Starting at

8:00PM

AC
DISCUSSIONS
ALTERNATING CURRENT- is defined as one that continuously varies in amplitude and periodically reverses in polarity.

Examples of AC waveforms: sine wave, square wave, triangular wave.

DISCUSSION AC CIRCUITS

ALTERNATING CURRENT
➢ Period(T) – is the amount of time for one cycle
➢ Wavelength – Distance between two identical points
➢ Frequency – Number of cycles per second in (Hz)units.
DISCUSSION AC CIRCUITS

Peak Value
- The largest value reached in a half cycle. Also known as the maximum value
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑝

Peak-to-peak Value
- The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a cycle.
𝑉𝑚−𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑝−𝑝

Instantaneous values
- Values of the alternating quantities at any instant of time.
𝑉𝑚 Peak Value
𝜈 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝜙 Angular Position

𝜈 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜙) 𝜔𝑡 Angular Frequency

𝜈 Instantaneous Value
DISCUSSION AC CIRCUITS

Average Value
- Average Value measured over the half cycle
𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ‫׬‬0 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑥) 2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = = × 𝑉𝑚
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝜋 𝜋

RMS Value
- Effective value of an alternating current that current which produce the same heating
effect as an equivalent DC.
𝑇
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 ‫׬‬0 (𝑉𝑚 sin 𝑥 )2 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑇 2
DISCUSSION AC CIRCUITS

From Factor and Peak Factor

- Gives information about the actual shape of the AC Waveform

𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
DISCUSSION AC CIRCUITS
PROBLEM NO. 1 AC CIRCUITS

Calculate the RMS value of a sinusoidal curve of maximum value of 300 V.

A. 112.2 V
B. 212.1V
C. 215.1V
D. 300V
PROBLEM NO. 2 AC CIRCUITS

Given a sinusoidal wave with an RMS value of 120V. And its instantaneous voltage at
6ms is 130.8V. Find the frequency of the AC waveform.

A. 50 Hz
B. 60 Hz
C. 70 Hz
D. 8 Hurtz
PROBLEM NO. 3 AC CIRCUITS

A sinusoidal current has a mean value of 15A. Determine its maximum and RMS
values.
PROBLEM NO. 4 AC CIRCUITS

An alternating voltage is represented by v=20sin 157.1t volts. Find (a) the maximum
value, (b) the frequency, (c) the periodic time, (d) the angular velocity of the phasor
representing this waveform.
PROBLEM NO. 5 AC CIRCUITS

A sinusoidal voltage wave has an RMS value of 70.71 V and a frequency of 60 Hz.
Determine the value of the voltage 0.0014 s after the wave crosses the ωt-axis.

a. 70.71 V
b. 100 V
c. 50 V
d. 141.42 V
DISCUSSION AC CIRCUITS

Purely Resistive
- Voltage and Current are in phase

Purely Inductive
- Inductive Reactance = 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
- Voltage leads Current by 90°

Purely Capacitive
1
- Capacitive Reactance = 𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
- Current leads Voltage by 90°
PROBLEM NO. 6 AC CIRCUITS

A resistive and a capacitive load of equal magnitude is connected in series,

determine the phase difference between the voltage and the current.

A. current leads the voltage by 45°

B. current lags the voltage by 45°
C. current leads the voltage by 90°
D. current lags the voltage by 90°
PROBLEM NO. 7 AC CIRCUITS

A capacitor has a capacitive reactance of 400 ohms when connected to a 100V 25 Hz

supply. Determine its capacitance and the current taken from the supply.

A. 15.92mF, 0.25 A
B. 15.92uF, 0.25 A
C. 15.92uF, 0.25uA
D. 15.92mF, 0.25mA
PROBLEM NO. 8 AC CIRCUITS

An RLC series circuit has a 40-ohm resistor, a 3mH inductor and a 5 uF capacitor
operating from a 120V @ 60Hz power source. Find its current in RMS and its phase
angle.

A. 0.115 A, 56.77° 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

B. 0.115 A, 56.77° 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
C. 0.226 A, 85.68° 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
D. 0.226 A, 85.68° 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
DISCUSSION AC CIRCUITS

PARALLEL AC CIRCUITS

• Admittance (Y) – The reciprocal of impedance

• Conductance (G) – The reciprocal of resistance
• Susceptance (B) – The reciprocal of reactance
*Note:
𝐵𝐶 = " + “
𝐵𝐿 = " − “

𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝐿
𝜙= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑌= 𝐺 2 + (𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝐿 )2 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑅 2 + (𝐼𝐶 − 𝐼𝐿 )2
𝐺
PROBLEM NO. 8 AC CIRCUITS

Given the circuit, find the total current that is being supplied and the current passing
through the capacitor.

A. 4.23A, 0.31A
B. 3.87A, 0.53A
C. 4.23A, 0.16A
D. 3.87A, 0.16A
PROBLEM NO. 9 AC CIRCUITS

Two similar capacitors are connected in parallel to a 200V, 1khz supply. Find the value of
each capacitor if the circuit current is 0.628A.

A. 0.25mF
B. 0.25uF
C. 0.25F
D. 0.25nF
PROBLEM NO. 10 AC CIRCUITS

A resistance of 40 Ohms and an inductance of 0.08H are connected in parallel across a

100-V and 60 Hz power supply. Determine the current and phase angle
PROBLEM NO. 11 AC CIRCUITS

An impedance of 100 ohms resistance and an unknown inductance is connected across

the capacitor. The resulting impedance is a pure resistance of 500 ohms if ω = 105 rad/s.
Calculate the values of inductor and capacitor.

A. 1 μF, 2 mH
B. 5 μF, 1 mH
C. 7 μF, 3 mH
D. 0.04 μF, 2 mH
DISCUSSION AC CIRCUITS

POWER OF AC CIRCUITS

• Real Power (Watts) 𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅

• True Power or Real Power
• Performs the real work in a circuit
• Consumes by the resistive part in the circuit
• Reactive Power (VAR) Q = 𝐼 2 𝑋
• Wattless Power
• Does not perform useful work
• Has effect on the phase shift between the voltage and current
• Power produced by Reactance
• Apparent Power (VA) S = 𝐼 2 𝑍
• Complex Power
• Vector sum of P and Q
DISCUSSION AC CIRCUITS

POWER TRIANGLE

REACTIVE (Q) • Power Factor

𝑝𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

• Reactive Factor
𝜃 𝑟𝑓 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
REAL (P) • Apparent Power
𝑆 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2
𝑄
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑃
PROBLEM NO. 11 AC CIRCUITS

A wound coil that has an inductance of 160mH and a resistance of 35-ohm is connected
to a 100V 50Hz supply. Find the apparent power consumed and the power factor.

A. 200 VA, 0.74

B. 200 VAR, 0.74
C. 150 VA, 0.53
D. 150 VAR, 0.53
PROBLEM NO. 12 AC CIRCUITS

A 10 ohm resistor is connected in parallel to an impedance of Z = 3 + j4 ohms. Find the

circuit power factor.

A. 0.6 lagging
B. 0.86 lagging
C. 0.609 lagging
D. 0.809 lagging
PROBLEM NO. 13 AC CIRCUITS

An inductive load draws a current of 6 A at 0.8 p.f. from a 208 V, 60 Hz source. If a

capacitor of 5 x 10-5 F is connected in parallel with the load. What is the overall p.f.?

A. 0.85
B. 0.9
C. 1
D. 0.8
PROBLEM NO. 14 AC CIRCUITS

A circuit has load impedance Z = 50 + j80 ohms. Determine the parallel capacitive
impedance required to correct the power factor to unity.

A. 32 μF
B. 36 μF
C. 24 μF
D. 28 μF