10)
a. Express the vector field W = (x-y)ay in
cylindrical co-ordinates
b. Give the field F in Cartesian co-ordinates if F
= r cosΦar

Solution:
Given, vector field W = (x-y)ay
In spherical co-ordinates – x =
r sinθ cosΦ y = r sinθ sinΦ
z = r cosθ

Also, we have – ay = sinθ sinΦar + cosθ

sinΦaθ +cosΦaΦ

So, the given field can be written as –

W = (r sinθ cosΦ – r sinθ sinΦ) (sinθ sinΦar + cosθ sinΦaθ +cosΦaΦ)
Or, W = r sinθ (cosΦ – sinΦ) [sinΦ(sinθar + cosθaθ ) + cosΦaΦ]

Here, F = r cosΦar
In Cartesian co-ordinates relation is given as
– x = r sinθ cosΦ y = r sinθ sinΦ z = r cosθ
Also, we have –
ar = sinθ cosΦax + sinθ sinΦay + cosθaz

Therefore, F can be written as-

F = r cosΦ[sinθ(cosΦax + sinΦay) + cosθaz ]
= r sinθ cosΦ (cosΦax + sinΦay) + rcosθ cosΦaz x
y x
= x( 2 2
ax + 2 2
ay ) + z 2 2
az
x y x y x y
x
= 2 2
[xax +yay +zaz ]
x y

11) Transform A = yax +xay +x/ x2  y2 az from Cartesian to cylindrical co-ordinates.

Solution:
We have, In Cartesian co-ordinates relation is given as –
x=ρcosΦ y=ρsinΦ

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 15
z=z

Also , ax =cosΦaρ - sinΦaΦ

ay = sinΦaρ + cosΦaΦ az
=az
ρ= x2  y2

Therefore,
A = ρsinΦ(cosΦaρ - sinΦaΦ) + ρcosΦ(sinΦaρ + cosΦaΦ) + ρcosΦ/ρ az
Or, A = ρsinΦcosΦaρ - ρsinΦsinΦaΦ + ρcosΦsinΦaρ + ρcos2ΦaΦ + cosΦaz
Or, A = ρsin2Φaρ +ρcos2ΦaΦ + cosΦaz

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 16
12) Experss the vector F=(x2 + y2)ay +xzaz into
a. Cylindrical co-ordinate system at (6,600,-4)
b. Spherical co-ordinate at Q (4,300,1200)

Solution:

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 17
Coulomb’s Law Electric Field Intensity
Tutorial sheet no-2

1) A two mC positive charge is located in vacuum at P1 (3,-2,-4) and a 5μC negative charge is at P2
(1,4,2) .
a) Find the vector force on the negative charge
b) What is the magnitude of the force on the charge at P1 ?

Solution:
Given,
Charge Q1 = 2mC at P1 (3,-2,-4)
Charge Q2 = 5μC at P2 (1,-4,2)
The magnitude of force acting on –ve charge due to positive charge is given by –
Q1Q2
F= 2 a12 [where a12 is unit vector along P1P2 ]
40r
2*103 * 5*106 *9*109
Or, F =
4  4  36
Or, F = -2.0454 [ -ve sign shows that force is attractive ]

Now, P1P2 = -2ax -2ay +6az Unit vector of P1P2 is – a12 = -2ax
-2ay +6az / 4436 = -0.301ax -0.301ay +0.905az

Now the vector force acting on the –ve charge is given by –

F = -2.0454 (-0.301ax -0.301ay +0.905az )
Hence,
F =0.616ax +0.616ay – 1.848az

2) Calculate E at M (3,-4,2) in free space caused by – a)

a charge Q1 = 2μC at P1 (0,0,0)
b) a charge Q2 = 3μC at P2 (-1,2,3)
c) a charge Q1 = 2μC at P1 (0,0,0) and a charge Q2 = 3μC at P2 (-1,2,3)

Solution: Given,
charge Q1 = 2μC at P1 (0,0,0)
charge Q2 = 3μC at P2 (-1,2,3)

We have to find E at point M (3,-4,2)

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel
Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 18
Now,
P1M = 3ax -4ay +2az Unit
vector along P1M is
a1 = 0.557ax -0.742ay +0.371az

The value of E at point M due to charge Q1 is given as –

Q1
E= 2 a1
40r
2*106 *9*109
= 0.557ax -0.742ay +0.371az
9 16  25
E1 = 345.72ax -460.55ay +230.27az V/m

Also, we have to find E at point M(3,-4,2) due to charge Q2

So, P2M = 4ax - 6ay - az a2 = 0.549ax – 0.824ay – 0.137az
Therefore,
Q2 3*106 *9*109
E2 = 2 a2 = (0.549ax – 0.824ay – 0.137az )
40r 53
E2 = 279.678ax -420ay -70az V/m

Now the total effect of M due to Q1 and Q2 is –

E =E1 + E2
E = 625.4ax – 880.55ay +160.27az

3) Find the total charge inside each of the volumes indicated : a)

ρv = 10z2 e-0.1x sinπy , -1<= x <= 2 , 0<=y<=1, 3<= z <=3.6

Solution: We
have
ρv = 10z2 e-0.1x sinπy
The total charge inside the given volume is given by –
2 1 3.6

Q=  10z e 2 0.1x

sinydxdydz
x1 y0 z3
2 1 3.6

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 19
Q = 10 e0.1xdx sinydy z2dz
1 0 3
1
2 3 3.6

e0.1x   cosy z 
Q = 10  0.11   0  3 3
Q = 10*2.864*2/π *6.552
Q = 119.52 C

b) ρv = 4xyz2 , 0<= ρ <=2, 0<= ϕ <=π/2 , 0<= z <=3

Solution:
We have,
We have relation in cylindrical co-ordinates
x = ρ cosΦ, y = ρ sinΦ and z = z
Therefore, ρv = 4 ρ2 sinϕ cosϕ z2
= 2 ρ2 sin2ϕ z2

Now, total charge given by ρv is

2 / 2 3

Q=  2 sin 2z dddz

2 2

00 z0
2 / 2 3

Q =2 3d sin 2dz2dz

0 0 0

4 2  cos2/ 2 z3 3

Q = 2  4   2 0  3 0
0 
Q = 2*4*1*9
Q = 72 C

c) ρv = 3π cos2ϕ / [2r2(r2+1)], universe

Solution:
Total charge is given by –
  2

Q=   r sindrdd
v
2

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 20
r0 0 0

3  1 
2
2
2

Q=  2 dr cos sind cos d

2 0 r 1 0 0
 2

3  1  cos3 sin 2 
Q=2 tan r 0  3 0  2*2  20

Q = 3π/2 *π/2 * (1/3+1/3) * 2π/2

Q = 15.5 C

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 21
4) An infinitely long uniform line charge is located at y=3, z=5 if ρL = 30nC/m, Find E at: a)
the origin
b) PB(0,6,1)
c) PC(5,6,1)

Solution:
Point of projection from origin to y=3, z=5 is (0, 3, 5)
R12 = -3ay -5az
|R12| = 34
We have
L R12
E=
20 R12

R12 = 3ay -4az

|R12| = 5, ρ = 5
We have
R
= -47.6ay -79.3az V/m
E= L 12
= 64.7ay -86.3az V/m
20 R12

R12 = 5ax +3ay -4az

|R12| = 50, ρ = 50

We have
L R12
E = =53.92ax +32.34ay -43.12az
20 R12

5) Four infinite long uniform sheets of charge are located as follows: 20pC/m2 at y=7, -8pC/m2 at y=3,
6pC/m2 at y=-1, and -18pC/m2 at y=-4. Find E at the point:
a) PA(2,6,-4)
b) PB(0,0,0)
c) PC(-1,1,5)
d) PD(106 ,106 ,106)

Solution:
We have,
E = E20+ E-8+E6+E-18

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 22
20 8 6 18
= an20  an. (8)  an6  an (18)
20 20 20 20
= -2.26ay V/m

1012

E= 20 (a y) 8ay  6ay 18ay 

20
= -1.355ay

1012

E= 36a  = 2.03a
y y

20

12
10

E= 20 (a ) 8a 6a 18a  = 0

y y y y

20

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 23
6) Obtain the equation of the streamline that passes through the point P (-2, 7, 10) in the field E =:
a) 2(y-1)ax +2xay
b) eyax + (x-1)eyay

Solution:

Ex = 2(y-1)
Ey = 2x
We have,
Ex Ey
 dx
dy
2(y1) 2x
Or,  dx dy

Or, (y-1)dy = xdx By

integration we get –
y2/2 –y = x2/2 +c or,
y2-2y = x2+c
Putting x=-2, y=7 in above equation we get c=31
Hence, (y-1)2 –x2 = 32

Ex = ey
Ey = (x-1) ey We
have,
Ex Ey
 dx
dy
dy = (x-1)dx
By integrating we get – x2/2
+x=y+c
Or, x2 +2x = 2y +2c

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 24
Putting x = -2 , y= 7 , we
get c = -7 hence, 2y – (x+1)2
= 13

7) A 25μC point charge is located at the origin. Calculate the electric flux passing through : a)
that portion of the sphere r=20cm bounded by θ = 0 and π , ϕ = 0 and π/2
b) the closed surface ρ = 0.8m, z = ±0.5m
c) the plane z = 4m

Solution :
Q^ 2 ^

ψ =Q = D.ds =  4r2 ar.r sinddar

/ 2 6
-6
25*10

= 0 0 4 *sindd6.25 * 10 C
Hence, ψ = 6.25μC

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 25
8) Find D (in Cartesian co-ordinates ) at P(6,8,-10) caused by : a)
a point charge of 30mC at the origin
b) a uniform line charge ρL = 40μC/m on the z axis
c) a uniform surface charge density ρS = 57.2μC/m2 on the plane x=9

Solution:
R12 = 6ax +8ay -10az
|R12| = 200 We
have ,
Q R
D= * 12 = 5.064ax + 6.75ay – 8.44az μC/m2
2

4R12 R12

R12 = 6ax +8ay

|R12| = 10
We have ,
420 R
2
D= 2* 12 = 0.382ax +0.509ay μC/m

2*10 R12

R12 = 6ax |R12|

=6
s 2

D= *ar = 28.6ax μC/m

2

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 26
9) Let D = rar /3 nC/m2 in free space. Find : a)
E at r = 0.23m
b) The total charge within the sphere r = 0.2m
c) The total electric flux leaving the sphere
r=0.3m

Solution:
We have,
D = 0E
1
Or, E = D = 8.66 V/m
0
 2
3
0.008

Q=
D.ds= r /3*sindd = 3 0 0 sindd
= 3.35*10-2 nC
= 33.5 pC

 2
0.027

Ψ = D.ds= = 3 0 0 sindd= 113.1 pC

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 27
10) Find the total electric flux leaving the spherical surface r = 2.5m given the charge
configuration : a) Q = 2-x^2 nC on the x-axis at x=0, ±1,±2……m
b) A line charge ρL = 1/(z2-1) nC/m on the z-axis
c) A surface charge ρS = 1/(x2 + y2 + z2)

Solution :
Q = 2-x^2 nC at x = 0,±1,±2……m Ψ
= ψ0 +ψ-1+ψ1+ψ2+ψ-2
ψ0 = 1 ψ-1 = ψ1 =
0.5 ψ2 = ψ-2 =
0.0625 Hence, ψ =
2.25 nC
11) Surface charge
densities of 200-50
and are located at
r= and 7cm
respectively Find
D at r = : a) 2cm
b) 4cm
c) 6cm
d) Find if D=0 at r=7.32cm

Solution:

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 28
12)Let D = y2z3ax -2xyz3ay +3xy2z2az pC/m2 in free space. Find the
a) total electric flux passing through the surface x=3, 0<=y<=2, 0<=z<=1 in a direction away from the
origin.
b) Magnitude of E at P(3,2,1) .
c) Total charge contained in an incremental sphere having a radius of 2μm centered at P(3,2,1)

Solution : We
have,

Ψ = D.ds & for ax direction

Dx = y2z3ax dS
= dydzax
21

ψ= y z dydz = y z dydz = 0.667 pC

2 3 2 3

00

we have,
1
E= D
0
At P(3,2,1), D = 4ax -12ay +36az
Hence, E = (4ax -12ay +36az)/ɛ0
Or, E = 0.45ax -1.3ay +4.066az V/m

|E| = 0.452  (1.34)2  4.0662 = 4.31

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 29
13)consider a co-axial cable having an inner radius of 1mm, outer radius 4mm and length 50cm. Let the
space between conductors in filled with air. The total charge on the inner conductor is 30 nC. Find a)
the charge density on the inner conductor
b) the charge density on the outer conductor
c) D and
d) E

Solution:
We have,
Qinner = 2πaρsL
Or, ρs = 9.55nC/m2 Also,
Qouter = Qinner
Or, ρsouter = - a/b ρsinner
= 1*10-3/(4*10-3)*9.55
= -2.3nC/m2

as 2

D= *a = 9.55/ρ aρ nC/m



as
E= a = 1079/ρ aρ V/m
0

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 30
14)Four infinite uniform sheet of charge are located as follows 20pc/m2 at y=7, 8pC/m2 at y=-1, -18
pC/m2 at y=-4, Find E at points
a) A(2,6,-4)
b) B(0,0,0)
c) C(-1,-1,1.5)
d) D(106,106,106)

Solution :
We have,
E = E20+ E-8+E6+E-18

20 8 6 18

= an20  an.(8)  an6  an(18)
20 20 20 20
= -2.26ay V/m

1012

E= 20(a ) 8a  6a 18a 

y y y y

20
= -1.355ay

1012

E= 36a  = 2.03a
y y

20

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 31
12
10

E= 20(a )8a 6a 18a  = 0

y y y y

20

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 32
15) In free space let Q1 = 10nC be at P1(0,-4,0) & Q2 =20nC at P2(0,0,4)
a) find E at the origin
b) where should the 30 nC point charge be located so that E
= 0 at the origin

solution :
R12 = 4ay
|R12| = 4
R121 = -4az
| R121| =4
We have,
1 R q
E1 = 2 * 12

40 R12 R12 = 5.617 ay

1
q2 R12
E2 = *
1 2 1
40 R12 R12 = -11.235az

Hence,E=E1+E2 =5.617ax -11.235az V/m

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 33
16) A point charge Qa = 1μC is at A(0,0,1) & Qb = -1μC is at B(0,0,-1) then find Er, Eθ, Eϕ at
P(1,2,3)

Solution:
We have,
E = Er ar +Eθ aθ +Eϕaϕ where θ = 36.690 & ϕ = 63.430
R12 = ax +2ay +2az
|R12| = 3
1
R12
= ax
Qa R
+2 2 * 12 ay
40 R12 R12
+4 az
|R121| = 21

Ea = = 332.88ax +665.75ay +665.75az

Qb R12 Eb 2 * ax ay az
= = -93.395 -186.78 -373.58
40 R12 R12

Hence, E = Ea + Eb = 239.48ax +478.98ay +292.18az

Let
Er = E.ar = 239.48 * sin36.69 * cos63.43 + 478.98 sin36.69 * sin63.43 + 292.18 cos36.69 = 426.3
Eθ = E.aθ =239.48 cos36.69 * cos63.43 + 478.98 cos36.69 *sin63.43 – 292.98sin36.69
= 340.35
Eϕ = E.aϕ = -239.48sin63.43 + 478.98 cos63.43 +0
= 0.0552
Hence E = 426.3ar +340.35aθ +0.552aϕ

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 34
17)find the total charge within the region for which ρv = 40xyz C/m3 where a)
0<=x,y,z<=2
b) x=0, y=0, 0<=2x+3y<=10, 0<=z<=2

solution:
We have,
222

Q = vdv = 40xyzdxdydz = 320 C

v 000

Again,
5 10/3 2

Q = vdv =   40xyzdxdydz = 5555.56 C

v 0 0 0

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 35
18)The volume charge density is given by ρv = 10e-1000ρe-100z C/m3 . Find
a) maximum value of ρv where 0<=ρ<=0.01 m, 0<=ϕ<=2π, 0<=z<=0.01 m
b) find the total charge contained in the first quadrant where x,y,z are positive
c) find b if the total charge found in the volume 0<=ρ<=b, 0<=ϕ<=π/2, z>=0, is half the value found in
b) above:

Solution :

d v -1000ρ -100z

= -10000e e d
For maxima or minima
dv
=0 d
Or, -10000e-1000ρ e-100z = 0
Either ρ = ∞ or z = ∞
Therefore, ρvmax = 10e-∞. e-∞
= 10 C/m3

0.01/ 2 0.01

Q = vdv =   10e 1000 100z

e dddz
v 0 0 0

Integrating by parts
Q = π/2[11e-20 -12e-10 +1]/1000000 = 157.08 nC

b/ 2 0.01

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 36
Q = vdv=   10e 1000

e100zdddz
v 0 0 0

Now by the question

Q = ½ Q (b)
Or, 1.5708*10-7. = π/2[-1000b e-1000b – e-1000b] [-e-10 +1] / 10000000 Or,
b = 1.67835

19)let ρv = (x + 2y + 3z) C/m3 in a cubical region, 0<=x,y,z<=1 mm and ρv = 0 outside the cube.
a) what is the total charge contained within this cube
b) set up the volume integral that will give E(x,0,0) for x>0 mm not integrate

Solution:

The total charge contained within the cube = Q = vdv=

v
111

Or, Q = (x 2y3z)dxdydz

0 00

Or, Q = 3pC

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 37
20)Volume charge density is given as ρv = 10-5e-100rsinθ C/m3 for 0<=r<=1 cm & ρv = 0 for r>1
cm find E at r=1cm , θ = 900 and ϕ =0 by taking in terms of a point charge.

Solution:
1 / 2 2

Q = vdv =   10 5
e100r sinr 2drdd
v 0 0 0

Q = 1.585 *10-11 C

E at r=1
11
Q 9.86*10

E= 40r 2 ar = 4(8.854*1012) ax

Or, E = 0.142ax

Solution by: Er.Om Prakash Pokhrel

Distributed By: Sudip Phuyal | www.sudipphuyal.com.np Page 38