Science 7

Third Quarter

Teacher Apple
FIRST QUARTER: MATTER
TOPIC III: FORCE, MOTION AND ENERGY
SUBTOPICS:
-Motion in One Direction
-Waves
-Sound
-Light
-Heat
-Electricity
LEARNING COMPETENCIES FOR THIS QUARTER
1. Distinguish vector quantities from scalar quantities.
2. Describe the concepts of motion of an object in terms of distance or
displacement, speed or velocity, and acceleration.
3. Interpret the motion of objects through graphs.
4. Describe the parts and the propagation of waves relative to the motion of the
wave particles.
5. Compare the different types of waves based on the medium of their propagation.
6. Differentiate the properties of waves.
7. Evaluate the motion of waves mathematically.
8. Discuss how sound is produced and propagated.
9. Illustrate the process on how human can perceive sound.
10. Analyze properties of sound.
11. Familiarize themselves on the on the historical background on the nature of
light.
12. Explain color and intensity of light in terms of its wave characteristics.
13. Illustrate situations that show modes of heat transfer and cite examples.
14. Investigate the different types of charging processes and
15. Explain the importance of earthing or grounding.
Describing and Measuring Motion
How do you recognize motion?

 An object is in motion when its

distance from another object is
changing
 The change in position with
respect to its reference point.
 Movement depends on your point
of view
What is a reference point?
 A place or object used for
comparison to determine if
something is in motion
 An object is in motion if it
changes position relative to a
reference point
Dynamics
 The branch of physics involving the
motion of an object and the relationship
between that motion and other physics
concepts is studied under:
 Kinematics is a part of dynamics
 In kinematics, you are interested in the
description of motion
 Not concerned with the cause of the
motion
Quantities in Motion
 Any motion involves three concepts
 Distance or Displacement
 Velocity or speed
 Acceleration
 These concepts can be used to study
objects in motion
•Displacement
Cartesian Plane
Position
 Defined in terms of
a frame of
reference
 One dimensional,
so generally the x-
or y-axis
 Defines a starting
point for the
motion
Position
Displacement
 Defined as the change in position
 x  x  x
f i
 f stands for final and i stands for initial
 May be represented as y if vertical
 Shortest distance from point of reference
to its final position.
 Units are meters (m) in SI, centimeters
(cm) or feet (ft) in US/English System
Displacement
Displacement refers to the shortest
distance between the object’s two
positions, like the distance
between its point of origin and its
point of destination, no matter
what path it took to get to that
destination.
Displacement Isn’t Distance
 The displacement of an object is not
the same as the distance it travels
 Example: Throw a ball straight up and then
catch it at the same point you released it
 The distance is twice the height
 The displacement is zero
 Displacement refers to the shortest distance
between the object’s two positions, like the
distance between its point of origin and its
point of destination, no matter what path it
took to get to that destination.
Displacements
da= 60m – 30 m
da= 30m, right

Xi= 40 m
Xf= -50m

dT= 30 m – (-50m)
dT= 30m + 50m
dT= 80m, left
Displacement
 Displacement is a change of position in time.
 Displacement: x  x f (t f )  xi (ti )
 f stands for final and i stands for initial.
 It is a vector quantity.
 It has both magnitude and direction: + or  sign
 It has units of [length]: meters.
Displacement
d=400m

D=400m, W

d=900m

D=900m, E

d= 800m

D= 0
Distance and Displacements

d4=
d1= d3=
d2=
Distance and Displacements
Distance and Displacements
Distance and Displacements

Distance=circumference
Distance and Displacements

pi= 3.1416
Distance and Displacements

1 grid= 1 km
Distance and Displacements

C2= a2 + b2
C2= (4km)2 + (3 km) 2

C2= 16 km2 + 9 km2

C2= 25 km2
C= 5km, NE

1 grid= 1 km
Distance and Displacements
Seatwork:
1.
Seatwork:
1.
Seatwork:
2.
Speed and Velocity
Speed
Speed is the measure of how fast an
object covered a certain distance.
To describe speed you need to know:
 distance traveled (meters – m)
 how long it took to go that distance
(seconds – s)
 Speed= m/s , km/hr, mi/hr
Velocity
 Velocity
is speed in a given direction. It is also
determined by using the distance from the
starting position to the ending position, rather
than the distance of the path taken.

 A runner moves eastward at 10m/s.

 speed is 10m/s
 velocity is 10m/s east

 Velocity
is very important for airplane pilots,
weather forecasters and anyone driving from
one place to another.
Speed
 Speed is the rate at which an object moves.

 Thefaster a runner’s rate of motion, the

faster the runner’s speed.

 Speed = distance/time

 Units = m/s
Constant Speed
 Objects
in motion that their speed does not
change is moving at a constant speed.

 Total
distance divided by total time give
speed at any point in time.

 Graph is a straight
line for constant speed.
Average Speed
 Not all objects move at constant speeds.

 The average speed also uses the formula

speed = total distance/ total time

Sample Problem 1:

 At what speed did a

plane fly if it traveled
1760 meters in 8
seconds?
Sample Problem 2:
What is the speed of a
walking person in m/s if
the person travels 1000
m in 20 minutes?
Sample Problem 3:

 A bullet was fired

with speed 3.2 m/s.
Find the distance
covered after 5 s.
Sample Problem 4:
Find the distance
covered by a 532 kg
truck if it travelled for 3
hours at an average
velocity of 50 km/hr.
Sample Problem 5:
Find the total time that
a biker will take if its
velocity is about 115
km/hr if it travelled a
total distance f 200 km.
Sample Problem 6:
How much time will it
take for an airplane to
run along a 13km
runway at an average
speed of 90 m/s?
SW2:Speed and velocity
 1. What is the speed of a rocket that travels
9000 meters in 12.12 seconds?
 2. What is the speed of a jet plane that travels
528 meters in 4 seconds?
 3. How long will your trip take (in hours) if you
travel 350 km at an average speed of 80 km/hr?
 4. How far (in meters) will you travel in 3
minutes running at a rate of 6 m/s?
 5. A trip to Cape Canaveral, Florida takes 10
hours. The distance is 816 km. Calculate the
average speed.
 6. A man walked from point A to F
following the route in the grid below in
3250 seconds. Determine

a) the average speed, in m/s, for the whole

journey.
b) the magnitude of the displacement.
Speed vs. Velocity

 Cars on both paths have the same average velocity

since they had the same displacement in the same
time interval
 The car on the blue path will have a greater average
speed since the distance it traveled is larger
SW3: Solve for Velocity:

1. A man walks 7 km East in 2

hours and 2 km in 1 hour in the
same direction. a)What is the
man's average velocity for the
whole journey?
b)what is the displacement?
SW3: Solve for Velocity:

2. If Pat can walk at an

average speed of 5
km/h, how many miles
can she walk in two
hours?
3. A car travels 22 km south, 12 km
west, and 14 km north in half an hour.
 a) What is the average velocity of the
car?
 b) What is the final displacement of

the car?
SW3: Solve for Velocity:
 4. A man walked from point A to F
following the route in the grid below in
3250 seconds. Determine

a) the average speed, in m/s, for the whole

journey.
b) the magnitude of the displacement.
SW3: Solve for Velocity:
V1
d1
3.d2 John droveV2 South 120 km at 60 km/h and then East
150 km at 50 km/h. Determine
a) the average speed for the whole journey?
b) the magnitude of the average velocity for the
whole journey? t1= d1 t2= d2
V1 V2
b) c) find the displacement = 150 km__
V= d = 120 km__
60 km/hr 50 km/hr
t t2= 3 hrs
d= Vt t1= 2 hrs
Vave= d1 + d2
V V t1 + t2
d=t = 120 km + 150 km
2 hrs + 3 hrs
V = 270 km
t= d 5 hrs
Vave= 54 km/hr, SE
V
SW3: Solve for Velocity:
V1
d1
3.d2 John droveV2 South 120 km at 60 km/h and then East
150 km at 50 km/h. Determine
a) the average speed for the whole journey?
b) the magnitude of the average velocity for the
whole journey? t1= d1 t2= d2
V1 V2
b) c) find the displacement = 150 km__
V= d = 120 km__
60 km/hr 50 km/hr
t t2= 3 hrs
d= Vt t1= 2 hrs
Vave= d1 + d2
V V t1 + t2
d=t = 120 km + 150 km
2 hrs + 3 hrs
V = 270 km
t= d 5 hrs
Vave= 54 km/hr, SE
V
SW3 : Solve for Velocity:

2. A man walks 7 km East in 2 hours

and then 2.5 km West in 1 hour.
What is the man's average velocity for
the whole journey?
Vave = d1 = d2 2.5 km
Xi Xf
t1 + t2
= 7 km + 2.5 km
2 hrs + 1 hr 7 km
= 9.5 km displacement= 7 km- 2.5 km
3 hrs displacement= 4.5 km
Vave = 3.17 km/hr, West
Solve for Velocity:
Answers to Exercise #2
Answers to Exercise #3
Graphical Interpretation of
Velocity
 Velocity can be determined from a
position-time graph
 Average velocity equals the slope of the
line joining the initial and final positions
 An object moving with a constant
velocity will have a graph that is a
straight line
How do you graph motion?
 You can show the
motion of an object on
a line graph in which
you plot distance
against time
 Time is along the x-
axis and distance on
the y-axis
How do you interpret motion
graphs?
 A straight line indicates
a constant speed
 The steepness depends
on how quickly or slowly
the object is moving
 The faster the motion
the steeper the slope
Average Velocity, Constant
 The straight line
indicates constant
velocity
 The slope of the line
is the value of the
average velocity
Average Velocity, Non
Constant

 The motion is non-

constant velocity
 The average velocity
is the slope of the
blue line joining two
points
Instantaneous Velocity
 The limit of the average velocity as the time
interval becomes infinitesimally short, or as
the time interval approaches zero
x
lim
v t  0
t
 The instantaneous velocity indicates what is
happening at every point of time
Instantaneous Velocity on a
Graph
 The slope of the line tangent to the
position-vs.-time graph is defined to be
the instantaneous velocity at that time
 The instantaneous speed is defined as the
magnitude of the instantaneous velocity
Uniform Velocity
 Uniform velocity is constant velocity
 The instantaneous velocities are always
the same
 All the instantaneous velocities will also
equal the average velocity
When do we say that an
object accelerates?
 A biker moving at constant velocity
 A roller coaster going down.
 A ball that was thrown upward
 A ball that was moving downward
 A falling mango fruit from a tree
 A runner moving around a circular path
at constant velocity
An object accelerates when:
 by increasing its speed while traveling
in a straight line;
 by decreasing its speed while traveling
in a straight line; and
 by changing its direction while
traveling at a constant speed
Acceleration
 The rate of change in velocity is known as
acceleration. The car is moving in a
circular path at constant
speed (yes it is accelerating)
 Ifsomething is accelerating, it is doing one
of the following:
 speeding up
 slowing down
 changing directions
Acceleration
𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒗𝒇 −𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑽𝒊)
 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
a= m/s2, km/hr2, mi/hr2
 Final = ending velocity
 Original = starting velocity

 Ittells how fast something is moving and gives

direction.

 Used when there are changes in velocity.

Deceleration
 When there is a decrease in velocity, the value of
acceleration is negative.

 Negative acceleration = deceleration

 Distance – time graphs

for acceleration is always
a curve.
SP1:Calculating Acceleration
 As a roller-coaster car starts down a slope,
its speed is 4 m/s. But 3 seconds later, at the
bottom, its speed is 22 m/s. What is its
average acceleration? Is it a positive or
negative acceleration?
-

SP2: Calculating Acceleration

 A certain car brakes from 27 m/s

to rest in 9 seconds. Find the
car’s average acceleration.
SW 3: Acceleration
A roller coaster’s velocity at the
top of a hill is 10m/s. Two
seconds later it reaches the
bottom of the hill with a velocity of
26m/s. What is the acceleration of
the roller coaster?
SW 3: Acceleration
2. A car accelerates from
rest to a speed of 36 km/h
in 20 seconds. What is
the acceleration of the
car?
-
Graphing
Acceleration
 You can use both a speed-versus-time graph and a
distance-versus-time graph to analyze the motion of an
accelerating object.
Graphical Interpretation of
Acceleration
 Average acceleration is the slope of the
line connecting the initial and final
velocities on a velocity-time graph
 Instantaneous acceleration is the slope
of the tangent to the curve of the
velocity-time graph
Average Acceleration
Relationship Between
Acceleration and Velocity

 Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows

maintaining the same size)
 Acceleration equals zero
Relationship Between Velocity
and Acceleration

 Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction

 Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the
same length)
 Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
 Positive velocity and positive acceleration
Relationship Between Velocity
and Acceleration

 Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions

 Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the
same length)
 Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting
shorter)
 Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative
Circular Motion
 In
circular motion, the velocity is continuously
changing because direction is continuously
changing.

 Anobject in circular motion is accelerating even

though its speed may be constant.

 Ex:Ferris wheel, traveling in a car turning a

corner, or even as you sleep (the earth is
continuously rotating)
12.3 Changes in Velocity
I can define acceleration and deceleration.

Ican calculate acceleration and deceleration

using the given formula.

Ican interpret the distance/time graph for

acceleration.

I can describe circular motion.