GARCIA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Kalibo, Aklan
Electrical Engineering Department

NOTES IN ENGINEERING COMPETENCE II (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SUBJECTS)

FAULTS

SYMMETRICAL 3-PHASE FAULT CALCULATIONS limiting reactor if the steady apparent power (MVA) on short circuit is
not to exceed 5 times the full load value.
The symmetrical fault occurs when all the three conductors of a 3-phase (1.219 )
lne are brought together simultaneously into a short circuit conditions.
This type of fault gives rise to symmetrical currents (i.e. equal currents Problem 3. A 30-MVA alternator with 15% reactance is connected to a
with 120° displacement). The symmetrical fault rarely occurs in practice bus bar. A second alternator rated 25-MVA with 10% reactance is also
as majority of the faults are of unsymmetrical in nature. It is the most connected through a 10% bus bar reactor to the same bus bar. Both of
severe fault and exposes more heavy duty on the circuit breaker. these reactances are based on 25 MVA. If a feeder taken out from the
bus bars through a circuit breaker develops a 3-phase fault, what should
STEPS IN SOLVING 3-PHASE FAULT CALCULATIONS be the appropriate MVA rating of the circuit breaker?
(325 MVA)
STEP 1: Draw a one-line diagram of the network indicating the rating
and per unit impedance of each element of the network. Problem 4. The estimated short circuit MVA at the bus bars of a
generating station A is 1500 MVA and of another station B is 1200 MVA.
STEP 2: Choose a numerically convenient value of base power and The generated voltage at each stations is 33 kV. If these stations are
convert all per unit impedances to this base value. interconnected through a line having a reactance of 1  and negligible
resistance, calculate the possible short circuit MVA at station B.
Sbase Z ohmic (1831 MVA)
Z pu = 2
E base Problem 5. At a certain point in an electrical network, the Thevenin’s
equivalent impedance is known to be 2%. Solve for the 3-phase fault
2 current if the base power is 10 MVA and the base voltage is 13.8 kV?
Z pu (new)=Z pu(old) ( S new−base¿ ¿ ¿ S old−base ¿ ¿ ) ( E old−base¿ ¿ ¿ Enew−base ¿ ¿ )
(20,918 A)
STEP 3: In reference to the one-line diagram do the network, draw the Problem 6. Four identical alternators rated 10 MVA each has a per unit
equivalent impedance diagram showing one phase of the system and reactance of 0.20. These alternators are supplying power to a common
the neutral. Indicate the per unit impedance on the base power in the bus bar at 13.8 kV. Solve the 3-phase short circuit MVA at the bus bar.
impedance diagram. Transformers are represented by a series per unit (200 MVA)
impedance in the diagram.
Problem 7. At a certain point in an electrical system, the 3-phase fault
STEP 4: Find the total per unit impedance Zt of the network up to the current is 10 pu. Determine the series reactance in pu to be inserted in
point of fault using circuit analysis. the fault point in order to limit the short circuit current to 8 pu.
(0.025 pu)
Zt = Thevenin’s equivalent impedance (3-phase fault is calculate using
Thevenin’s theorem) Problem 8. The section bus bars A and B are linked together by a bus bar
reactor rated 5 MVA with 10% reactance. On bus-bar A, there are two
STEP 5: Find the base current Ibase corresponding to the selected base generators connected each rated 10 MVA with 10% reactance and on B,
power and the normal voltage at the fault point. two generators are connected each rated 8 MVA with 12% reactance.
Find the short circuit MVA fed into a 3-phase fault on bus bar B.
S base (173.3 MVA)
I base=
√3 E fault SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
STEP 6: The various fault currents are then calculated According to Fortescue’s Theorem, three unbalance phasors of a 3-
phase system can be resolved into three balanced systems of phasors
1 namely,
I f ( pu)=
Zt
Positive sequence components consisting of three phasors of equal
magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 and having the same
I f =I f (pu) I base phase sequence as the original phasors.

S base I a 1=I a 1 ∠ 0=I a1

Sf=
Zt
2
I b 1=I a 1 ∠ 240 °=a I a 1
If = fault current
Sf = fault power I c1 =I a 1 ∠ 120° =aI a 1
Problem 1. Two alternators rated 15 MVA and 20 MVA have per unit
reactance of 0.30 and 0.50 respectively are connected to a common 12- a=1 ∠ 120°
kV bus bar. Solve the fault current if a symmetrical 3-phase fault occurs
2
at the bus bar. a =1∠240 °
(4330 A)
2
Problem 2. A 5-MVA, 3-phase, 6.6 kV, alternator has an internal
1+a+ a =0
reactance of 6% based on its rating. Find the reactance per phase of the

Page 1 of 11
Negative sequence components consisting of three phasors of equal Problem 13. In symmetrical components, “a – a2” is equal to ____.
magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 and having phase (j1.732)
sequence opposite to that of the original phasors.
Problem 14. The phase currents in a Y-connected unbalanced load are I a
I a 0=I b 0=I c 0 = 44 – j33, Ib = -32 – j24, and Ic = -40 + j25. Determine the negative
sequence component current of phase a.
(12.52 – j13.476 A)
I a=I a 0 + I a 1+ I a 2
Problem 15. The sequence component of phase b current are: I b0 = 0.77 +
2
I b=I b 0 + I b 1+ I b 2 → I a 0 +a I a1 + aI a2 j1.88, Ib1 = 14.788 – j9.169 and Ib2 = -4.717 + j0.148. What is the phase a
line current?
(3.803 + j23.282 A)
Zero sequence components consisting of three phasors of equal
magnitude, and with zero displacement from each other. SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES

2 Each element of a power system will offer impedance to different phase

I c =I c0 + I c 1+ I c 2 → I a 0+ aI a 1+ a I a 2 sequence components of current which may not be same. Thus, in
unsymmetrical fault calculations, each piece of equipment will have
1 three values of impedance, one in each sequence current namely,
I a 0= (I a+ I b + I c ) a. Positive sequence impedance, Z1
3
b. Negative sequence impedance, Z2
c. Zero sequence impedance, Z0
1 2
I a 1= (I a +aI b + a I c )
3 SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF SOME POWER SYSTEM ELEMENTS
INVOLVED IN SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS
1 2
I a 2= (I a + a I b +aI c ) Synchronous Generators. The positive, negative, and zero sequence
3 impedances of rotating machines are generally different. The positive
sequence of a synchronous generator is equal to the synchronous
impedance of the machine. The negative sequence is much less than the
1+a positive sequence impedance. The zero sequence impedance is a
Problem 9. In symmetrical components, simplify the expression, 2
1+ a variable item and if its value is not given, it may be assumed to be equal
(-0.5 + j0.866) to the positive sequence impedance.

Problem 10. The symmetrical components of a set of unbalanced 3- Transformers. Since transformers have the same impedance with
phase currents are: reversed phase rotation, their positive and negative sequence
impedance are equal, this value being equal to the impedance of the
I a 0=3 ∠−30 ° ; I a 1=5 ∠ 90 ° ; I a 2=4 ∠ 30 ° . Determine the
transformer. The zero sequence impedance depends upon earth
original unbalanced phasors. connection. If there is a circuit for earth current, zero sequence
I a=8.185 ∠ 42.216 ° A ; I b=4 ∠−30° A ; I c =8.185 ∠−102.216impedance °A will be equal to positive sequence impedance, otherwise it
will be infinite.
Problem 11. Solve the symmetrical components for the following set of
unbalanced voltages: Transmission lines. The positive sequence impedance and negative
V a =300∠−120 ° ; V b=200 ∠ 90 ° ; V c =100 ∠−30 ° . sequence impedance of a line are the same, this value being equal to the
normal impedance of the line. This is expected because the phase
Determine the original unbalanced phasors.
rotation of the currents does not make any difference in the constants
V a 0 =42.265 ∠−120° V ; V a 1=193.185 ∠−135° V ; V a 2=86.947 ∠−84.896 ° V
of the line. The zero sequence impedance is usually much greater than
the positive or negative sequence impedance. It may be taken as equal
NEUTRAL CURRENT IN A 3-PHASE, 4-WIRE SYSTEM to three times the positive sequence impedance, if not given.

ANALYSIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS

Ia
In the analysis of unsymmetrical faults, the following conditions are
a assumed:
Ib a. The generated emf of the system is of positive sequence only.
b. No current flows in the network other than due to the fault,
b i.e. load currents are neglected.
c. Phase a shall be taken as the reference phase.
Ic
c SINGLE-LINE TO GROUND (SLG) FAULT

In Any one of the three lines is accidentally connected to the ground.

n
3 Ea
I f (SLG)=
Z 1+ Z 2 +Z 0 +3 Z n
I n=3 I ao
Z1 = positive sequence per unit impedance
Z2 = negative sequence per unit impedance
I ao=I bo=I co
Z0 = zero sequence per unit impedance
Zn = per unit impedance of reactor connected to ground
Problem 12. In a 3-phase system, phase a is on no-load and phase b and Ea = per unit positive sequence voltage of phase A (reference)
c are short-circuited to ground. The currents are given:
I b=91.65 ∠ 160.9 ° A ; I n=60 ∠ 90° A . Find the symmetrical Problem 16. A 3-phase, 11-kV, 25 MVA generator with X 0 = 0.05 pu, X1 =
components of currents Ia0, Ia1, and Ia2. 0.2 pu, X2 = 0.2 pu is grounded through a reactance of 0.3 Ω. Solve the
I a 0=20 ∠ 90 ° A ; I a 1=60 ∠−90 ° A ; I a 2=40 ∠90 ° A fault current for a single line to ground fault.
(6189.45 A)

Page 2 of 11
LINE TO LINE (LL) FAULT
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Any two line terminals are accidentally connected or shorted together.
1. A system operates at 220 kVA and 11 kV. Using these quantities as
√3 Ea base values, find the base impedance for the system.
I f (¿)= a. 20  c. 550 
Z 1+ Z 2 b. 100  d. 34.64 

Problem 17. The positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of a 20 2. A 60 Hz turbo generator is rated 100 MVA, 22 kV and solidly grounded
MVA, 13.2 kV synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.1 pu operating at rated voltage at no load. X1 = X2 = 0.20 p.u. and Xg0 = 0.05
respectively. The generator is not loaded when a line to line fault occurs. pu. Determine the inductance reactance to be inserted in the neutral of
Determine the fault current. the generator to limit the subtransient line current for a single line to
(3030 A) ground fault to that for a 3-phase fault.
a. 0.333  c. 0.242 
DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND (DLG) FAULT b. 0.525  d. 0.375 

Any two line terminals are accidentally connected or shorted together to 3. A generator having a solidly grounded neutral and rated 50-MVA, 30
the ground. kV has positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of 25, 15, and 5
percent respectively. What reactance must be placed in the generator
3 Z2 Ea neutral to limit the fault current for a line to ground fault to that for a 3-
I f (DLG)= phase fault?
Z 1 Z 2 +Z 2 ( Z0 +3 Z n ) +(Z 0 +3 Z n )Z 1 a. 1.6  c. 1.4 
b. 1.2  d. 1.8 

Problem 18. A generator having a solidly grounded neutral and rated 50- 4. Evaluate (1 + a) / (1 + a2).
MVA, 30 kV has positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of 25, a. 0.5 + j0.866 c. -0.5 + j0.866
15, and 5% respectively. What reactance must be placed in the generator b. -0.5 – j0.866 d. 0.5 – j0.866
neutral to limit the fault current for a bolted double line to ground fault
to that for a bolted 3-phase fault? 5. Four identical alternators each rated for 20 MVA, 11 kV have
(0.825 Ω) subtransient reactance of 16% are working in parallel. Determine the
short circuit level at the bus bar.
Problem 19. A 3-phase, 11 kV, 10 MVA alternator has sequence a. 500 MVA c. 400 MVA
reactances of X0 = 0.05 pu, X1 = 0.15 pu, X2 = 0.15 pu. If the generator is b. 125 MVA d. 80 MVA
on no-load, find the ratio of fault currents for SLG fault to that when all
3-phases are dead short circuited. 6. A 3-phase, 13.8 kV, 50 MVA alternator has positive, negative, and zero
(1.286) sequence of 0.20, 0.20, and 0.05 pu. If the alternator is on no-load,
determine the fault current for a 3-phase fault.
Problem 20. The positive, negative, and zero a 20 MVA, 13.2 kV a. 12,200 A c. 15,200 A
synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.1 pu respectively. The b. 14,500 A d. 10,460 A
generator is solidly grounded and is not loaded. Neglect all resistances.
Determine the fault current if a double line to ground fault occurs at the 7. The line to ground voltages on the high voltage side of a step-up
generator terminals b and c. transformer are 100 kV, 33 kV, and 38 kV on phases a, b, and c
(4771 A) respectively. The voltage of phase a leads that of phase b by 100 and
lags that of phase c by 176.5. Determine the symmetrical negative
Problem 21. A 25 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase alternator was subjected to the phase sequence component of phase a.
following faults: 3-phase fault = 1000 A; line to line fault = 1300 A; line to a. 50.65 + j14.32 c. 18.79 – j10.06
ground fault = 2100 A. The generator is solidly grounded. Ignoring b. 45.32 + j25.12 d. 30.55 – j4.26
resistances, determine the zero sequence reactance of the alternator.
(0.611 Ω) 8. A single line to ground fault occurs on an unbalanced generator in
phase a. For this generator, X 1 = X2 = 0.25 p.u. and X0 = 0.15 pu. The
SEQUENCE CONNECTION DIAGRAMS FOR 3-PHASE TRANSFORMER reacatnce connected in neutral is X n = 0.05 pu. If the initial prefault
BANKS voltage is 1 pu, what is the magnitude of the fault current in pu?
a. 1.25 pu c. 1.54 pu
 Y-Y connection with primary neutral grounded b. 1.43 pu d. 3.75 pu

9. At a certain location in an electric system, the available fault MVA is

400 MVA. A 15 MVA, 34.5 kV/6.24 kV, 2.5% impedance transformer is
 Y-Y connection with both neutrals grounded installed at that location. Determine the short circuit MVA at the
secondary side of the transformer.
a. 200 MVA c. 240 MVA
b. 150 MVA d. 280 MVA
 Y-∆ connection with grounded neutral
10. A 10 MVA, 6.9 kV alternator has a positive, negative, and zero
sequence per unit reactance components of 0.30, 0.25, and 0.05
respectively. If the neutral of the generator is grounded through a
 Y-∆ connection with isolated neutral reactor of 0.48 , determine the fault current during a single line to
ground fault.
a. 2789 A c. 2340 A
b. 2890 A d. 2560 A
 ∆-∆ connection
11. A 30 MVA generator with 15% reactance is connected to a bus bar. A
Problem 22. An ac generator is connected to the primary side of a delta- 25 MVA transformer with 10% reactance is also connected through a
wye grounded transformer bank. An SLG fault on the secondary side of 10% bus bar reactor to the same bus. Both of these reactance is based
the bank is equivalent to what type of fault on the generator at the on 25 MVA. If a feeder taken out from the bus bars through a circuit
primary side of the transformer? breaker develops a 3-phase fault, what should be the appropriate rating
(line to line fault) of the circuit breaker?
Page 3 of 11
a. 923 MVA c. 675 MVA a. 0.125 Ω c. 0.265 Ω
b. 325 MVA d. 500 MVA b. 0.375 Ω d. 0.075 Ω

12. The sequence component of phase a currents are: I a0 = 0 A; Ia1 = 10 + 24. If symmetrical components of phase voltage V an are: positive seq. =
j5 A; Ia2 = 8 - j5 A. Determine current in phase c. 50; negative seq. = j20; zero seq. = -10 V. Determine the phase voltage
a. 17.74 cis 174.4 c. 15.34 cis 164.5 Vbn.
b. 15.45 cis 134.3 d. 12.2 cis (-45.4) a. 40 + j20 c. -52.32 – j53.3
b. -17.68 + j33.3 d. -22.63 – j17.2
13. The available fault current of a point in a certain electrical system is
9 pu. Determine the short circuit MVA using a base of 110 MVA. 25. At a certain point of a power system network, the positvie, negative,
a. 1222.2 MVA c. 12.2 MVA and zero sequence impedances are 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu, & 0.30 pu
b. 9.9 MVA d. 990 MVA respectively. The base MVA is 100. The voltage level at the point is 34.5
kV. Determine the current for a one line to ground fault.
14. A generator is rated 10 MVA, 33 kV. It is Y-connected and solidly a. 6275 A c. 9536 A
grounded at its rated voltage at no load. Its reactances are X 1 = 0.15 pu; b. 8302 A d. 7845 A
X2 = 0.15 pu; X0 = 0.05 pu. Determine the value of inductive reactance in
ohms to be inserted in the neutral to limit the subtransient current for a 26. At 34.5 kV substation, the available fault current is 10 pu. What is
single line to ground fault equal to that for a 3-phase fault. the available fault MVA if the base MVA is 50?
a. 5.75 Ω c. 3.63 Ω a. 500 MVA c. 50 MVA
b. 3.48 Ω d. 3.12 Ω b. 5 MVA d. 5000 MVA

15. Determine the zero sequence component of the following 27. A 3-phase, 4-wire system supplies loads which are unequally
unbalanced system voltage: Va = 100 cis 30; Vb = 150 cis (-30); Vc = distributed in the thee phase lines. An analysis of the circuit shows that
120 cis (-120). the positive and the negative sequence components of the current in
a. 62.257 cis (-38.28) c. 77.023 cis (-40.48) line A are as follows:
b. 67.589 cis (-39.48) d. 68.589 cis (-29.88) I a 1=48.02 ∠−87.6 ° A ; I a 2=163.21 ∠−40.45 ° A ; I n=156.6
Determine the line current at line A.
16. Evaluate: (a – a2)(a2 – a).
a. 150 ∠−45 ° A c. 100 ∠ 45 ° A
a. 3 ∠0 ° c. 3.464 ∠ 30 °
b. 160∠ 60 ° A d. 140 ∠ 50 ° A
b. 3 ∠90 ° d. 3.464 ∠ 60 °
28. A transformer 4.5 MVA, 13.8/6.24 kV with 5% impedance is tapped
17. A generator is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV. The positive, negative, and
to a 13.8 kV infinite bus with available fault MVA of 500. A generator of
zero sequence components of the generator are 0.20, 0.20, and 0.05 pu,
2 MVA, 6.24 kV with 10% impedance is connected to the transformer
respectively. What is the ratio of the fault current for a single line to
secondary bus bar. Determine the fault current delivered for a 3-phase
ground fault to the fault current for a 3-phase fault?
fault near the common bus bar.
a. 1.50 c. 1.33
a. 9,102 A c. 8,907 A
b. 1.42 d. 1.25
b. 8,500 A d. 10,105 A
18. The available fault MVA of a point in a certain electrical system is
29. A short 3-phase transmission line operating at 11 kV has an
600 MVA. Determine the Thevenin’s equivalent reactance using a base
impedance of 1.5 + j2 ohms per conductor and is connected through a
of 15 MVA.
5000 kVA transformer having 5% reactance to 6.6 kV busbar to a
a. 0.40 pu c. 0.025 pu
generating station. Two generators are connected to the bus bars, each
b. 40 pu d. 15 pu
having a capacity of 10,000 kVA and 15% reactance. Calculate the short
circuit current if a symmetrical fault occurs at the far end of the
19. In a short circuit study, the positive, negative, and zero sequence
transmission line.
reactances are 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu, and 0.30 pu respectively. The base MVA
a. 1,490 A c. 1,450 A
is 100. Determine the fault current for a 3-phase fault at the 115 kV
b. 1,520 A d. 1,550 A
level.
a. 2,204 A c. 2,008 A
30. What is the Thevenin’s equivalent reactance of a certain electric
b. 2,410 A d. 2,140 A
system rated 50 MVA at 34.5 kV if the available short circuit MVA is
1000 MVA?
20. The estimated short circuit MVA at the bus bars of a generation
a. 0.025 pu c. 0.05 pu
staton A is 1200 MVA and of another station B is 1000 MVA. The
b. 0.04 pu d. 0.0625 pu
generated voltage at each station is 33 kV. If these station are
interconnected through a line having a reactance of 1.2 Ω and negligible
31. When a single line-to-ground fault occurs, the current in the faulted
resistance, calculate the new short circuit MVA at station A.
phase is 100 A. The zero sequence current in this case is
a. 1517 MVA c. 1824 MVA
a. 0 A c. 66.66 A
b. 1676 MVA d. 2010 MVA
b. 33.33 A d. 100 A
21. A generator havinga solidly grounded neutral and rated 50 MVA, 30
32. The sequence components of phase a current are: zero sequence =
kV has a positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of 20, 20, and
0.47 + j1.49; positive sequence = 18.4 cis (-31.6); negative sequence =
5% respectively. What reactance must be placed in the generator
3.23 cis (168.2). Determine the phase c current.
neutral to limit the fault current for a bolted single line to ground fault
a. 31.36 A c. 18.97 A
to that for a bolted three phase fault?
b. 22.51 A d. 25.25 A
a. 0.90 Ω c. 0.80 Ω
b. 0.50 Ω d. 0.15 Ω
33. A 10-MVA, 13.8 kV/440 V transformer has a subtransient reactance
of 0.05 pu. This transformer is connected to a 13.8 kV line where the
22. In a power system, the fault current at a point is 8.0 pu. What series
Thevenin’s equivalent reactance is 0.3 Ω. A symmetrical 3-phase fault
reactance must be included at the fault point to limit the short circuit
occurs at the secondary side of the transformer. Solve the fault current
current to 5.0 pu?
in the primary side of the transformer.
a. 0.075 pu c. 0.065 pu
a. 6,368 A c. 6,920 A
b. 0.055 pu d. 0.045 pu
b. 6,640 A d. 7,120 A
23. A 3-phase, 20 MVA, 10 kV alternator has internal reactance of 5%
34. In a short circuit analysis, the bases chosen are: 34.5 kV and 100
and negligible resistance. Find the external reactance per phase to be
MVA. What is the impedance base?
connected in series with the alternator so that steady current on short
a. 11.9 Ω c. 23.8 Ω
circuit does not exceed 8 times the full load current?
Page 4 of 11
b. 7.5 Ω d. 5 Ω 46. A 3-phase 34.5 kV, 100 MVA alternator has positive, negative, and
zero sequence impedances of 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu, and 0.30 pu respectively,
35. A station operating at 33 kV is divided into sections A and B. Section Determine the fault current for a line to line fault?
A consist of three generators 15 MVA each having a reactance of 15% a. 5797 A c. 5804 A
and section B is fed from the grid through a 75 MVA transformer of 8% b. 5234 A d. 5932 A
reactance. The circuit breaker have each a rupturing capacity of 750
MVA. Determine the reactance of the reactor to prevent the breakers 47. Three-phase unbalanced currents are Ia = 10 cis (-30) A; Ib = 0 A; Ic
from being overloaded if a symmetrical short circuit occurs on an = 10 cis 150 A. What is the phase b positive sequence component?
outgoing feeder connected to A. a. 5.77 cis 180 d. 5.77 cis 0
a. 2.42 Ω c. 1.26 Ω b. 5.77 cis 240 c. 5.77 cis 120
b. 1.31 Ω d. 2.88 Ω
48. A 60-Hz turbo generator is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV. It is Y-connected
36. A 3-phase, 22 kV, 100 MVA alternator has positive, negative, and and solidly grounded and is operating at rated voltage at no load. It is
zero sequence reactances of 0.3 pu, 0.3 pu, and 0.05 pu respectively. disconnected from the rest of the system. Its reactances are X1 = X2 =
What is the negative sequence component for a line to line fault? 15%, X0 = 5%. Find the ratio of the subtransient line current for a line to
a. 5,343 A c. 5,763 A line fault to the subtransient current for a symmetrical 3-phase fault on
b. 4,374 A d. 6,632 A the generator.
a. 0.636 c. 0.86
37. Given the following line currents: Ia = 60 + j0 A; Ib = -36 – j48 A; Ic = - b. 0.577 d. 0.725
48 + j36 A. Solve for the negative sequence component of Ia.
a. 8.641 – j1.543 A c. 9.436 + j1.346 A 49. A 30 MVA, 13.8 kV, 3-phase ac generator is grounded through a
b. 9.751 – j1.464 A d. 8.354 + j1.034 A reactance of 0.162 ohm has a positive, negative, and zero sequence
reactance of 0.2, 0.2, and 0.05 per unit respectively. Determine the short
38. At a certain point of a power system network, the positvie, negative, circuit current for a single line to ground fault.
and zero sequence impedances are 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu, & 0.30 pu a. 6152 A c. 7390 A
respectively. The base MVA is 100. The voltage level at the point is 34.5 b. 8736 A d. 7150 A
kV. Determine the zero sequence current for a one line to ground fault.
a. 3,045 A c. 2,480 A 50. The bus bars of each of the two alternators of 15% reactance each
b. 3,210 A d. 2,091 A are interconnected through the tie-bar reactors of 15% each. The
equivalent impedance to fault current for a 3-phase fault in any
39. A station has a short circuit impedance at a given point of 0.21 pu alternator bus bar will be ___.
based on 100 MVA. Determine the interrupting capacity of the circuit a. 8.75% c. 11.25%
breaker needed. b. 10% d. 15%
a. 21 MVA c. 476 MVA
b. 2267 MVA d. 121 MVA 51. A 15 MVA, 6.9 kV, Y-connected generator has X1 = X2 = 0.15 pu and
X0 = 0.05 pu. The neutral of the generator is grounded through a reactor
40. The computed values of positive, negative, and zero sequence is operating at rated voltage without load. Determine the fault current in
reactances of a network at fault are: 0.15, 0.15, and 0.10 pu. Determine the line for a. The fault current in the line for a single line-to-ground
the fault current if the fault is a double line-to-ground. fault is __ A.
a. 6.23 pu c. 8.57 pu a. 7825 c. 8345
b. 7.15 pu d. 9.11 pu b. 8011 d. 8513

41. A 3-phase, 15 MVA, 10 kV alternator has internal reactance of 6% 52. What is the Thevenin’s equivalent reactance of a certain electric
and negligible resistance. Find the external reactance per phase to be system rated 20 MVA at 34.5 kV if the available short circuit MVA is 950
connected in series with the alternator so that steady current of 3-phase MVA?
short circuit does not exceed 6 times the full load current. a. 1.24% c. 2.62%
a. 0.589 Ω c. 10.67 Ω b. 2.10% d. 1.32%
b. 1.672 Ω d. 0.711 Ω
53. A 3-phase transmission line operating at 33 kV and having a
42. A generator rated 600 kVA, 2400 V, 60 cycles, 3-phase, 6-poles and resistance and reactance of 6  and 24  respectively is connected to
wye-connected has 10% synchronous reactance. If a 3-phase fault the generating station bus bar through a 6 MVA step up transformer
occurs, what will be the short circuit current? which has a reactance of 6%. Connected to the bus-bar are two
a. 1,443 A c. 1,450 A synchronous generators, one 12 MVA having a 10% reactance and
b. 1,422 A d. 1,476 A another 6 MVA having 7.5% reactance. Calculate the MVA at short
circuit fault between phases occuring at the high voltage terminals at
43. A 3-phase, 375 kVA, 480 V, wye connected alternator has an equal load end of the line.
positive and negative sequence reactance of 10%. Find the a. 25.2 c. 26.7
unsymmetrical fault current, if a line to line occurs at the alternator b. 23.8 d. 24.6
terminals.
a. 3906 A c. 2250 A 54. The positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of a 20 MVA,
b. 4210 A d. 3820 A 13.2 kV synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.1 pu
respectively. The generator is solidly grounded and is not loaded.
44. Evaluate : (1 – a)2 / (1 + a)2. Neglect all resistances. Determine the fault current if a double line to
a.8 ∠−180 ° c. 1.5 ∠ 30 ° ground fault occurs at the generator terminals b and c.
b. 1.5 ∠−30° d. 3 ∠180 ° a. 5620 A c. 6250 A
b. 5180 A d. 4770 A
45. A 60 Hz turbo generator is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV. It is Y-connected
and solidly grounded and is operating at rated voltage at no load. It is 55. In a power system with negligible resistance, the 3-phase fault
disconnected from the rest of the system. Its reactances are X1 = X2 = current at a point is 8 pu. The series reactance to be inserted at the fault
0.15 and X0 = 0.05 per unit. Find the ratio of the subtransient current for point to limit the short circuit current to 5 pu is ___.
a single line to ground fault to the subtransient current for a a. 0.125 pu c. 0.075 pu
symmetrical 3-phase fault. b. 0.333 pu d. 0.20 pu
a. 1.286 c. 1.333
b. 1.125 d. 1.428 56. A 20 MVA, 13.8 kV generator has sub-transient reactance of 0.25 pu.
The negative and zero sequence reactances are respectively 0.35 and
0.10 pu. The neutral of the generator is solidly grounded. Determine the

Page 5 of 11
fault current when a double line to ground fault occurs at the terminals
of the generator operated without load. 69. The delay fuses are used for protection of ___.
a. 5956 A c. 4872 A a. motors c. power outlet circuits
b. 6253 A d. 4017 A b. fluoresecent lamps d. light circuits

57. In a certain electrical system, the Thevenin’s equivalent impedance is 70. Protective relays are devices that detect abnormal conditions in
0.02 per unit. What is the fault current if the base power is 50 MVA and electrical circuits by measuring ___.
the base voltage is 34.5 kV? a. current during abnormal conditions
a. 44,423 A c. 40,211 A b. voltage during abnormal conditions
b. 45,422 A d. 41,837 A c. constantly the electrical quantities which differ during normal and
abnormal conditions
58. When a generator has terminal a open and the other two terminals d. none of these
are connected to each other with a short circuit from the connection to
ground, typical values for the symmetrical components of current in 71. Which of the following is the least expensive protection for
phase a are positive seq. = -j600 A; negative seq. = j250 A, and zero seq. overcurrent in low voltage system?
= j350 A. Find the current into the ground. a. re-wireable fuse c. isolator
a. j700 A c. j1050 A b. oil circuit breaker d. air break circuit breaker
b. j920 A d. j1180 A
72. Which of the following is used in liquid fuses?
59. The sequence component of phase b current are: Ib0 = 0.77 + j1.88; a. transformer oil c. sulphur hexafluoride
Ib1 = 17.4 cis (-31.8); Ib2 = 4.72 cis (178.2). What is the phase a line b. distilled water d. carbon tetrachloride
current?
a. 12.96 cis (-33.4) A c. 23.6 cis (80.7) A 73. A fuse in a motor circuit provides protection against ___.
b. 22.45 cis (78.2) A d. 10.21 cis (59.3) A a. overload only
b. short circuit only
60. A 15 MVA, 34.5 kV/6.24 kV transformer is connected at an infinite c. both short circuit and overload
bus. The percent impedance of the transformer is 2.5%. What is the d. open circuit, short circuit and overload
current at the 34.5 kV side for a 3-phase short at the 6.24 kV side?
a. 10,040 A c. 12,450 A 74. A fuse wire is never inserted in ___.
b. 10,120 A d. 11,240 A a. neutral wire c. negative dc line
b. phase line d. positive dc line
61. A 3-phase, 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, 60 Hz altenator has a positive, negative
and zero sequence reactance of 0.30, 0.30, and 0.15 respectively. The 75. The single phasing relay are used for protection of ___.
generator is unloaded when a double line to ground fault occurs at lines a. single phase motors only
b and c. Determine the ground current. b. two phase motors only
a. 5120 A c. 4184 A c. two single phase motors running in parallel
b. 4821 A d. 5518 A d. three phase motors

62. A 15 MVA, 6.6 kV, wye-connected generator has X1 = X2 = 0.2 and X0 76. The main factor in favor of the use of aluminum as bus bar material
= 0.1. The neutral of the generator is grounded through a reactor of 5% is ___.
reactance based on the generator rating. A double line-to-ground fault a. its low melting point c. its high resistivity
occurs at terminals b and c. What is the current in the ground? b. its low cost d. its low density
a. 6268 A c. 5624 A
b. 6834 A d. 5435 A 77. Which of the following circuit breakers has high reliability and
minimum maintenance?
63. The positive, negative, and zero sequence reactances of a 20 MVA, a. air blast circuit breakers c. circuit breakers with SF6
13.2 kV synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.1 pu b. vacuum circuit breakers d. oil circuit breakers
respectively. The generator is solidly grounded and is not loaded. A line
to ground fault occurs on phase a. Neglect all resistances, determine the 78. Large internal faults are protected by ___.
fault current. a. Merz price percentage differential protection
a. 8747 A c. 4374 A b. mho and ohm relays
b. 9120 A d. 6214 A c. horn gaps and temperature relays
d. earth fault and positive sequence relays
64. Circuit breakers are essentially ___.
a. current carrrying contacts called electrodes 79. Directional relays are based on flow of ___.
b. arc extinguisher a. power c. current
c. circuit to break the system b. voltages d. all of these
d. transformers to isolate the two systems
80. Burden of a protective relay is the power ___.
65. Magnetic circuit breaker has ___ trip action. a. absorbed by the circuit of relay
a. instantaneous c. both a and b b. required to operate the circuit
b. delayed d. none of these c. developed by the relay circuit
d. monitored by the relay
66. Arc in a circuit behaves as ___.
a. a capacitive reactance 81. An efficient and well designed protective relaying should have ___.
b. an inductive reactance a. good selectivity and reliability c. economy and simplicity
c. a resistance increasing with voltage rise across the arc b. high speed and selectivity d. all of these
d. a resistance decreasing with voltage rise across the arc
82. DC shunt relays are made of ___.
67. In a circuit breaker, the basic problem is to ___. a. many turns of thin wire c. many turns of thick wire
a. maintain the arc c. extinguish the arc b. few turns of thin wire d. few turns of thick wire
b. transmit large power d. emit the ionizing electrons
83. The line currents of a 3-phase Y-connected load are as follows: Ia =
68. The voltage appearing across the contacts after opening of the 10<-30; Ib = 12<215; and Ic = 15<82. Determine the positive
circuit breaker is called __ voltage. sequence component of phase b.
a. recovery c. surge a. 15.456<-184.944 A c. 18.704<251.209 A
b. operating d. arc b. 12.274<-151.621 A d. 34.887<78.321 A
Page 6 of 11
95. Which of the following is the voltage wave of magnitude higher than
84. The sequence components of the current in phase a are as follows: desirable value?
Ia0 = 1.56<72.5 A; Ia1 = 18.4<31.6 A; and Ia2 = 3.23<168.2 A. a. over voltage c. porcelain
Determine the phase c current. b. surges d. copper tungsten alloy
a. 15.46<-14.44 A c. 18.54<137 A
b. 22.274<51.62 A d. 24.81<-98 A 96. The acting contacts for a circuit breaker is made up of ___.
a. stainless steel c. porcelain
85. A balanced delta-connected load is connected to a balanced 3-phase b. hard pressed carbon d. copper tungsten alloy
supply and the line currents are equal to 20 A in magnitude. If the fuse
in line c melts, determine the symmetrical components of the current I a1. 97. In which starting method of starting a motor, the starting current is
a. 12.466<-98 A c. 11.547<-30 A maximum?
b. 12.274<91 A d. 14.841<-45 A a. auto-transformer c. stator rotor starter
b. star-delta starter d. direct on line
86. The per unit impedance value of an alternator corresponding to base
values 13.2 kV and 30 MVA is 0.2 per unit. The per unit value for the 98. For the contact and their material, which of the following should
base values 13.8 kV and 50 MVA is have low value ___.
a. 0.331 pu c. 0.305 pu a. contact resistance c. thermal capacity
b. 0.231 pu d. 0.245 pu b. thermal conductivity d. all of these

87. A 500 MVA, 22 kV, 3-phase generator has a per unit reactance of 99. Overcurrent protection for motor is provided by ___.
0.12 based on its rating. What is the per unit reactance at 750 MVA, 25 a. cartridge fuse c. over current relay
kV base? b. high resistance fuses d. all of these
a. 0.139 c. 0.239
b. 0.158 d. 0.234 100. The isolator is interlocked with circuit breaker and an earthing
switch. While opening the circuit, the ___ opens first, then ___ and
88. Thermal circuit breaker has __. finally the ___ can close.
a. delayed trip action c. both (a) and (b) a. isolator, circuit breaker, earthing switch
b. instantaneous trip action d. none of these b. earthing switch, isolator, circuit breaker
c. circuit breaker, earthing switch, isolator
89. A thermal protection switch can protect against __. d. circuit breaker, isolator, earthing switch
a. overload c. temperature
b. short circuit d. over voltage 101. Insulation resistance of HV circuit breaker is more than ___.
a. 100 Ω c. 1 MΩ
90. Fault diverters are basically ___. b. 500 kΩ d. 100 MΩ
a. fast switches c. relays
b. fuses d. circuit breakers 102. The material used in bus bars should have ___.
a. low resistivity c. higher softening temperature
91. A differential relay measures the vector difference between ___. b. low cost d. all of these
a. two currents c. current
b. two voltages d. none of these 103. The advantage of neutral earthing is ___.
a. simplified design of earth fault protection
92. Air blast circuit breaker is used for ___. b. over-voltage due to lightning can be discharged to the earth
a. short duty c. repeated duty c. freedom from persistent arcing grounds
b. intermittent duty d. instantaneous duty d. all of these
93. Thermal overload relays are used to protect the motor against
overcurrent due to ___. 104. The values of fault current depend on ___.
a. heavy loads c. short circuit a. voltage at the faulty point
b. grounds d. all of these b. total impedance up to the fault
c. both A and B
94. Overload relays are of ___ type. d. none of these
a. induction c. solid state
b. thermal d. all of these 105. Merz-price protection is used on ___.
a. substations c. capacitor bank
95. Relays can be designed to respond to changes in b. induction motor d. generators
a. resistance, reactance, or impedance
b. voltage and current 106. Which of the following relays is used on transformers?
c. temperature a. Buchholz relay c. MHO relay
d. all of these b. Merz-price relay d. none of these

96. The main function of a fuse is to ___. 107. Which relay is used for feeders?
a. prevent excessive currents c. open the circuit a. MHO relay c. Merz-price protection
b. protect the line d. none of these b. translay relay d. Buchholz relay

97. With which of the following a circuit breaker must be equipped for 108. The breaking capacity of a circuit breaker in MVA (3-phase) is given
remote operation? by ___.
a. inverse time trip c. shunt trip a. rated service voltage x rated symmetrical current
b. time delay trip d. all of these b. 1.1 x rated service voltage x rated symmetrical current
c. sq rt of 2 x rated service voltage x rated symmetrical current
98. Which of the following protective devices can be used against d. sq rt of 3 x rated service voltage x rated symmetrical current
lightning surges?
a. horn gap c. sure arresters 109. Ionization process during arc is generally accompanied by emission
b. lightning arresters d. all of these of ___.
a. light c. heat
94. Over voltage transients may occur due to ___. b. sound d. all of these
a. lightning c. switching
b. arcing grounds d. all of these 110. Which statement is correct?
a. SF6 gas is non-toxic c. SF6 gas is lighter than air

Page 7 of 11
b. SF6 gas has pungent smell d. SF6 gas is yellow in color a. dispersion c. de-ionization
b. prevention d. shielding
111. Fault diverters ___.
a. divert the current to earth in the event of short circuits 128. For magnetic blowout of arc, the magnetic field is produced __.
b. neutralize the surges by resistors a. in the load circuit
c. modify the surge wave shapes b. parallel to the axis of the arc
d. none of these c. at right angles to the axis of the arc
d. none of these
112. In star-connected system without neutral grounding, zero sequence
currents are __. 129. In a circuit breaker the time duration from the instant of fault to
a. same as peak value of phase current the instant of closing of contact is known as __.
b. same as rms value of phase current a. recycle time c. total time
c. vector sum of phase currents b. gross time d. re-closing time
d. zero
130. Which of the following is an air-break switching device?
113. Solid grounding is used for voltages __. a. isolator c. limit switch
a. above 220 kV c. below 660 V b. earthing switch d. all of these
b. above 11 kV d. below 115 V
131. Which of the following statement about SF6 gas is incorrect?
114. Switching over voltages are more hazardous than lightning surges a. it is non-toxic gas
in case of ___. b. it has density 5 times that of air at 20 C
a. low voltage systems c. 11 kV systems c. it is non-inflammable
b. unbalanced systems d. EHV and UHV systems d. it has dark yellow color

115. Resistance grounding is used for voltages __. 132. The over voltage surges in power systems maybe caused by __.
a. below 220 V c. up to 660 V a. lightning c. switching
b. between 3.3 kV to 11 kV d. above 66 kV b. resonance d. any of these

116. The disadvantage offered by ungrounded systems is ___. 133. In circuit breakers, the contact space is ionized by ___.
a. frequent arcing grounds c. voltage oscillations a. thermal ionization of gas
b. difficult earth fault relaying d. all of these b. thermal emission from surface of contacts
c. field emission from the surface of contacts
117. Differential protection principle is used in the protection of ___. d. any of these
a. generators c. transformers
b. feeders d. all of these 134. Which of the is a conducting medium for electric current?
a. low temperature gas c. high temperarture
118. Which of the following is not a relay using electromagnetic force? b. dissociated gas d. plasma
a. Buchholz relay c. balanced beam relay
b. induction cup relay d. attracted armature type relay 135. The protection against overvoltage due to lightning is provided by
a. use of surge diverters c. low tower footing resistance
119. A bimetal strip consists of two metal strips have different ___. b. use of overhead ground wires d. any of these
a. thermal diffusivity c. specific heat
b. thermal conductivity d. coefficient of expansion 136. During arc extinction SF6 gas __.
a. decomposes into S and F ions
120. Thermal relays are often used in ___. b. decomposes into SF4 and SF2
a. generator protection c. motor starters c. gets oxidized
b. transformer protection d. house wiring d. reduces to SF3

121. Buchholz relay is operated by ___. 137. A fuse is normally a ___.

a. eddy currents c. electro-magnetic induction a. current limiting device c. voltage limiting device
b. gas pressure d. electro-static induction b. power limiting device d. pf limiting device

122. Electro-magnetic relays maybe operated by 138. In a circuit breaker, the time duration from the instant of fault to
a. electro-magnetic attraction c. electro-magnetic induction the instant of energizing of the trip coil is known as __.
b. thermal effect d. any of these a. lag time c. lead time
b. protection time d. operation time
123. The actuating quantity for the relays can be __.
a. magnitude c. frequency 139. Normally the fuse elements are in parts which are connected in the
b. phase angle d. any of these middle by tin bridge. The melting point of tin bridge is __.
a. 35 C c. 88 C
124. Bulk-oil circuit breaker is suitable for voltages up to __. b. 230 C d. 540 C
a. 10 kV c. 16 kV
b. 26 kV d. 36 kV 140. Most of the fuses operate due to __.
a. heating effect of current c. magnetic effect of current
125. Mininum arcing voltages will be least in case of __. b. electrostatic effect of current d. all of these
a. carbon c. graphite
b. tungsten d. silver 141. Which of the following is the demerit of SF6 circuit breakers?
a. sealing problem of gas
126. Minimum arcing voltage for platinum is 16 V. It can be therefore b. influx of moisturein the gas system is dangerous
concluded that when the voltage is below 16 V, c. deterioration of quality of circuit breaker affects reliability of circuit
a. it will not be possible to interrupt the circuit breaker
b. it will not be possible to pass the current d. all of these
c. it will be possible to interrupt any value of current without arcing
d. it will be possible to interrupt any value of current without bringing 142. Dielectric strength of SF6 is __.
contact closer to the another a. less than that of air at atmospheric pressure
b. less than that of oil used in OCB
127. Oil immersion of contacts is the method of arc __. c. more than that of oil used in OCB
Page 8 of 11
d. more at lower pressure and low at higher pressures
159. The pf of the arc in circuit breaker is __.
143. Cool gases are solids brought into the arc stream assist in a. always zero c. always unity
quenching the arc mainly by __. b. always lagging d. always leading
a. reducing current density c. de-ionization
b. providing arc shield d. providing parallel paths 160. In a circuit breaker, the arc is indicated by the process of __.
I. thermal emission III. High temperature of air
144. Sparking occurs when load is switched off because the circuit has II. ionization IV. Field emission
a. high resistance c. high capacitance a. I and II only c. I, II, and III only
b. high inductance d. all of these b. II, III, and IV only d. I and IV only

145. HRC fuses are __. 161. An automatic device that operates at present values is known as
a. high resistance and capacitance fuses a. mercury switch c. relay
b. heat reflecting cooled fuses b. fuse d. contactor
c. holding and resisting current fuses
d. high rupturing capacity fuses 162. The basic function of a circuit breaker is to __.
a. produce the arc c. ionize the surrounding air
146. SF6 gas is transported in __. b. transmit voltage by arcing d. extinguish the arc
a. gas cylinders c air cylinders
b. solid form in boxes d. liquid form in cylinders 163. Which of the following metals does not amalgate with mercury?
a. tungsten c. molybdenum
147. The heat produced at the contact point, due to passage of current, b. nickel alloy d. all of these
will least depend on __.
a. contact resistance 164. As the force on contact is increased, the contact resistance will
b. time during which the current flows a. increase linearly c. increase exponentially
c. temperature of the surrounding medium b. remain unaltered d. decrease
d. current flowing
165. The arc votlage in ac circuit breaker is __.
148. Which of the following circuit breaker will produce the least arc a. leading the arc current by 90
energy? b. lagging the arc current by 90
a. minimum circuit breaker c. air blast circuit breaker c. in-phase with the arc current
b. plain oil circuit breaker d. all will produce same energy d. in phase opposition to the arc current

149.A circuit breaker will normally operate ___. 166. The contact resistance is least affected by __.
a. when the switch is put on a. mechanical force applied c. shape of contact faces
b. when the line is to be checked b. amount of surface contamination d. ambient temperature
c. when the power is to be supplied
d. whenever fault in the line occurs 167. Sulphur hexafluoride is a ___.
a. conductor of electricity c. semi-conductor
150. Which of the following is not a part of the circuit breaker? b. inactive gas d. dielectric
a. explosion pot c. conservator
b. operating mechanism d. fixed and moving contacts 168. In a circuit breaker, if the insulation resistance between phase
terminal and earthed frame is less than the specified limit, the probable
151. If the pf is zero, the active recovery voltage will be __. cause could be __.
a. minimum c. 0.5 a. moisture
b. 0.707 d. maximum b. dirty insulation surface
c. carbon or copper particles sticking to the internal surface
152. For a high speed circuit breaker, the clearing time is nearly __. d. any of these
a. 1 to 2 cycles c. 5 to 10 cycles
b. 10 to 15 cycles d. less than 50 cycles 169. The insulation resistance of high voltage circuit breaker is __.
a. 1 kΩ c. 10 kΩ
153. For high speed circuit breaker, the total time is nearly ___. b. 20 MΩ d. 2000 MΩ
a. half cycle c. one cycle
b. few cycles d. ten cycles 170. Breaking capacity of a circuit breaker is usually expressed in terms
of __.
154. In a circuit breaker, the time duration from the instant of the fault a. amperes c. volts
to the extinction of the arc is known as __. b. MW d. MVA
a. operation time c. total clearing time
b. lag time d. lead time 171. Air blast circuit breakers for 400 kV power system are designed to
operate in __.
155. Air used in air blast circuit breaker __. a. 50 s c. 50 ms
a. must have least carbon dioxide c. must have oil mist b. 500 ms d. 50 s
b. must be ionized d. must be free from moisture
172. “Kick fuse” has __.
156. Flame proof switch gears are usually preferred ___. a. square law characteristics c. linear characteristics
a. on transmission lines of low voltage c. in mines b. inverse characteristics d. logarithmic characteristics
b. substations d. in high MVA capacity circuits
173. In a circuit breaker, the current which exists at the instant of
157. For a circuit breaker, “break time” is __. contact separation is known as __.
a. same as opening time a. re-striking current c. breaking current
b. opening time + arc duration b. recovery current d. surge current
c. opening time + arc duration + resistor current duration
d. opening time + closing time 174. Merz-price protection is suitable for __.
a. transformers c. feeders
158. Air blast circuit breakers are usually used for __. b. alternators d. transmission lines
a. instantaneous duty c. intermittent duty
b. permanent duty d. repeated duty 175. A material best suited for manufacturing of fuse wire is __.
Page 9 of 11
a. aluminum c. silver b. vacuum circuit breaker d. air blast circuit breaker
b. lead d. copper
192. Best protection is provided by HRC fuses in case of __.
176. When D is the diameter of the fuse wire, the fusing current will be a. open circuits c. short circuits
proportional to __. b. overloads d. all of these
a. 1/D c. 1/D^2
b. D^3/2 d. D^1/2 193. For motor circuit breakers, the time of closing the cycle is __.
a. 0.001 sec c. 0.01 sec
177. In a circuit breaker, the active recovery voltage depends upon __. b. 0.10 sec d. 0.003 sec
a. power factor c. armature reaction
b. circuit conditions d. all of these 194. The number of cycles in which a high speed circuit breaker can
complete its operation is __.
178. Which of the following contact point has the highest melting point? a. 3 to 8 c. 10 to 18
a. silver c. tungsten b. 20 to 30 d. 40 to 50
b. gold d. copper
195. For extra high voltage lines, which circuit breaker is preferred?
179. Out of the following circuit breakers, which one has the lowest a. bulk oil circuit breaker c. vacuum circuit breaker
voltage range? b. SF6 gas circuit breaker d. minimum oil circuit breaker
a. air circuit breaker c. tank type oil circuit breaker
b. air blast circuit breaker d. SF6 196. Fuse wire protection system is usually not used beyond __.
a. 10 A c. 25 A
180. Sparking between contacts can be reduced by __. b. 50 A d. 100 A
a. inserting a resistance in the line
b. inserting a capacitor in series with the contacts 197. A fuse wire should have __.
c. inserting a capacitor in parallel with the contacts a. low specific resistance and high melting point
d. inserting a resistor in parallel with the contacts b. low specific resistance and low melting point
c. high specific resistance and high melting point
181. Which of the following is not a method of arc dispersion? d. high specific resistance and low melting point
a. oil immersion of contacts c. magnetic blow out of arc
b. use of rectifier d. de-ionization of arc path 198. Which circuit breaker is generally used in railway traction?
a. SF6 gas circuit breaker c. air circuit breaker
182. The transient voltage that appears across the contacts at the b. vacuum circuit breaker d. minimum oil circuit breaker
instant of arc extinction is called __.
a. recovery voltage c. re-striking voltage 199. Fuse protection is used for current ratings up to __.
b. supply voltage d. peak voltage a. 10 A c. 20 A
b. 50 A d. 100 A
183. The normal frequency voltage that appears across the breaker
poles after the final arc extinction has occurred is __. 200. A relay used for protection of motors against overload is __
a. recovery voltage c. re-striking voltage a. impedance relay
b. supply voltage d. peak voltage b. thermal relay
c. electromagnetic attraction type
184. If a circuit breaker does not operate, the probable reason could be d. Buchholz’s relay
a. spring defective c. trip latch defective
b. trip ciruit open d. any of these 201. A circuit breaker is __.
a. a power factor correcting device
185. There is definite objection to use of which of the following medium b. a device to neutralize the effects of transients
for extinguishing the arc of a circuit breaker? c. a waveform correcting device
a. air c. SF6 d. a current interrupting device
b. vacuum d. water
202. The fuse current I in amperes is related with fuse wire diameter D
186. The contact resistance of a circuit breaker is of the order of __. as __.
a. 20  10 Ω c. 20  10 mΩ a. I inversely proportional to D c. I directly proportional to D
b. 20  10 Ω d. 200  10 Ω b. I directly proportional to D3/2 d. I directly proportional to D2

187. Which of the following circuit breaker does not use pneumatic 203. SF6 gas is __.
operating mechanism? a. sulphur fluorine c. sulphur difluoride
a. air blast circuit breaker c. SF6 circuit breaker b. sulphur hexafluorine d. sulphur hexafluoride
b. air break circuit breaker d. bulk-oil circuit breaker
204. While selecting a gas for circuit breaker, the property of gas that
188. Fusing factor for a HRC fuse is __. should be considered is __.
a. minimum fusing current/current rating a. high dielectric strength c. non-inflammability
b. minimum fusing current/minimum rupturing time b. non-toxicity d. all of these
c. maximum fusing current/minimum fusing current
d. minimum fusing current/prospective current of circuit 205. The pressure of SF6 gas in circuit breakers is of the order of __.
a. 100 mmHg c. 1 kg/cm2
2
189. In a HRC fuse, the time between cut-off and final current zero is b. 3 to 5 kg/cm d. 30 to 50 kg/cm2
known as __.
a. total operating time c. arcing time 206. SF6 gas ___.
b. pre-arcing time d. any of these a. is yellow in color c. is highly toxic
b. has pungent odor d. is non-flammable
190. In a vacuum circuit breaker, the vacuum pressure is of the order
a. 10 mm Hg c. 10-6 mm Hg 207. SF6 gas ___.
b. 10-2 mm Hg d. 10-9 mm Hg a. is lighter than hydrogen
b. is lighter than air
191. Which of the following circuit breaker can be installed on 400 kV c. has density 2 times as compared to that of air
line? d. has density 5 times as compared to that of air
a. tank type oil circuit breaker c. miniature circuit breaker
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208. In air blast circuit breakers, the pressure of air is of the order of
a. 100 mmHg c. 1 kg/cm2
2
b. 20 to 30 kg/cm d. 200 to 300 kg/cm2 ***END***

209. Interrupting medium in a contactor may be __.

a. air c. oil
b. SF6 gas d. any of these

210. Which of the following is not a type of contactor for circuit

breakers?
a. electromagnetic c. pneumatic
b. vacuum d. electro-pneumatic

211. For high voltage ac circuit breakers, the rate of short circuit current
is passed for __.
a. 0.001 s c. 0.1 s
b. 3 sec d. 30 s

212. Which of the following circuit breakers is preferred for EHT

applications?
a. air blast circuit breakers c. bulk oil circuit breakers
b. minimum oil circuit breakers d. SF6 oil circuit breakers

213. The fault clearing time of a circuit breaker is usually __.

a. few minutes c. few seconds
b. one second d. few cycles of supply voltage

214. When an HV ac circuit breaker is tested fo endurance, it is tested

for at least __ “opening-closing” operations.
a. 1000 c. 100
b. 10 d. 50

215. A relay in which the measurement is performed by a stationary

circuit and which has no moving parts is known as __.
a. static relay c. differential relay
b. instantaneous relay d. timed relay

216. Low voltage circuit breakers have rated voltage of less than __.
a. 220 V c. 400 V
b. 1 kV d. 10 kV

217. The function of protective relay in a circuit breaker is __.

a. to limit arcing current during the operation of circuit breaker
b. provide additional safety in the operation of circuit breaker
c. to close the contacts when actuating quantity reaches a certain pre-
determined value
d. to protect against stray voltages

218. In a circuit breaker, the current which exists at the instant of

contact separation is known as __.
a. restriking current c. surge current
b. breaking current d. recovery current

219. MHO relay is used for __.

a. rectifier c. circuit breaker
b. feeders d. transmission lines

220. The medium employed for extinction of arc in air circuit breaker is
a. SF6 c. air
b. oil d. water

221. Ionization in a circuit breaker is not facilitated by __.

a. high temperature of surrounding medium
b. material of contacts
c. increase of field strength
d. increase of mean free path

222. In a certain point in an electrical system, the availabel fault current

is 12 pu. Determine the actual fault current using a base power of 100
MVA and a base voltage of 34.5 kV.
a. 20,081.75 A c. 34,804.45
b. 21,324.40 A d. none of these

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