PHYSICS

the branch of science concerned

with nature and properties of
matter and energy .
The Science of Physics
MATTER is anything that has mass
and takes up space
ENERGY is a measure of a systems
ability to change or create change in
other systems
PHYSICS
▪MECHANICS
A specialized study of motion
Subdivision:
▪ Dynamics- focuses on the forces that affect motion
▪Kinematics- Deals with the quantitative
description of motion (displacement,
velocity, and acceleration)
WHAT IS MOTION?
The movement of an object or defined as a continuous change in position
with respect to a certain frame of reference
RECTILINEAR MOTION
An object traveling in a straight path
CURVILINEAR MOTION
An object traveling in a curved path
ANGULAR MOTION
An object traveling at a certain angles
DISTANCE vs DISPLACEMENT
▪ DISTANCE (D)
D refers to the actual length of path taken by and object in moving from its initial position to its final
position regardless of direction and measured in units of length
D = Xf + Xi
Xf – final position
Xi – original position/initial
∆x – short form for change in position

Example; Rubin walked 40 m towards his friends house and 30m towards another friends house . What
is the distance walked/ traveled by Rubin?
D= 70 m
DISPLACEMENT (d)

Displacement (d)
refers to the actual measure of the difference between the initial
position up to the final position.
In a rectilinear motion
d = Xf – Xi ; IF OPPOSITE
d = Xf + Xi; IF SAME DIRECTION
In a curvilinear motion
d= zero
NOTE : displacement is zero if an object moves back toward its original position.
d- displacement
ANGULAR MOTION

CASE #1
▪ If the object travels in an angular motion use the Pythagorean Theorem

c
a
b
Example : On her way to school, Dora traveled 100 m East , 300 m North, 100 m EAST and finally 200 m North
a. Find the total distance traveled by Dora.
b. What is the displacement made by Dora?
Solution

school
E

C=? 200 m

100 m
300 m

house
100 m
OBJECT MOVING IN FOUR DIFFERENT DIRECTION
HOW TO GET DISPLACEMENT?

CASE # 2

Example : On her way to school, Dora traveled 100 m East ,

300 m North, 100 m EAST , 200 m North, 300 m WEST, and
finally 500 m NORTH.
a.Find the total distance traveled by Dora.
b.What is the displacement made by Dora?
500 m
300 m E

200 m
D= 100+300+100+200+300+500
100 m
D= 1500
Displacement = use pythagorean

300 m
100 m
Example

▪ Jane leaves Seattle to visit Mary in Alaska. She travels 350 miles due to North but then back-
tracks South 125 miles to pick up again a friend. What is Jane’s total displacement?
d = ∆x = Xf – Xi
d= (350 mi N – 125 mi S)- 0
d = 225 mi N of S
▪ The jogger moves from and initial position of 3 m going North to a final position of 15 m
going South. A. What is his total distance? B. What is his total displacement ?
A. d= 18 m
B. d= ∆x = 12 m
Sample problem

Suppose that your going to school you walked 40 m east and 30 m north.
▪ A. What was the total distance that you walked?
▪ B. What was your total displacement ?
And you found out that classes were suspended because of bad weather. You went
back home following the same path. `
▪ C. What is your total distance?
▪ D. what is your total displacement?
Speed vs
Velocity
What is speed?
Speed
-how fast something is moving or how much distance is covered in a
certain amount of time.
- speed is a scalar quantity (specified by numeric value with
appropriate unit)
Two types of speed:
▪ Instantaneous speed: An object’s speed at any given instant.
(SPEEDOMETER)
▪ Average speed: An average of all instantaneous speeds.
Calculating Speed
▪ Speed (S) = distance traveled (d) / the amount of time
it took (t).

S = d/t
Units for speed
▪ Depends, but will always be a distance unit / a time
unit

▪ Ex. Cars: mi./h

▪ Jets: km/h
▪ Snails: cm/s
▪ Falling objects: m/s
Calculating speed S = d/t

▪ If I travel 100 kilometer in one hour then I have a speed

of…
▪ 100 km/h

▪ If I travel 1 meter in 1 second then I have a speed of….

▪ 1 m/s
Calculating Average Speed

▪ It took me 1 hour to go 40 km on the highway. Then it took me 2 more

hours to go 20 km using the streets. What is my average speed
▪ Total Distance:
▪ 40 km + 20 km = 60 km

▪ Total Time: Total _ Dis tan ce.

▪ 1 h + 2 h = 3 hr Ave. _ Speed =
Total _ time
▪ Ave. Speed:
▪ total d/total t = 60 km/3 h = 20 km/h
Question
▪ I travelled 25 km in 10 minutes. How many meters have I
travelled?
▪ A) 25000 m
▪ B) .0112 m
▪ C) .025 m
▪ D) 2.5 m

25 km * 1000m/km = 25000 m
Question
▪ Claire ran 1000 m in 3 minutes. Then ran another 1000 m uphill
in 7 minutes. What is my average speed?
▪ A) 100 m/min
▪ B) 2000 m/min Total Dist. = 1000 m + 1000 m = 2000 m
▪ C) 10 m/min
Total Time = 3 min + 7 min = 10 min
▪ D) 200 m/min
▪ E) 20 m/min Ave speed = total dist/total time =

2000m/10 min = 200 m/min = D

What is Velocity?
▪Velocity
- is the same as speed, but it has a direction
associated.
- it is a vector quantity and is defined as the rate
of change of displacement
Total _ Displacement.
Ave. _ velocity =
Total _ time
Velocity
▪ Velocity – the SPEED and DIRECTION of an object.

▪ Example:
▪ An airplane moving North at 500 mi/h
▪ A missile moving towards you at 200 m/s
Negative velocity and speed
Is it possible for something to have a negative
velocity?
▪ Yes, it means it is going backward.
Is it possible for something to have a negative
speed?
▪ No, there is no specific direction. Backward is arbitrary.
You pick which way you want to be positive in any given
problem.
Vectors
▪ Vectors are units with a direction associated with them.
▪ Distance: no direction
▪ Displacement: distance with a direction

If you walk 5 m north and 2 m south, what distance have you

walked? What is your displacement?
▪ Distance 7 m; displacement 3 m N
Combining vectors in 1-D
First, simply add them together.
▪ If you walk 5 miles north, 2 miles south and 3 miles north, what
distance have you walked? What is your displacement?

▪ Distance: 10 mi
▪ Displacement: 6 mi N
Question
▪What is the difference between speed and velocity?

▪Speed is just distance/time. Velocity includes

direction as well.
SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. A man walked 7 km in 2 hours and 2 km in 1 hour in the same direction. A 7 km B 2km C

What is the man’s average speed for the whole journey?

S = total distance / total time = 7 km +2 km / 2 hrs + 1 hr = 9 km/3hours = 3 km /hr

S= 3 km/ hr.
What is the man’s average velocity?

V= displacement/ time
V= displacement / time = 7 km +2 km / 2 hrs + 1 hr = 9 km/3hours = 3 km /hr
V= 3 km/ hr.

2. A man walked 7 km East in 2 hours and then 2.5 km West in 1 hour. A B

What is the average speed ? What is the average velocity? D C
S = 7 km + 2.5 km / 2 hrs + 1 hr = 3.2 km / hr.

V = 2.5 -7 km km / 2 hrs + 1 hr =- 4.5 km / 3 hrs = -1.5 km/ hr. E of W

SAMPLE PROBLEM

▪ John’s car covered a distance of 200 km North in 20 hours and traveled 350 km south in 30
hours. (a) what is the average speed? (b) what is the average velocity?

a. ∆ s= total distance / total time = 550 km / 50 h

∆s= 11 km/ h
b. ∆v = total displacement / total time = -150 km/ 50 h
∆v = 3 km / h N of S
ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION
▪ Acceleration is a change in velocity with respect to time.
Velocity can change in three ways;
change in speed ;either increase (accelerating) or decrease (decelerating)
change in direction
change in speed as well as direction

Unit : m/s 2
ACCELERATION
Example
1. A car changing lanes at constant speed
2. A car speeding in an effort to beat the red light
3. A car slowing down while making a left turn
ACCELERATION – UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED
MOTION
A more common type of motion would be that in which velocity is changing at a constant
rate. Acceleration here would mean change in speed rather than change in direction.

If an object changes its velocity from an initial velocity vo and a final velocity
vf during a time interval t, its acceleration is given by

a= vf - vo
t
DERIVING FORMULA OF ACCELERATION

Finding FINAL velocity ; vf = vo + at

Finding INITIAL velocity ; vo = vf - (at)

Finding TIME; t = vf - vo
a
Sample Problem

1. An object accelerating east at 10 m/s2 traveled for 12 s

reaching final velocity of 200 m/s. Find the initial velocity of
that object.
Sample Problem

2. Mercedes is driving her sports car at 30 m/s when she

sees a dog on the road ahead. She slams on the brakes
and comes to a stop in 3.0 seconds. What was the
acceleration of her car?
3. Marisa’s car accelerates at an average rate of 2.6 m/s2. Calculate
how long it takes her car to speed up from 24.6 m/s to 26.8 m/s.
4.A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 3.5
m/s2. What is the speed of the car 12 seconds later?
PROBLEM SOLVING

1. A truck accelerates from 25 km/ hr to 45 km/ hr in 40 seconds. Calculate

the average acceleration of the vehicle.
2. A bus accelerates from initial velocity of 12m/s at a constant rate of 1.2
m/s2 . What is the final speed of the bus after 15 second

3. An object accelerating west at 7 m/s2 with a final velocity of 150 m/s

within 30 s . Calculate the initial velocity of the object?

4. John’s car accelerates at an average rate of 4.6 m/s2. Calculate how long it
takes his car to speed up from 28.6 m/s to 32.8 m/s.