UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering Education

Civil Engineering Program

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CE 561D: STRUCTURAL DESIGN 2

Name of Teacher: Engr. Geffren D. Bernardo

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE
USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
Cover Page ………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Course Outline…………………………………………………………………………………………... 5
Course Outline Policy………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Course Information…………………………………………………………………………………… 8

Topic/ Activity
Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 1…………………………………………………………………. 8

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a…………………………………………………………………..….. 8

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 9
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 9
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
Let’s Check ………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 13

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b…………………………………………………………………..….. 14

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 14
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 14
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Let’s Check ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 20

Page 1 of 29
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1c…………………………………………………………………..….. 21

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 21
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 21
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
Let’s Check ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 27

Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 2…………………………………………………………………. 28

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-2a…………………………………………………………………..….. 28

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 28
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 29
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
Let’s Check ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 38

Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 3…………………………………………………………………. 39

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3a…………………………………………………………………..….. 39
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 39
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 39
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
Let’s Check ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 51
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 51
Page 2 of 29
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2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 4…………………………………………………………………. 52

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-4a…………………………………………………………………..….. 52
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 52
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 53
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
Let’s Check ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 65
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 66
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 66

Course Schedules…………………………………………………………………..….. 67

Page 3 of 29
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This page is intentionally left blank

Page 4 of 29
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Course Outline: CE 561D– Structural Design 2

Course Coordinator: Geffren D. Bernardo, CE, M.Eng., ASEP, ACI

Email: [email protected]
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: 09369540322
Phone: Office Contact No. 2961084 local 133.
Effectivity Date: May 25, 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 216 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: CE 448 A/D & CE534A
Co-requisite: None
Credit: 4.0 units lecture / 2 units dry lab (drafting)
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face-to-face sessions

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 2-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery
with scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 108 including the
face-to-face or virtual sessions. The face-to-face
sessions shall include the summative assessment tasks
(exams) since this course is crucial in the licensure
examination for civil engineers.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 5th, 9th, 13th
and 17th week of the term. The assessment paper shall
be attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the name
of the course coordinator, date of submission and name
of the student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you already
paid your tuition and other fees before the submission
of the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by
the course coordinator.

Since this course is included in the licensure

examination for civil engineers, you will be required to
take the Multiple-Choice Question exam inside the
University. This should be scheduled ahead of time by

Page 5 of 29
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

your course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all

licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain
in writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the student
may be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via Blackboard portal.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on the
student’s failure to comply with the similarity index and
other reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal program coordinator your intention to appeal or
contest the score given to an assessment task. The letter
should explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest
the grade. The program coordinator shall communicate
with the students on the approval and disapproval of
the request.

Page 6 of 29
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.
Referencing Style IEEE
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email account
which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard
portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and resources
of the course. All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.

For students who have not created their student email,

please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: [email protected]
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Contact Details of the Program Engr. Showna Lee T. Sales
Head Email: [email protected]
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with
the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the
course coordinator with the approval of the program
coordinator may provide alternative assessment tasks
or extension of the deadline of submission of
assessment tasks. However, the alternative assessment
tasks should still be in the service of achieving the
desired course learning outcomes.
Help Desk Contact Jetron J. Adtoon
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 09055267834

Page 7 of 29
College of Engineering Education
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Frida Santa O. Dagatan

Email: [email protected]
Phone: 09562082442
Tel: 082-2272902
Library Contact Brigida E. Bacani
Email: [email protected]
09513766681

Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT

Email: [email protected]
Phone: 09212122846

Silvino P. Josol
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 09060757721

Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CC’s Voice: Hello future engineer! Welcome to this course CEE 436: Engineering Economy
By now, I am confident that you really wanted to become an engineer…

CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:

CO 1: Generate conceptual design solutions in solving structural steel and timber

design problems.
CO 2: Design a project in a team of two or three students and submit a final report
and conduct a presentation.

Let us begin!

Big Picture

Week 1-5: Unit Learning Outcomes-Unit 1 (ULO-1): At the end of the unit, you are expected to

a. Be able to introduce the historical background and properties of steel in

structural steel design
b. Be able to analyze and design tension members using ASD/LRFD Method
c. Be able to analyze and design compression members using ASD/LRFD
Method

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a. Be able to introduce the historical background and
properties of steel in structural steel design

Page 8 of 29
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Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1.0 Historical Background of Steel Structures

The first metal used by human beings was probably some type of copper alloy
such as bronze and it is the most important metal development throughout the history
and the use of iron and its famous alloy called steel. Today, iron and steel are widely
spread all throughout the countries which make up approximately 95% of all the
tonnage of metal produced in the world. The use of iron has had a great influence on
the course of civilization since the earliest times and still widely used today. Steel, on
the other hand is the combination of iron and a small amount of carbon, usually less
than 1%. It also contains small percentages of some other elements. Most of the
structural steel shapes and plates produced in the United States are made by melting
scrap steel.
The first use of metal for a sizable structure occurred in England in Shropshire
which is about 140miles northwest of London in 1779, when cast iron was used for the
construction of the 100ft Coalbrookdale ArchBridge over the River Severn.

2.0 Structural Steel Sections

The first structural shapes made in the United States were angle iron rolled in 1819. I
shaped steel were first rolled in 1884 at United States and the first skeleton frame
structure erected on 1884 is the Home Insurance Company Building at Chicago. On the
other hand, one of the most important feature of the 985ft wrought iron Eiffel tower
was constructed in 1889 was the use of mechanically operated passenger elevators. The
availability of these machines along with Jenny’s skeleton frame idea, led to the
construction of thousands of high-rise buildings throughout the world during the last
century.

Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. In order to
understand the course, one must know the following structural parameters:

1. High Strength
The high strength of steel per unit of weight means that the weight of structures will be
small. This fact is of great importance for long-span bridges, tall buildings and
structures situated on poor foundations.

2. Uniformity
The properties of steel do not change appreciably with time.

3. Elasticity
Steel behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials because it follows
Hooke’s law up to fairly high stresses.
Page 9 of 29
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Elastic modulus of steel = 200,000MPa

4. Permanence
Steel frames that are properly maintained will last indefinitely.

5. Ductility
Ductility is the ability of material to withstand extensive deformation without failure
under high tensile stresses.

6. Toughness
Structural steel are tough-that is they have both strength and ductility

7. Corrosion
Most steels are susceptible to corrosion when freely exposed to air and water, and
therefore must be painted periodically.

8. Fireproofing Costs
Although structural members are incombustible, their strength is tremendously
reduced at temperatures commonly reached in fires when the other materials in a
building burn.

9. Buckling
As the length and slenderness of a compression member is increased, its danger of
buckling increases.

10. Fatigue
Fatigue is one of the undesirable property of steel since its strength maybe reduced if
subjected to large number of stress reversals or even to a large number of variations of
tensile stresses.

11. Structural Steel Sections

The following are the different types of structural steel shapes

12. Structural Steel Designation

For a wide flange, W920X270.80
920 = approximate depth in mm
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270.80 = weight of beam in kg/m

For a channel section, C150X19.30

150 = approximate depth in mm
19.30 = weight of beam in kg/m

For an angle bar, L229X102X19

220 = longer leg in mm
102 = shorter leg in mm
19 = leg thickness in mm

Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in structural steel design. Let us
try to check your understanding by solving the following activities:

Situation 1: Define the following:

a. Proportional limit
b. Elastic limit
c. Yield stress

Situation 2: What are the differences between wrought iron, steel and cast iron?

NOTE: Pass your paper in a pdf format only. In case of a jpg, jpeg, .doc file format, kindly convert
to pdf file for easy checking of paper.

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1: Getting acquitted with the essential terminology and basic concepts in the study of
structural design 2 is not enough, one should be able to analyze and solve complex engineering
problems as well.

At this juncture, you will be required to elaborate your answers about the following questions:

Situation 1: List the three regions of a stress-strain diagram for a mild or low-carbon structural
steel

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________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Situation 3: List four advantages of steel as a structural material.

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In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

1. Steel is widely used today for the construction of high-rise buildings

2. Steel is weak under fatigue and high temperature.

Your Turn

3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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7. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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9. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

B C D E
Buckling Corrosion Ductility Elasticity
Eiffel Tower
F H I M
Fireproofing High Strength Iron Metal
Fatigue Home Insurance Blg Mild Steel

P R S T
Permanence Rolled Iron Structural Steel Toughness
Steel Sections
Steel Designation
U W
Uniformity Wrought Iron

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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b. Be able to analyze and design tension members using
ASD/LRFD Method

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1. TENSION MEMBERS
Tension members are commonly found in bridge, roof truss and bracing system and or
any occasion where it is used as tie rods. This are the members design to withstand the
tensile forces induced on a certain element. The selection of a section to be used as a
tension member is the simplest problems encountered in steel design, since there is no
danger in member buckling.

2. DESIGN METHODS
In designing a structural tension members, there are two methods use; one is the ASD
or the allowable strength design method and the other one is the LRFD or the load and
resistance factor design method.

Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. In order to
understand the course, one must know the following structural parameters:

1. TENSION MEMBERS
Tension members are commonly found in bridge, roof truss and bracing system and or
any occasion where it is used as tie rods. This are the members design to withstand the
tensile forces induced on a certain element. The selection of a section to be used as a
tension member is the simplest problems encountered in steel design, since there is no
danger in member buckling.

Circular rod is one of the simplest form of tension member, however, there is a difficulty
in connecting to other members. Nowadays, they are commonly used in light trusses,
timber construction and bracing systems. In early days of steel structures, a tension
member primarily consists of rods, bars and cables. Cables are frequently found on
suspended steel structures or bridges. Moreover, tension members are single angles,
double angles, structural tees, W, M, S-Shapes, built up members and channels.

2. DESIGN METHODS
In designing a structural tension members, there are two methods use; one is the ASD
or the allowable strength design method and the other one is the LRFD or the load and
resistance factor design method.

Two types of methods:

1.) ASD (Allowable Strength Design Method)
T= 0.6Fy Ag (based on gross area)
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T= 0.50Fu Ae = 0.50 Fu U An (based on net area)

Where:
Ag – gross area of the section
Ae – effective net area of the section
An – net area of the section
U- Reduction coefficient
Fy – minimum yielding stress of the steel, MPa
Fu – minimum tensile stress on the steel, MPa.

2.) LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design Method)

T = 0.90 Fy Ag (design strength)
T = 0.75 Fu U An (fracture limit)
Where:
0.90 – resistance factor to yielding state limit.
0.75 –resistance factor for fracture limit.

3. VALUES OF Fy And Fu:

For an A36Steel, use Fy = 248MPa and Fu = 400MPa

4. Values of Reduction Coefficient, U

U = 1.0 if the tensile load is transmitted by the bolts all throughout the cross-sectional
elements of the sections.
U= 0.90 for W, M, S-shapes with bf / d > 2/3, and all structural tees that can be cut out
of these sections. Bolted /riveted connection having 3 fasteners per line in the direction
of the stress.
U = 0.85 for W, M, S-shapes with bf / d < 2/3, and all structural tees that can be cut out
of these sections. All other sections such as channels, built-up sections, angular sections,
and others. Bolted /riveted connection having 3 fasteners per line in the direction of
the stress.
U= 0.75 for bolted/riveted connection having 2 fasteners per line in the direction of the
stress.

5. Calculation Of An.
The effect of holes on a tension member tends increases the unit stress even if the hole
is occupied by a bolt. The term” net cross- sectional area” or simply “net area” refers to
a gross area considering the area projected by the bolt holes, while the “gross area”
pertains to the total cross-sectional of the section neglecting the area projected by the
bolt holes.

Bolts are arranged either by equal number of rows and columns in a member or by
staggered arrangement of bolt holes. To provide a large net area as possible at any one
section, it is desirable to stagger the bolt holes as to resist also the applied load. In
addition to, for large distance apart, a zigzag pattern of failure is possible to occur.
To solve for the net width or net area for staggered holes, the formula listed below is to
be used. However, for equal rows and columns for an arrangement of bolt holes,

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Cochrane’s formula should not be taken account in the calculation.

𝑆2 𝑆2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐵𝑛 𝑡 = ( 𝐵 − ∑ ∅ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + ∑ 4𝑔 ) 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑔 − (∑ ∅ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠)𝑡 + (∑ 4𝑔 ) 𝑡 ≤
85%𝐴𝑔 (𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑡 ′ 𝑠)

*Select the smallest value for An or Bn*

COCHRANE’S FORMULA
𝑆2
Where: s = pitch while g= gage length.
4𝑔

Illustrative Examples

Sample Problem 1.
A single angle tension member is to support a total tensile load of 312KN.The member
has a length of 2.7m and is to be connected to one leg only with a 22mm bolt at least
three in a line. Assume that only one bolt is to be located at any one cross- section.
Assume hole diameter = 25mm.Design an angular section to carry the tension load.

Properties of Angular sections.

ANGULAR SECTIONS AREA(mm2) MIN.RADIUS OF
GYRATION(mm)
150 x 150 x 8 mm 2354.83 30.48
150 x 87.5 x 9.5 mm 2206.45 19.48
100 x 75 x 12.5 mm 2096.77 16.23
100 x 100 x 11 mm 2135.48 19.14
100 x 87.5 x 12.5 mm 2258.06 18.34

Use A36 steel Fy = 248 MPa Fu = 400 MPa

Conventional Solution:
In conventional solution this provides a procedural or step by step process in designing
a tension members. Here are the following steps in designing a tension members.

1. CHECK FOR MINIMUM NET AREAREQUIREMENTS:

T = 0.60 Fy Ag
Min. Ag = T / 0.60Fy = 312,000 / (0.6*248) = 2096.77 mm2
ANGULAR SECTIONS AREA(mm2) REMARKS:
150 x 150 x 8 mm 2354.83 PASSED!
150 x 87.5 x 9.5 mm 2206.45 PASSED!
100 x 75 x 12.5 mm 2096.77 PASSED!
100 x 100 x 11 mm 2135.48 PASSED!
100 x 87.5 x 12.5 mm 2258.06 PASSED!

L/r < 300 minimum r. = 2700/300 = 9mm.

Minimum net area.
T = 0.50 Fu U An
U = 0.85 for angular sections
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Min. An = T / 0.5Fu U = 312 000 / (0.5*400*0.85) = 1835.29 mm2

TRY 100 X 75 X 12.5 mm.

An = Ag -1 (25)(12.5) = 2096.77 –(25*12.5) = 1784.27mm2 < minimum An. (FAIL)

TRY 100 X 100 X 11

An = Ag –(25*11) = 2135.48 –(25*11) = 1860.48 mm2 > minimum An (PASSED)

2. CHECK FOR TENSILE CAPACITY (ALLOWABLE)

*Based on gross area*
T= 0.6Fy Ag = 0.6* 248* 2135.48 = 317759.424N > 312 000 N (SAFE!!!)
*Based on Effective Area*
T= 0.50Fu Ae = 0.50 Fu U An
T = 0.5 * 400 * 0.85 * 1860.48 = 316281.6 N > 312 000 (SAFE!!!)

3.) CHECK FOR ECONOMY… 100X 100 X 11 … LIGHTEST ONE

THUS, Use 100 X 100 X 11 mm. angular section

4.) CHECK FOR SLENDERNESS RATIO

L/ r < 300 ------- 2700/19.94 = 135.41 < 300 (SAFE!!!)

Sample Problem 2
Two 400mm by 12mm plate’s area connected as shown. The diameter of the rivet is
34mm.The diameter of the rivet hole is assumed to be 2mm larger than the rivet
diameter. Fy = 248 MPa.

1. Calculate the value of b so that the net area in section 1-2-3-4 equal to the net area in
section 1-2-4.
2. Calculate the net area by using the computed value of b.

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3. Calculate the maximum tensile force that the connection could carry if the allowable
tensile stress is 0.60Fy.

Conventional Solution:
1. Value of b so that the net area in section 1-2-3-4 equal to the net area in section 1-2-
4.
Considering section 1-2-3-4.
602 𝑏2 1502 𝑏2
Bn = 400 – 4(36) +4(100) + 4(100) + = 321.25 + 4(100)
4(100)
Considering section 1-2-4
602 (150−𝑏)2 (150−𝑏)2
Bn = 400 – 3(36) + 4(100) + = 301 +
4(200) 4(200)

An (1-2-3-4) = An (1-2-4)
Bn(1-2-3-4) = Bn (1-2-4)
𝑏2 (150−𝑏)2
321.25 + 4(100) = 301 + 4(200)
b = ____
2. Net area by using the computed value of b
𝑏2 𝑏2
An = (321.25 + ) (𝑡) = (321.25 + ) (12) = ____
4(100) 4(100)
3. Maximum tensile force that the connection could carry if the allowable tensile stress
is 0.60Fy.
T= 0.6Fy Ag = 0.6*248* 400*12 = mm2 (based on gross area)
T= 0.50Fu Ae = 0.50 Fu U An = 0.50 * 400 * 1 * =_____ mm2 (based on net area)

Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in structural steel design. Let us
try to check your understanding by solving the following activities:

Situation 1: A single angle tension member is to support a total tensile load of

350KN.The member has a length of 5.7m and is to be connected to one leg only with a
22mm bolt at least three in a line. Assume that only one bolt is to be located at any one
cross- section. Assume hole diameter = 25mm. Design an angular section to carry the
tension load.

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Properties of Angular sections.

ANGULAR SECTIONS AREA(mm2) MIN.RADIUS OF
GYRATION(mm)
150 x 150 x 8 mm 2354.83 30.48
150 x 87.5 x 9.5 mm 2206.45 19.48
100 x 75 x 12.5 mm 2096.77 16.23
100 x 100 x 11 mm 2135.48 19.14

Use A36 steel Fy = 248 MPa Fu = 400 MPa

NOTE: Pass your paper in a pdf format only. In case of a jpg, jpeg, .doc file format, kindly convert
to pdf file for easy checking of paper.

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1: Getting acquitted with the essential terminology and basic concepts in the study of
structural design 2 is not enough, one should be able to analyze and solve complex engineering
problems as well.

At this juncture, you will be required to elaborate your answers about the following questions:

Situation 1: A tension member has a span of 9m and carries a tensile load of 981N.The member
is to have two lines of rivets in each flange of w-section for the 20mm rivets with a standard
diameter of 21mm of hole dimensions with at least 3 rivets in a line. Use A36Steel.Neglect
weight of member. Design the W-Section.

Properties of possible W-Sections.

W 250X60 W250X54 W250X67
A= 7613mm^2 A= 6839 mm^2 A= 8516 mm^2
d = 298.5mm d = 306 mm d = 301.50 mm
tf = 13.70mm tf = 13.72mm tf = 14.63mm
bf = 203.2 mm bf = 166.75 mm bf = 204.27 mm
ry = 49.3mm ry = 39.4 mm ry = 49.30 mm

In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

1. Members subjected to tensile forces must be designed as tension members

Your Turn

2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

A L T
ASD LRFD Tension Members

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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1c. Be able to analyze and design compression members
using ASD/LRFD Method

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1. COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Compression members are commonly found in roof truss members subjected to
compressive force and columns or any occasion where such member is subjected to
compressive force. This are the members design to withstand the compressive forces
induced on a certain element. The selection of a section to be used as a compressive
member is one of the critical problems encountered in steel design, since there is a
danger in member buckling and columns takes the big role in the total strength of the
building.

2. DESIGN METHODS
In designing a structural tension members, there are two methods use; one is the ASD
or the allowable strength design method and the other one is the LRFD or the load and
resistance factor design method.

Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. In order to
understand the course, one must know the following structural parameters:

1. COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Compression members are commonly found in roof truss members subjected to
compressive force and columns or any occasion where such member is subjected to
compressive force. This are the members design to withstand the compressive forces
induced on a certain element. The selection of a section to be used as a compressive
member is one of the critical problems encountered in steel design, since there is a
danger in member buckling and columns takes the big role in the total strength of the
building.

2. DESIGN METHODS
In designing a structural tension members, there are two methods use; one is the ASD
or the allowable strength design method and the other one is the LRFD or the load and
resistance factor design method.

3. AXIALLY LOADED STEEL COLUMNS

Conventional Formula Used (Based on NSCP Code)

2𝜋𝐸2
𝐶𝑐 = √
𝐹𝑦

If KL/r is greater than Cc, then

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12𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐹𝑎 =
𝐾𝐿 2
23 ( )
𝑅

If KL/r is less than or equal to Cc, then

2 3
1 𝐾𝐿 𝐹𝑦 5 3 𝐾𝐿 1 𝐾𝐿
𝐹𝑎 = (1 − ( /𝐶𝑐 ) ) ( ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑆 = + ( /𝐶𝑐 ) − ( /𝐶𝑐 )
2 𝑟 𝐹𝑆 3 8 𝑟 8 𝑟

Illustrative Examples:
Sample Problem1:
A compression member is 3m long is pinned at both ends, k=1.0. The column is
subjected to an axial compression load = 590Kn.The steel used is A36Steel (Fy =
248MPa and Fu=400MPa).Es=200000MPa. The section is composed of two unequal
leg angles with long legs back to back and separated by an 11mm-gusset plate.

SECTION w (kg/m) A(mm^2) rx(mm) ry(mm)

A 40 25400 49 41
B 43 25100 58 39
C 50 25800 49 36

Available Sections:
Section A: 2-150X150X11mm
Section B: 2 -180 X100X10mm
Section C: 2- 150X90X13mm.

Determine the following requirements

1. Calculate the largest compressive stress in MPa.
2. Calculate the smallest allowable compressive stress in MPa.
3. What is the most economical section?

Conventional Solution:
1. Largest compressive stress
Stress = F/A
If F? 590000+40(3)(9.81) and A? 25400
Then Fa= 23.27MPa (SECTION A)

If F? 590000+ 43(3)(9.81) and A? 25100

Then Fa =23.56 MPa (SECTION B)

If F? 590000+50(3)(9.81) and A? 25800

Then Fa = 22.93MPa (SECTION C)

Thus, (Fa)max. = 23.56MPa ans.

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2. Smallest allowable compressive stress.

2𝜋 2 𝐸 3000𝑌 −1 (1 − 0.5𝐴2 )𝐹
𝐶=√ ∶ 𝐴= ∶
𝐹 𝐶 (5 ÷ 3) + (3 ÷ 8)𝐴 − (1 ÷ 8)𝐴3
𝐸? 200000 > 𝐹? 248 > 𝑌? 41 > = 126.17(𝐶𝑐 ) > = 0.56(𝐴) > = 110.93(𝐹𝑎)
𝐸? = > 𝐹? = > 𝑌? 39 > = 126.17(𝐶𝑐 ) > = 0.61(𝐴) > = 108.15(𝐹𝑎)
𝐸? = > 𝐹? = > 𝑌? 36 > = 126.17(𝐶𝑐 ) > = 0.66(𝐴) > = 103.23 (𝐹𝑎)

Thus, the smallest allowable compressive stress, (Fa) allow. = 103.23MPa. ans.

3. Most economical section

In order to be safe, actual compressive stress must be less than or equal to allowable
compressive stress. Since all the section past the strength requirements, then, for
most economical section, we’ll get the lightest one.
Thus, we’ll use2-150x150x11mm.SECTION A. ans.

Sample Problem
A column section is composed of 4-300x16mm plates. The column length is 12m and
braced along y-axis at the third point. Both pinned in all axis.

Determine the following requirements:

1. Calculate the slenderness ratio along x-axis
2. Calculate the slenderness ratio along y-axis.
3. Calculate the maximum load, P that a column section could carry.

Conventional Solution:

For a column section that are braced along y-axis, the only issue is that the critical
slenderness ratio is the maximum of slenderness ratio along x-axis and along y-axis.

1. Slenderness ratio along x-axis.

A total = (300*332) –( 268*300)= 19200mm^2
Ix = (1/12)(300)(332^3) –(1/12)(268)(300^3) = 311.86x10^6 mm^4
𝐼𝑥 311.86𝑥106
𝑟 𝑥. = √𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = √ =127.45mm.
19200

(KL/r)x = 94.15

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2. Slenderness ratio along y-axis

Iy = (1/12)(332)(300^3) –(1/12)(300)(268^3) = 265.78x10^6 mm^4
𝐼𝑥 265𝑥106
𝑟 𝑥. = √𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = √ =117.65mm.
19200

(KL/r)y=34

3. Maximum load, P
(KL/r) critical = 94.15

2𝜋 2 𝐸 94.15 (1 − 0.5𝐴2 )𝐹
𝐶=√ ∶ 𝐴= ∶
𝐹 𝐶 (5 ÷ 3) + (3 ÷ 8)𝐴 − (1 ÷ 8)𝐴3
𝐸? 200000 > 𝐹? 248 > = 126.17(𝐶𝑐 ) > = 0.746(𝐴 < 1) > = 94.50 𝑀𝑃𝑎(𝐹𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑠.

In order to be safe, actual comp. stress ≤allow.comp.stress

P/A ≤(Fa) allow.
P/(19200) = 94.50,therefore P=1814KN ans.

Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in structural steel design. Let us
try to check your understanding by solving the following activities:

Situation 1: A column section is composed of 4-300x12mm plates. The column length

is 6m and braced along y-axis at the third point. Both pinned in all axis.

Determine the following requirements:

1. Calculate the slenderness ratio along x-axis
2. Calculate the slenderness ratio along y-axis.
3. Calculate the maximum load, P that a column section could carry.

Situation 2: A compression member is 12m long is pinned at both ends, k=1.0. The
column is subjected to an axial compression load = 800Kn.The steel used is A36Steel
(Fy = 248MPa and Fu=400MPa).Es=200000MPa. The section is composed of two
unequal leg angles with long legs back to back and separated by an 11mm-gusset plate.

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SECTION w (kg/m) A(mm^2) rx(mm) ry(mm)

A 40 25400 49 41
B 43 25100 58 39
C 50 25800 49 36

Available Sections:
Section A: 2-150X150X11mm
Section B: 2 -180 X100X10mm
Section C: 2- 150X90X13mm.

Determine the following requirements

1. Calculate the largest compressive stress in MPa.
2. Calculate the smallest allowable compressive stress in MPa.
3. What is the most economical section?

NOTE: Pass your paper in a pdf format only. In case of a jpg, jpeg, .doc file format, kindly convert
to pdf file for easy checking of paper.

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1: Getting acquitted with the essential terminology and basic concepts in the study of
structural design 2 is not enough, one should be able to analyze and solve complex engineering
problems as well.

At this juncture, you will be required to elaborate your answers about the following questions:

Situation 1: From the steel section for a column having Fy=250MPa and L=10m..
Properties of the sections:
W460X74 C310X31
A(mm^2) 4450 3929
d(mm) 457 305
tf(mm) 14.05 12.7
bf(mm) 140 ------
tw(mm) 9 7.2
Ix(mm^4) 333X10^6 53.3X10^6
Iy(mm^4) 16.60X10^6 1.61X10^6
X(mm) ---- 17.7

Determine the following requirements:

1. If both ends of the columns are fixed, the slenderness ratio is most likely equal to.
2. Calculate the allowable compressive stress using the NSCP Provision.
3. Calculate the amount of concentric load cab be supported by the column.

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

NOTE: Pass your paper in a pdf format only. In case of a jpg, jpeg, .doc file format, kindly convert
to pdf file for easy checking of paper.

In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

1. Members subjected to compressive forces must be designed as compression

members
2. Columns are compression member.

Your Turn

3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 26 of 29
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7. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

A B C L
ASD Built Up Section Compression LRFD
Members

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Part 3: Course Schedules

This section calendars all the activities and exercises, including readings and lectures, as well
as time for making assignments and doing other requirements, in a programmed schedule by
days and weeks, to help the students in SDL pacing, regardless of mode of delivery (OBD or
DED).

Activity Date Where to submit

Big Picture ULO-1a: Let’s Check Aug 27, 2020 ULO1a BB Let’s Check Feature
Big Picture ULO-1a: Let’s Analyze Aug 29, 2020 ULO1a BB Let’s Analyze Feature
Big Picture ULO-1a: In a Nutshell Aug 30, 2020 BB’s forum feature
Big Picture ULO-1a: QA List Aug 31, 2020 BB’s discussion feature
Big Picture ULO-1b: Let’s Check Sep 4, 2020 ULO1b BB Let’s Check Feature
Big Picture ULO-1b: Let’s Analyze Sep 7, 2020 ULO1b BB Let’s Analyze Feature
Big Picture ULO-1b: In a Nutshell Sep 11, 2020 BB’s forum feature
Big Picture ULO-1b: QA List Sep 12, 2020 BB’s discussion feature
Big Picture ULO-1c: Let’s Check Sep 14, 2020 ULO1b BB Let’s Check Feature
Big Picture ULO-1c: Let’s Analyze Sep 15, 2020 ULO1b BB Let’s Analyze Feature
Big Picture ULO-1c: In a Nutshell Sep 16, 2020 BB’s forum feature
Big Picture ULO-1b: QA List Sep 17, 2020 BB’s discussion feature

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- END OF MANUAL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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