UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering Education

Civil Engineering Program

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: BCE 411/L: Principles of Steel Design

Name of Teacher: Engr. Calaque, Dario Jr. A.

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE
USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
Cover Page ………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Course Outline…………………………………………………………………………………………... 5
Course Outline Policy………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Course Information…………………………………………………………………………………… 8

Topic/ Activity
Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 1…………………………………………………………………. 8

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a…………………………………………………………………..….. 8

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 9
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 9
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
Let’s Check ………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 13

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b…………………………………………………………………..….. 14

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 14
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 14
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Let’s Check ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 20

Page 1 of 141
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1c…………………………………………………………………..….. 21

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 21
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 21
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
Let’s Check ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 27

Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 2…………………………………………………………………. 28

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-2a…………………………………………………………………..….. 28

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 28
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 29
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
Let’s Check ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 38

Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 3…………………………………………………………………. 39

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3a…………………………………………………………………..….. 39
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 39
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 39
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
Let’s Check ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 51
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 51
Page 2 of 141
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 4…………………………………………………………………. 52

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-4a…………………………………………………………………..….. 52
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 52
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 53
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
Let’s Check ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
Let’s Analyze…………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 65
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 66
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 66

Course Schedules…………………………………………………………………..….. 67

Page 3 of 141
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This page is intentionally left blank

Page 4 of 141
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Course Outline: BCE 411/L– Principles of Steel Design

Course Coordinator: Dario A. Calaque, Jr.

Email: [email protected]
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: 0929 894 8547
Phone: Office Contact No. 2961084 local 133.
Effectivity Date: May 25, 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 216 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, Structural Theory
Co-requisite: None
Credit: 2.0 units lecture / 1.0-unit computation
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face-to-face sessions

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 2-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery
with scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 108 including the
face-to-face or virtual sessions. The face-to-face
sessions shall include the summative assessment tasks
(exams) since this course is crucial in the licensure
examination for civil engineers.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 5th, 9th, 13th
and 17th week of the term. The assessment paper shall
be attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the name
of the course coordinator, date of submission and name
of the student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you already
paid your tuition and other fees before the submission
of the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by
the course coordinator.

Since this course is included in the licensure

examination for civil engineers, you will be required to
take the Multiple-Choice Question exam inside the
University. This should be scheduled ahead of time by

Page 5 of 141
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2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

your course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all

licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain
in writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the student
may be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via Blackboard portal.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on the
student’s failure to comply with the similarity index and
other reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal program coordinator your intention to appeal or
contest the score given to an assessment task. The letter
should explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest
the grade. The program coordinator shall communicate
with the students on the approval and disapproval of
the request.

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2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.
Referencing Style IEEE
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email account
which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard
portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and resources
of the course. All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.

For students who have not created their student email,

please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: [email protected]
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Contact Details of the Program Engr. Showna Lee T. Sales
Head Email: [email protected]
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with
the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the
course coordinator with the approval of the program
coordinator may provide alternative assessment tasks
or extension of the deadline of submission of
assessment tasks. However, the alternative assessment
tasks should still be in the service of achieving the
desired course learning outcomes.
Help Desk Contact Jetron J. Adtoon
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 09055267834

Page 7 of 141
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Frida Santa O. Dagatan

Email: [email protected]
Phone: 09562082442
Tel: 082-2272902
Library Contact Brigida E. Bacani
Email: [email protected]
09513766681

Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT

Email: [email protected]
Phone: 09212122846

Silvino P. Josol
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 09060757721

Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CC’s Voice: Hello future engineer! Welcome to this course CEE 411/L: Principles of Steel Design
By now, I am confident that you really wanted to become an engineer…

CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:

CO 1: Understand the stress-strain characteristics of steel in both elastic and

plastic stages of deformation
CO 2: Be able to determine the strength of structural steel members in axial
loading, bending, shear, and torsion for various cross-sectional shapes in both
elastic and plastic conditions
CO 3: Be able to apply allowable strength and load-and-resistance factor design
methods of steel design
CO4: Be able to determine the strength of bolted/riveted and welded
connections.
CO5: Demonstrate by numerical calculations and other methods the concepts,
principles and theories obtained from the lecture portion of the course.

Let us begin!

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Big Picture

Week 1-5: Unit Learning Outcomes-Unit 1 (ULO-1): At the end of the unit, you are expected to

a. Be able to introduce the historical background and properties of steel in

structural steel design
b. Be able to analyze and design tension members using ASD/LRFD Method
c. Be able to analyze and design compression members using ASD/LRFD
Method

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a. Be able to introduce the historical background and
properties of steel in structural steel design

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1.0 Historical Background of Steel Structures

The first metal used by human beings was probably some type of copper alloy
such as bronze and it is the most important metal development throughout the history
and the use of iron and its famous alloy called steel. Today, iron and steel are widely
spread all throughout the countries which make up approximately 95% of all the
tonnage of metal produced in the world. The use of iron has had a great influence on
the course of civilization since the earliest times and still widely used today. Steel, on
the other hand is the combination of iron and a small amount of carbon, usually less
than 1%. It also contains small percentages of some other elements. Most of the
structural steel shapes and plates produced in the United States are made by melting
scrap steel.
The first use of metal for a sizable structure occurred in England in Shropshire
which is about 140miles northwest of London in 1779, when cast iron was used for the
construction of the 100ft Coalbrookdale ArchBridge over the River Severn.

2.0 Structural Steel Sections

The first structural shapes made in the United States were angle iron rolled in 1819. I
shaped steel were first rolled in 1884 at United States and the first skeleton frame
structure erected on 1884 is the Home Insurance Company Building at Chicago. On the
other hand, one of the most important feature of the 985ft wrought iron Eiffel tower
was constructed in 1889 was the use of mechanically operated passenger elevators. The
availability of these machines along with Jenny’s skeleton frame idea, led to the
construction of thousands of high-rise buildings throughout the world during the last
century.

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Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. In order to
understand the course, one must know the following structural parameters:

1. High Strength
The high strength of steel per unit of weight means that the weight of structures will be
small. This fact is of great importance for long-span bridges, tall buildings and
structures situated on poor foundations.

2. Uniformity
The properties of steel do not change appreciably with time.

3. Elasticity
Steel behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials because it follows
Hooke’s law up to fairly high stresses.
Elastic modulus of steel = 200,000MPa

4. Permanence
Steel frames that are properly maintained will last indefinitely.

5. Ductility
Ductility is the ability of material to withstand extensive deformation without failure
under high tensile stresses.

6. Toughness
Structural steel are tough-that is they have both strength and ductility

7. Corrosion
Most steels are susceptible to corrosion when freely exposed to air and water, and
therefore must be painted periodically.

8. Fireproofing Costs
Although structural members are incombustible, their strength is tremendously
reduced at temperatures commonly reached in fires when the other materials in a
building burn.

9. Buckling
As the length and slenderness of a compression member is increased, its danger of
buckling increases.

10. Fatigue
Fatigue is one of the undesirable property of steel since its strength maybe reduced if
subjected to large number of stress reversals or even to a large number of variations of
tensile stresses.

11. Structural Steel Sections

The following are the different types of structural steel shapes
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12. Structural Steel Designation

For a wide flange, W920X270.80
920 = approximate depth in mm
270.80 = weight of beam in kg/m

For a channel section, C150X19.30

150 = approximate depth in mm
19.30 = weight of beam in kg/m

For an angle bar, L229X102X19

220 = longer leg in mm
102 = shorter leg in mm
19 = leg thickness in mm

13. DUCTILE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

The characteristics of steel that are of the most interest to structural engineers can
be examined by plotting the results of a tensile test. If a test specimen is subjected
to an axial load P, as shown in the figure below

If the load is increased in increments from zero to the point of fracture, and stress
and strain are computed at each step, a stress–strain curve such as the one shown can be
plotted

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This curve is typical of a class of steel known as ductile or mild, steel. The relationship
between stress and strain is linear up to the proportional limit; the material is said to
follow Hooke’s law. A peak value, the upper yield point, is quickly reached after that,
followed by a leveling off at the lower yield point.

The stress then remains constant, even though the strain continues to increase. At this
stage of loading, the test specimen continues to elongate as long as the load is not
removed, even though the load cannot be increased. This constant stress region is called
the yield plateau, or plastic range. At a strain of approximately 12 times the strain at yield,
strain hardening begins, and additional load (and stress) is required to cause additional
elongation (and strain). A maximum value of stress is reached, after which the specimen
begins to “neck down” as the stress decreases with increasing strain, and fracture occurs.
Although the cross section is reduced during loading (the Poisson effect), the original
cross-sectional area is used to compute all stresses. Stress computed in this way is known
as engineering stress. If the original length is used to compute the strain, it is called
engineering strain.

14. IDEALIZED STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

The figure below shows an idealized version of this stress-strain curve.

The proportional limit, elastic limit, and the upper and lower yield points are all very
close to one another and are treated as a single point called the yield point, defined by the
stress Fy. The other point of interest to the structural engineer is the maximum value of
stress that can be attained, called the ultimate tensile strength, Fu. The shape of this curve
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is typical of mild structural steels, which are different from one another primarily in the
values of Fy and Fu.

15. TYPICAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

The figure shows a typical stress-strain diagram for high-strength steels, which are less
ductile than the mild steels.

Although there is a linear elastic portion and a distinct tensile strength, there is no well-defined
yield point or yield plateau. To use these higher-strength steels in a manner consistent with the
use of ductile steels, some value of stress must be chosen as a value for Fy so that the same
procedures and formulas can be used with all structural steels. Although there is no yield point,
one needs to be defined.
As previously shown, when a steel is stressed beyond its elastic limit and then unloaded, the path
followed to zero stress will not be the original path from zero stress; it will be along a line having
the slope of the linear portion of the path followed during loading—that is, a slope equal to E, the
modulus of elasticity. Thus, there will be a residual strain, or permanent set, after unloading.

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Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in structural steel design. Let us
try to check your understanding by solving the following activities:

Situation 1: Define the following:

a. Proportional limit
b. Elastic limit
c. Yield stress

Situation 2: What are the differences between wrought iron, steel and cast iron?

NOTE: Pass your paper in a pdf format only. In case of a jpg, jpeg, .doc file format, kindly convert
to pdf file for easy checking of paper.

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1: Getting acquitted with the essential terminology and basic concepts in the study of
structural design 2 is not enough, one should be able to analyze and solve complex engineering
problems as well.

At this juncture, you will be required to elaborate your answers about the following questions:

Situation 1: List the three regions of a stress-strain diagram for a mild or low-carbon structural
steel

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Situation 2: List four advantages of steel as a structural material.

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In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

1. Steel is widely used today for the construction of high-rise buildings

2. Steel is weak under fatigue and high temperature.

Your Turn

3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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7. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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8. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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9. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

B C D E
Buckling Corrosion Ductility Elasticity
Eiffel Tower
F H I M
Fireproofing High Strength Iron Metal
Fatigue Home Insurance Blg Mild Steel

P R S T
Permanence Rolled Iron Structural Steel Toughness
Steel Sections
Steel Designation
U W
Uniformity Wrought Iron

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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b. Be able to analyze and design tension members using
ASD/LRFD Method

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1. TENSION MEMBERS
Tension members are commonly found in bridge, roof truss and bracing system and or
any occasion where it is used as tie rods. This are the members design to withstand the
tensile forces induced on a certain element. The selection of a section to be used as a
tension member is the simplest problems encountered in steel design, since there is no
danger in member buckling.

2. DESIGN METHODS
In designing a structural tension members, there are two methods use; one is the ASD
or the allowable strength design method and the other one is the LRFD or the load and
resistance factor design method.

Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. In order to
understand the course, one must know the following structural parameters:

1. TENSION MEMBERS
Tension members are commonly found in bridge, roof truss and bracing system and or
any occasion where it is used as tie rods. This are the members design to withstand the
tensile forces induced on a certain element. The selection of a section to be used as a
tension member is the simplest problems encountered in steel design, since there is no
danger in member buckling.

Circular rod is one of the simplest form of tension member, however, there is a difficulty
in connecting to other members. Nowadays, they are commonly used in light trusses,
timber construction and bracing systems. In early days of steel structures, a tension
member primarily consists of rods, bars and cables. Cables are frequently found on
suspended steel structures or bridges. Moreover, tension members are single angles,
double angles, structural tees, W, M, S-Shapes, built up members and channels.

2. DESIGN METHODS (ASD AND LRFD)

In designing a structural tension member, there are two methods use; one is the ASD or
the allowable strength design method and the other one is the LRFD or the load and
resistance factor design method.

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Refer to 2015 NSCP Code. Section 504. Design of Members for Tension

3. AREA DETERMINATION
The effect of holes on a tension member tends increases the unit stress even if the hole
is occupied by a bolt. The term” net cross- sectional area” or simply “net area” refers to
a gross area considering the area projected by the bolt holes, while the “gross area”
pertains to the total cross-sectional of the section neglecting the area projected by the
bolt holes.

Refer to 2015 NSCP Code. Section 504.3

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Bolts are arranged either by equal number of rows and columns in a member or by
staggered arrangement of bolt holes. To provide a large net area as possible at any one
section, it is desirable to stagger the bolt holes as to resist also the applied load. In
addition to, for large distance apart, a zigzag pattern of failure is possible to occur.
To solve for the net width or net area for staggered holes, the formula listed below is to
be used. However, for equal rows and columns for an arrangement of bolt holes,

Cochrane’s formula should not be taken account in the calculation.

𝑆2 𝑆2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐵𝑛 𝑡 = ( 𝐵 − ∑ ∅ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + ∑ ) 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑔 − (∑ ∅ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠)𝑡 + (∑ ) 𝑡 ≤ 85%𝐴𝑔 (𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑡 ′ 𝑠)
4𝑔 4𝑔

*Select the smallest value for An or Bn*

COCHRANE’S FORMULA
𝑆2
Where: s = pitch while g= gage length.
4𝑔

4. SHEAR LAG FACTOR, U

Refer to 2015 NSCP Code. Section 504. Table 504.3.1 Shear Lag Factors for Connections
to Tension Members

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Commonly Use:
U = 1.0 if the tensile load is transmitted by the bolts all throughout the cross-sectional
elements of the sections.
U= 0.90 for W, M, S-shapes with bf / d > 2/3, and all structural tees that can be cut out
of these sections. Bolted /riveted connection having 3 fasteners per line in the direction
of the stress.
U = 0.85 for W, M, S-shapes with bf / d < 2/3, and all structural tees that can be cut out
of these sections. All other sections such as channels, built-up sections, angular sections,
and others. Bolted /riveted connection having 3 fasteners per line in the direction of
the stress.
U= 0.75 for bolted/riveted connection having 2 fasteners per line in the direction of the
stress.

Illustrative Examples

Sample Problem 1.
A single angle tension member is to support a total tensile load of 312KN.The member
has a length of 2.7m and is to be connected to one leg only with a 22mm bolt at least
three in a line.

Assume that only one bolt is to be located at any one cross- section. Assume hole
diameter = 25mm.

Properties of Angular sections.

ANGULAR SECTIONS AREA(mm2) MIN.RADIUS OF
GYRATION(mm)
150 x 150 x 8 mm 2354.83 30.48
150 x 87.5 x 9.5 mm 2206.45 19.48
100 x 75 x 12.5 mm 2096.77 16.23
100 x 100 x 11 mm 2135.48 19.14
100 x 87.5 x 12.5 mm 2258.06 18.34
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Use A36 steel Fy = 248 MPa Fu = 400 MPa

Design an angular section to carry the tension load.

Conventional Solution:
In conventional solution this provides a procedural or step by step process in designing
a tension members. Here are the following steps in designing a tension members.

1. CHECK FOR MINIMUM NET AREAREQUIREMENTS:

T = 0.60 Fy Ag
Min. Ag = T / 0.60Fy = 312,000 / (0.6*248) = 2096.77 mm2

ANGULAR SECTIONS AREA(mm2) REMARKS:

150 x 150 x 8 mm 2354.83 PASSED!
150 x 87.5 x 9.5 mm 2206.45 PASSED!
100 x 75 x 12.5 mm 2096.77 PASSED!
100 x 100 x 11 mm 2135.48 PASSED!
100 x 87.5 x 12.5 mm 2258.06 PASSED!
L/r < 300 minimum r. = 2700/300 = 9mm.

Minimum net area.

T = 0.50 Fu U An
U = 0.85 for angular sections
Min. An = T / 0.5Fu U = 312 000 / (0.5*400*0.85) = 1835.29 mm2

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TRY 100 X 75 X 12.5 mm.

An = Ag -1 (25)(12.5) = 2096.77 –(25*12.5) = 1784.27mm2 < minimum An. (FAIL)

TRY 100 X 100 X 11

An = Ag –(25*11) = 2135.48 –(25*11) = 1860.48 mm2 > minimum An (PASSED)

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2. CHECK FOR TENSILE CAPACITY (ALLOWABLE)

*Based on gross area*
T= 0.6Fy Ag = 0.6* 248* 2135.48 = 317759.424N > 312 000 N (SAFE!!!)

*Based on Effective Area*

T= 0.50Fu Ae = 0.50 Fu U An
T = 0.5 * 400 * 0.85 * 1860.48 = 316281.6 N > 312 000 (SAFE!!!)

3.) CHECK FOR ECONOMY… 100X 100 X 11 … LIGHTEST ONE

THUS, Use 100 X 100 X 11 mm. angular section

4.) CHECK FOR SLENDERNESS RATIO

L/ r < 300 -------→ 2700/19.94 = 135.41 < 300 (SAFE!!!)

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Sample Problem 2
Two 400mm by 12mm plate’s area connected as shown. The diameter of the rivet is
34mm.The diameter of the rivet hole is assumed to be 2mm larger than the rivet
diameter. Fy = 248 MPa.

1. Calculate the value of b so that the net area in section 1-2-3-4 equal to the net area in
section 1-2-4.
2. Calculate the net area by using the computed value of b.
3. Calculate the maximum tensile force that the connection could carry if the allowable
tensile stress is 0.60Fy.

Conventional Solution:
1. Value of b so that the net area in section 1-2-3-4 equal to the net area in section 1-2-
4.
Considering section 1-2-3-4.
602 𝑏2 1502 𝑏2
Bn = 400 – 4(36) + + + = 321.25 +
4(100) 4(100) 4(100) 4(100)
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Considering section 1-2-4

602 (150−𝑏)2 (150−𝑏)2
Bn = 400 – 3(36) + + = 301 +
4(100) 4(200) 4(200)

An (1-2-3-4) = An (1-2-4)
Bn(1-2-3-4) = Bn (1-2-4)
𝑏2 (150−𝑏)2
321.25 + = 301 +
4(100) 4(200)
b = ____

2. Net area by using the computed value of b

𝑏2 𝑏2
An = (321.25 + ) (𝑡) = (321.25 + ) (12) = ____
4(100) 4(100)

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3. Maximum tensile force that the connection could carry if the allowable tensile stress
is 0.60Fy.
T= 0.6Fy Ag = 0.6*248* 400*12 = mm2 (based on gross area)
T= 0.50Fu Ae = 0.50 Fu U An = 0.50 * 400 * 1 * =_____ mm2 (based on net area)

Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in structural steel design. Let us
try to check your understanding by solving the following activities:

Situation 1: A single angle tension member is to support a total tensile load of

350KN.The member has a length of 5.7m and is to be connected to one leg only with a
22mm bolt at least three in a line. Assume that only one bolt is to be located at any one
cross- section. Assume hole diameter = 25mm. Design an angular section to carry the
tension load.

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Properties of Angular sections.

ANGULAR SECTIONS AREA(mm2) MIN.RADIUS OF
GYRATION(mm)
150 x 150 x 8 mm 2354.83 30.48
150 x 87.5 x 9.5 mm 2206.45 19.48
100 x 75 x 12.5 mm 2096.77 16.23
100 x 100 x 11 mm 2135.48 19.14

Use A36 steel Fy = 248 MPa Fu = 400 MPa

NOTE: Pass your paper in a pdf format only. In case of a jpg, jpeg, .doc file format, kindly convert
to pdf file for easy checking of paper.

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1: Getting acquitted with the essential terminology and basic concepts in the study of
structural design 2 is not enough, one should be able to analyze and solve complex engineering
problems as well.

At this juncture, you will be required to elaborate your answers about the following questions:

Situation 1: A tension member has a span of 9m and carries a tensile load of 981N.The member
is to have two lines of rivets in each flange of w-section for the 20mm rivets with a standard
diameter of 21mm of hole dimensions with at least 3 rivets in a line. Use A36Steel.Neglect
weight of member. Design the W-Section.

Properties of possible W-Sections.

W 250X60 W250X54 W250X67
A= 7613mm^2 A= 6839 mm^2 A= 8516 mm^2
d = 298.5mm d = 306 mm d = 301.50 mm
tf = 13.70mm tf = 13.72mm tf = 14.63mm
bf = 203.2 mm bf = 166.75 mm bf = 204.27 mm
ry = 49.3mm ry = 39.4 mm ry = 49.30 mm

In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

1. Members subjected to tensile forces must be designed as tension members

Your Turn

2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

A L T
ASD LRFD Tension Members

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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1c. Be able to analyze and design compression members
using ASD/LRFD Method

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1. COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Compression members are commonly found in roof truss members subjected to
compressive force and columns or any occasion where such member is subjected to
compressive force. This are the members design to withstand the compressive forces
induced on a certain element. The selection of a section to be used as a compressive
member is one of the critical problems encountered in steel design, since there is a
danger in member buckling and columns takes the big role in the total strength of the
building.

2. DESIGN METHODS
In designing a structural compression member, there are two methods use; one is the
ASD or the allowable strength design method and the other one is the LRFD or the load
and resistance factor design method.

Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. In order
to understand the course, one must know the following structural parameters:

1. COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Compression members are commonly found in roof truss members subjected to
compressive force and columns or any occasion where such member is subjected to
compressive force. This are the members design to withstand the compressive forces
induced on a certain element. The selection of a section to be used as a compressive
member is one of the critical problems encountered in steel design, since there is a
danger in member buckling and columns takes the big role in the total strength of the
building.

2. DESIGN METHODS (ASD and LRFD)

In designing a structural compression member, there are two methods use; one is the
ASD or the allowable strength design method and the other one is the LRFD or the load
and resistance factor design method.

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Refer to 2015 NSCP Code. Section 505. Design of Members for Compression

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For Axially Loaded Compression Members

Conventional Formula Used (Based on 2001 NSCP Code)
2𝜋𝐸 2
𝐶𝑐 = √
𝐹𝑦

If KL/r is greater than Cc, then

12𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐹𝑎 =
𝐾𝐿 2
23 ( )
𝑅

If KL/r is less than or equal to Cc, then

2 3
1 𝐾𝐿 𝐹𝑦 5 3 𝐾𝐿 1 𝐾𝐿
𝐹𝑎 = (1 − ( /𝐶𝑐 ) ) ( ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑆 = + ( /𝐶𝑐 ) − ( /𝐶𝑐 )
2 𝑟 𝐹𝑆 3 8 𝑟 8 𝑟

Based on 2015 NSCP Code

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3. EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTORS

Both the Euler and tangent modulus equations are based on the following assumptions:
1. The column is perfectly straight, with no initial crookedness.
2. The load is axial, with no eccentricity.
3. The column is pinned at both ends.
The first two conditions mean that there is no bending moment in the member before
buckling. As mentioned previously, some accidental moment will be present, but in most
cases, it can be ignored. The requirement for pinned ends, however, is a serious
limitation, and provisions must be made for other support conditions. The pinned-end
condition requires that the member be restrained from lateral translation, but not
rotation, at the ends. Constructing a frictionless pin connection is virtually impossible, so
even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best. Obviously, all
columns must be free to deform axially.

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3. LIMITING WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIO FOR COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Refer to 2015 NSCP Code. Section 502. Table 502.4 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio for
Compression Members

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4. CLASSIFICATION OF SECTION FOR LOCAL BUCKLING

Refer to 2015 NSCP Section 502.4

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Illustrative Examples:
Sample Problem1:
A compression member is 3m long is pinned at both ends, k=1.0. The column is
subjected to an axial compression load = 590Kn.The steel used is A36Steel (Fy =
248MPa and Fu=400MPa). Es=200000MPa. The section is composed of two unequal
leg angles with long legs back to back and separated by an 11mm-gusset plate. Using
2001 NSCP Code

SECTION w (kg/m) A(mm^2) rx(mm) ry(mm)

A 40 25400 49 41
B 43 25100 58 39
C 50 25800 49 36

Available Sections:
Section A: 2-150X150X11mm
Section B: 2 -180 X100X10mm
Section C: 2- 150X90X13mm.

Determine the following requirements

1. Calculate the largest compressive stress in MPa.
2. Calculate the smallest allowable compressive stress in MPa.
3. What is the most economical section?

Conventional Solution:
1. Largest compressive stress
Stress = F/A
If F? 590000+40(3)(9.81) and A? 25400
Then Fa= 23.27MPa (SECTION A)

If F? 590000+ 43(3)(9.81) and A? 25100

Then Fa =23.56 MPa (SECTION B)

If F? 590000+50(3)(9.81) and A? 25800

Then Fa = 22.93MPa (SECTION C)

Thus, (Fa)max. = 23.56MPa ans.

2. Smallest allowable compressive stress.

2𝜋 2 𝐸 3000𝑌 −1 (1 − 0.5𝐴2 )𝐹
𝐶=√ ∶ 𝐴= ∶
𝐹 𝐶 (5 ÷ 3) + (3 ÷ 8)𝐴 − (1 ÷ 8)𝐴3
𝐸? 200000 > 𝐹? 248 > 𝑌? 41 > = 126.17(𝐶𝑐 ) > = 0.56(𝐴) > = 110.93(𝐹𝑎)
𝐸? = > 𝐹? = > 𝑌? 39 > = 126.17(𝐶𝑐 ) > = 0.61(𝐴) > = 108.15(𝐹𝑎)
𝐸? = > 𝐹? = > 𝑌? 36 > = 126.17(𝐶𝑐 ) > = 0.66(𝐴) > = 103.23 (𝐹𝑎)

Thus, the smallest allowable compressive stress, (Fa) allow. = 103.23MPa. ans.

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3. Most economical section

In order to be safe, actual compressive stress must be less than or equal to allowable
compressive stress. Since all the section past the strength requirements, then, for most
economical section, we’ll get the lightest one.
Thus, we’ll use2-150x150x11mm.SECTION A. ans.

Sample Problem 2
A column section is composed of 4-300x16mm plates. The column length is 12m and
braced along y-axis at the third point. Both pinned in all axis. Using 2001 NSCP Code
Determine the following requirements:
1. Calculate the slenderness ratio along x-axis
2. Calculate the slenderness ratio along y-axis.
3. Calculate the maximum load, P that a column section could carry.

Conventional Solution:

For a column section that are braced along y-axis, the only issue is that the critical
slenderness ratio is the maximum of slenderness ratio along x-axis and along y-axis.

1. Slenderness ratio along x-axis.

A total = (300*332) –( 268*300)= 19200mm^2
Ix = (1/12)(300)(332^3) –(1/12)(268)(300^3) = 311.86x10^6 mm^4
𝐼𝑥 311.86𝑥106
𝑟 𝑥. = √ =√ =127.45mm.
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 19200

(KL/r)x = 94.15

2. Slenderness ratio along y-axis

Iy = (1/12)(332)(300^3) –(1/12)(300)(268^3) = 265.78x10^6 mm^4
𝐼𝑥 265𝑥106
𝑟 𝑥. = √ =√ =117.65mm.
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 19200

(KL/r)y=34

3. Maximum load, P
(KL/r) critical = 94.15

2𝜋 2 𝐸 94.15 (1 − 0.5𝐴2 )𝐹
𝐶=√ ∶ 𝐴= ∶
𝐹 𝐶 (5 ÷ 3) + (3 ÷ 8)𝐴 − (1 ÷ 8)𝐴3
𝐸? 200000 > 𝐹? 248 > = 126.17(𝐶𝑐 ) > = 0.746(𝐴 < 1) > = 94.50 𝑀𝑃𝑎(𝐹𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑠.

In order to be safe, actual comp. stress ≤allow.comp.stress

P/A ≤(Fa) allow.
P/(19200) = 94.50,therefore P=1814KN ans.

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Sample Problem 3
The section below is a 10m long steel column made up a wide flange with 353mm x
12mm thick steel plates welded on both sides.

Properties of W 360 x 91

The section is fixed at both ends and braced at mid-height about the weak axis (y-axis).
The section has no slender member. Use kx = 0.65 and ky = 0.80.

Using 2015 NSCP Code

a) Determine the design compressive strength using LRFD
b) Determine the allowable compressive strength using ASD.

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Conventional Solution:

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Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in structural steel design. Let us
try to check your understanding by solving the following activities:

Situation 1: A column section is composed of 4-300x12mm plates. The column length is

6m and braced along y-axis at the third point. Both pinned in all axis.

Determine the following requirements:

1. Calculate the slenderness ratio along x-axis
2. Calculate the slenderness ratio along y-axis.
3. Calculate the maximum load, P that a column section could carry.

Situation 2: A compression member is 12m long is pinned at both ends, k=1.0. The
column is subjected to an axial compression load = 800Kn.The steel used is A36Steel
(Fy = 248MPa and Fu=400MPa).Es=200000MPa. The section is composed of two
unequal leg angles with long legs back to back and separated by an 11mm-gusset plate.

SECTION w (kg/m) A(mm^2) rx(mm) ry(mm)

A 40 25400 49 41
B 43 25100 58 39
C 50 25800 49 36

Available Sections:
Section A: 2-150X150X11mm
Section B: 2 -180 X100X10mm
Section C: 2- 150X90X13mm.

Determine the following requirements

1. Calculate the largest compressive stress in MPa.
2. Calculate the smallest allowable compressive stress in MPa.
3. What is the most economical section?

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Let’s Analyze

Activity 1: Getting acquitted with the essential terminology and basic concepts in the study of
structural design 2 is not enough, one should be able to analyze and solve complex engineering
problems as well.

At this juncture, you will be required to elaborate your answers about the following questions:

Situation 1: From the steel section for a column having Fy=250MPa and L=10m..
Properties of the sections:
W460X74 C310X31
A(mm^2) 4450 3929
d(mm) 457 305
tf(mm) 14.05 12.7
bf(mm) 140 ------
tw(mm) 9 7.2
Ix(mm^4) 333X10^6 53.3X10^6
Iy(mm^4) 16.60X10^6 1.61X10^6
X(mm) ---- 17.7

Determine the following requirements:

1. If both ends of the columns are fixed, the slenderness ratio is most likely equal to.
2. Calculate the allowable compressive stress using the NSCP Provision.
3. Calculate the amount of concentric load cab be supported by the column.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

NOTE: Pass your paper in a pdf format only. In case of a jpg, jpeg, .doc file format, kindly convert
to pdf file for easy checking of paper.

In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

1. Members subjected to compressive forces must be designed as compression

members
2. Columns is a compression member.

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Your Turn

3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

A B C L
ASD Built Up Section Compression LRFD
Members

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Big Picture

Week 6-9: Unit Learning Outcomes-Unit 1 (ULO-2): At the end of the unit, you are expected to

a. Be able to analyze and design steel beam members for laterally supported
compact, semi-compact, and non-compact section, partially laterally
supported and laterally unsupported beam condition

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-2a. Be able to analyze and design steel beam members for
laterally supported compact, semi-compact, and non-compact section, partially
laterally supported and laterally unsupported beam condition

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1. STEEL BEAMS
A steel beam is a structural steel product that is made to support heavy loads. Steel beams come
in different sizes and types, hence their different applications in the construction of structures
and buildings. The specifications of a structure determine the geometry, size and shape of
beams. These beams can be straight or curved.

2. LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAM

A laterally supported beam is one where the compression flange is supported and prevented from
buckling in the horizontal plane due to the compressive forces in the top flange.

This support could be in the form of a continuously welded chequered plate floor, or an RCC slab
with shear lugs welded to the top flange of the beam or laterally supported by cross beams or
bracings in the horizontal plane. All these will prevent or inhibit the top flange of the beam from
buckling, and such beams have much more load-bearing capacity than beams of the same size and
of the same span, with no such lateral supports, which are called laterally unsupported beams.

3. LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAM

A beam experiencing bending about major axis and its compression flange not restrained
against buckling may not attain its material capacity. If the laterally unrestrained length of the
compression flange of the beam is relatively long then a phenomenon known as lateral buckling
or lateral torsional buckling of the beam may take place and the beam would fail well before it
can attain its full moment capacity. Such type of beams are known as Laterally Unsupported
Beams.

4. COMPACT SECTIONS

When you have a compact section there is no possibility of local flange or web bucking to prevent
attainment of the full sections yield strength. In common terms, the beam will not have a local
failure (i.e. your web buckles) before the beam has global failure.

5. NON-COMPACT SECTIONS

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With a non-compact section one or more of the elements in the beam (e.g. in an I-beam which will
be detailed below, those elements are the web and the flange) have the possibility of buckling
before the beam is able to attain section plasticity.

6. SLENDER SECTION

A slender section is almost always avoided. But sometimes it is important to check this type of
section. Understand a slender section is even more extreme than a non-compact section.

Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. In order to
understand the course, one must know the following structural parameters:

1. STEEL BEAMS
A steel beam is a structural steel product that is made to support heavy loads. Steel beams come
in different sizes and types, hence their different applications in the construction of structures
and buildings. The specifications of a structure determine the geometry, size and shape of
beams. These beams can be straight or curved.

2. DESIGN METHODS (ASD and LRFD)

The allowable bending stress is a very important design parameter. It controls not only the
design of beams, but also of columns when subjected to bending in addition to axial load.

Refer to 2015 NSCP Code. Section 506. Design of Members for Flexure

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Refer to 2001 NSCP Code

Check For Lateral Support

A laterally supported beam is one where the compression flange is supported and prevented
from buckling in the horizontal plane due to the compressive forces in the top flange.

This support could be in the form of a continuously welded chequered plate floor, or an RCC slab
with shear lugs welded to the top flange of the beam or laterally supported by cross beams or
bracings in the horizontal plane. All these will prevent or inhibit the top flange of the beam from
buckling, and such beams have much more load-bearing capacity than beams of the same size
and of the same span, with no such lateral supports, which are called laterally unsupported
beams.

A beam experiencing bending about major axis and its compression flange not restrained
against buckling may not attain its material capacity. If the laterally unrestrained length of the
compression flange of the beam is relatively long then a phenomenon known as lateral buckling
or lateral torsional buckling of the beam may take place and the beam would fail well before it
can attain its full moment capacity. Such type of beams are known as Laterally Unsupported
Beams.

𝐴𝐹
𝐿𝑈 = 137900
𝐹𝑦 𝑑
𝑏𝐹
𝐿𝐶 = 200
√𝐹𝑦

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠:
Here are the following conditions to be consider:

Case 1: If Lb > Lu

Fb is computed by procedure A (laterally unsupported)

Case 2: If Lc < Lb < Lc

Fb = 0.6Fy (partially laterally supported)

Case 3: If Lb < Lc

Fb is computed by procedure B (laterally supported)

Procedure A:
Check For Slenderness Ratio

A slender section is almost always avoided. But sometimes it is important to check this type of
section. Understand a slender section is even more extreme than a non-compact section.

𝑘𝐿 3516330𝐶𝐵
=√
𝑟 𝐹𝑦

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𝑘𝐿 703270𝐶𝐵
=√
𝑟 𝐹𝑦

Conditions
𝐿𝑏 3516330𝐶𝐵
Case -1: If >√ then
𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦

1172100𝐶𝐵 82740𝐶𝐵
FB is bigger of 𝐿 2
and 𝐿𝑏𝑑 but smaller of 0.6𝐹𝑦
(𝑟 𝑏 ) 𝐴𝑓
𝑡

703270𝐶𝐵 𝐿𝑏 3516330𝐶𝐵
Case 2: If √ < <√ then
𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦

𝐿 2
2 𝐹𝑦 ( 𝑏 ) 82740𝐶𝐵
𝑟𝑡
FB is bigger of ( − )𝐹𝑦 and 𝐿𝑏 𝑑 but smaller of 0.6𝐹𝑦
3 10.55𝑥106 (𝐶𝐵 )
𝐴𝑓

𝐿𝑏 703270𝐶𝐵
Case 3: If <√ then
𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦

FB = 0.6 Fy

𝑀1 𝑀1 2
𝐶𝑏 ≤ 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.3 ( ) ≤ 2.3
𝑀2 𝑀2
𝐼𝑦
( )
2
𝑟𝑡 = √
1
𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 + 𝑑𝑡𝑤
6

PROCEDURE B:
CHECK FOR WEB CRIBBLING
𝑓𝑎
≤ 0.16
𝐹𝑦

Conditions:
𝑑 675
Case 1: If ≤ then check for compaction else Fb = 0.6Fy
𝑡𝑤 √𝐹𝑦
𝑑 1680 𝑓
Case2: If ≤ [1 − 3.74 ( 𝑎 )] then check for compaction else Fb = 0.6Fy
𝑡𝑤 √𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

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CHECK FOR COMPACTION

When you have a compact section there is no possibility of local flange or web bucking to prevent
attainment of the full sections yield strength. In common terms, the beam will not have a local
failure (i.e. your web buckles) before the beam has global failure.

With a non-compact section one or more of the elements in the beam (e.g. in an I-beam which will
be detailed below, those elements are the web and the flange) have the possibility of buckling
before the beam is able to attain section plasticity.

𝒃𝒇 250
Case 1: If >
𝟐𝒕𝒇 √𝐹𝑦

Fb = 0.6Fy (non-compact section)

170 𝒃𝒇 250
Case 2: If < <
√𝐹𝑦 𝟐𝒕𝒇 √𝐹𝑦

𝒃𝒇
Fb =𝐹𝑦 (0.79 – 0.00076( ) √𝐹𝑦 ) (partially compact section)
𝟐𝒕𝒇

𝒃𝒇 170
Case 3: If <
𝟐𝒕𝒇 √𝐹𝑦

𝒃𝒇
Fbx = 0.66Fy and Fby = 0.75Fy (compact section)
𝟐𝒕𝒇

Illustrative Examples
Sample Problem 1
For the beam with the following properties
W250 x 167 A36 Steel Beam
w = 167.4kg/m
A = 21300 sq.mm
d = 289mm
bf= 265mm
tf = 31.8mm
tw = 19.2mm
Axis x-x
I = 300 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 2080x10^3 mm^3
r = 119mm
Axis y-y
I = 98.8 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 746 x 10^3 mm^3
r= 68.1mm
Determine the allowable bending stress if the unsupported length is 3m

Conventional Solution:

Check for lateral support

𝑏𝐹 265
𝐿𝐶 = 200 = 200 = 3365.5𝑚𝑚 = 3.3655𝑚
√𝐹𝑦 √248
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𝐴𝐹 (265 𝑥 31.8)
𝐿𝑈 = 137900 = 137900 = 16 214𝑚𝑚 = 16.214𝑚
𝐹𝑦 𝑑 248(289)
𝐿𝑏 = 3𝑚
Since Lb < Lu <Lc, thus it is laterally supported

Go and check for web crippling

Since there is no axial force, fa =0
fa/Fa = 0/Fa = 0 <0.16
d/tw = 289/31.8 = 9.09

1680 𝑓𝑎
𝑄= [1 − 3.74 ( )]
√𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
1680
𝑄= [1 − 3.74(0)] = 106.68
√248
𝑑 1680 𝑓
Since ≤ [1 − 3.74 ( 𝑎 )] thus web crippling is not critical.
𝑡𝑤 √𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

Then go check for compaction

𝑏𝑓 265
= = 4.17
2𝑡𝑓 2(31.8)
170 170
= = 10.8
√𝐹𝑦 √248
𝑏𝑓 170
Since < thus the section is compact
2𝑡𝑓 √𝐹𝑦
FBX = 0.66Fy =0.66(248) = 163.68MPa answer

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Sample Problem 2:
For the beam with the following properties
W250 x 167 A36 Steel Beam
w = 167.4kg/m
A = 21300 sq.mm
d = 289mm
bf= 265mm
tf = 31.8mm
tw = 19.2mm
Axis x-x
I = 300 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 2080x10^3 mm^3
r = 119mm
Axis y-y
I = 98.8 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 746 x 10^3 mm^3
r= 68.1mm
Determine the allowable bending stress if the unsupported length is 6m.

Conventional Solution:
Check for lateral support
𝑏𝐹 265
𝐿𝐶 = 200 = 200 = 3365.5𝑚𝑚 = 3.3655𝑚
√𝐹𝑦 √248
𝐴𝐹 (265 𝑥 31.8)
𝐿𝑈 = 137900 = 137900 = 16 214𝑚𝑚 = 16.214𝑚
𝐹𝑦 𝑑 248(289)
𝐿𝑏 = 6𝑚
Since Lc < Lb <Lu, thus it is adequately supported

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Thus,
Fb = 0.6Fy = 0.6(248) = 148.8MPa ans.

Sample Problem 3:
For the beam with the following properties
W250 x 167 A36 Steel Beam
w = 167.4kg/m
A = 21300 sq.mm
d = 289mm
bf= 265mm
tf = 31.8mm
tw = 19.2mm
Axis x-x
I = 300 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 2080x10^3 mm^3
r = 119mm
Axis y-y
I = 98.8 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 746 x 10^3 mm^3
r= 68.1mm
Determine the allowable bending stress if the unsupported length is 18m

Conventional Solution:
Check for lateral support
𝑏𝐹 265
𝐿𝐶 = 200 = 200 = 3365.5𝑚𝑚 = 3.3655𝑚
√𝐹𝑦 √248
𝐴𝐹 (265 𝑥 31.8)
𝐿𝑈 = 137900 = 137900 = 16 214𝑚𝑚 = 16.214𝑚
𝐹𝑦 𝑑 248(289)
𝐿𝑏 = 18𝑚
Since Lb >Lu, thus it is laterally unsupported

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Go check for slenderness ratio

𝑀1 𝑀1 2
𝐶𝑏 ≤ 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.3 ( ) ≤ 2.3
𝑀2 𝑀2
Since no end moments given, assume simply supported member, thus Cb = 1.0 (for simply
supported members)
Next, calculate the radius of gyration
𝐼𝑦
( )
2
𝑟𝑡 = √
1
𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 + 𝑑𝑡𝑤
6
98.8 𝑥 106
( )
2
𝑟𝑡 = √
1
(265 𝑥 31.8) + (289 𝑥 19.2)
6
𝑟𝑡 = 72.68
𝐿𝑏 18000
= = 247.66
𝑟𝑡 72.68
𝑘𝐿 3516330𝐶𝐵
=√ = 53.25
𝑟 𝐹𝑦

𝑘𝐿 703270𝐶𝐵
=√ = 119.07
𝑟 𝐹𝑦

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𝐿𝑏 3516330𝐶𝐵
Since >√ , thus use
𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦
1172100𝐶𝐵 82740𝐶𝐵
FB is bigger of 𝑳 𝟐
and 𝐿𝑏 𝑑 but smaller of 0.6𝐹𝑦
(𝒓𝒃 ) 𝐴𝑓
𝒕
1172100𝐶𝐵
= 19.11𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑳 𝟐
( 𝒃)
𝒓𝒕

82740𝐶𝐵
= 134.03𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿𝑏 𝑑
𝐴𝑓
0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8MPa
Thus, Fb to be use is 134.03MPa ans.

Sample Problem 4:
For a given W14 X 68 (Compact Section)
Properties of W14 X 68
bf = 254mm
tf = 18.3mm
d = 356mm
tw = 10.5mm
k = 33.3mm
ry = 62.3mm
zx = 1880 x 10^3 mm^3
Sx = 1690 x 10^3 mm^3
Iy = 50.4 x 10^6 mm^4
J = 1250 x 10^3 mm^4
Cw = 1440 x 10^9 mm^6
Fy = 344MPa
Cb = 1.0

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Determine nominal flexural moment strength, Mn if:

a) If the unbraced length is 1m
b) If the unbraced length is 6m
c) If the unbraced length is 9m

Conventional Solution:
Formulas to be used:

a. If the unbraced length is 1m

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b. If the unbraced length is 6m

Graphical Solution

c. If the unbraced length is 9m

Graphical Solution

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Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in structural steel design. Let us
try to check your understanding by solving the following activities:

Situation 1: For the beam with the following properties

W250 x 167 A36 Steel Beam
w = 167.4kg/m
A = 21300 sq.mm
d = 289mm
bf= 265mm
tf = 31.8mm
tw = 19.2mm
Axis x-x
I = 300 x 10^6 mm^4
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S = 2080x10^3 mm^3
r = 119mm
Axis y-y
I = 98.8 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 746 x 10^3 mm^3
r= 68.1mm
Determine the allowable bending stress if the unsupported length is 12m

Situation 2: For the beam with the following properties

W250 x 167 A36 Steel Beam
w = 167.4kg/m
A = 21300 sq.mm
d = 289mm
bf= 265mm
tf = 31.8mm
tw = 19.2mm
Axis x-x
I = 300 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 2080x10^3 mm^3
r = 119mm
Axis y-y
I = 98.8 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 746 x 10^3 mm^3
r= 68.1mm
Determine the allowable bending stress if the unsupported length is 2.5m

NOTE: Pass your paper in a pdf format only. In case of a jpg, jpeg, .doc file format, kindly convert
to pdf file for easy checking of paper.

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1: Getting acquitted with the essential terminology and basic concepts in the study of
structural design 2 is not enough, one should be able to analyze and solve complex engineering
problems as well.

At this juncture, you will be required to elaborate your answers about the following questions:

Situation 1: For the beam with the following properties

W250 x 167 A36 Steel Beam
w = 167.4kg/m
A = 21300 sq.mm
d = 289mm
bf= 265mm
tf = 31.8mm
tw = 19.2mm
Axis x-x
I = 300 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 2080x10^3 mm^3
r = 119mm
Axis y-y
I = 98.8 x 10^6 mm^4
S = 746 x 10^3 mm^3
r= 68.1mm
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Determine the allowable bending stress if the unsupported length is 20m

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Situation 2: A steel beam 8m long is simply supported and carries a uniformly distributed load
of 40KN/m (including the weight of the beam) acting on the plane of minor axis. Assume the
beam is compact and braced against lateral buckling throughout the whole span.
Allowable bending stress for compact section is 0.66Fy.
Allowable deflection is 1/360 of span.
Modulus of elasticity E = 200GPa and Fy = 248MPa

Section Ix(m^4) Depth(m)

W24x55 0.0005619 0.599
W21x57 0.0004810 0.535
W21x62 0.0005536 0.533
W18x71 0.0004870 0.469

Determine the following requirements:

1. Determine the required section modulus so that allowable bending stress will not be
exceeded.
2. Determine the required moment of inertia so that allowable deflection will not be
exceeded?
3. Determine the most economical section.

In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

1. Compact sections are commonly used for roof purlins

2. Slender sections must be avoided

Your Turn

3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

B C L N
Buckling Compact Section Laterally supported Non-
Laterally compact
unsupported
P R S
Partially supported Radius of gyration Slender Section
Steel Beams
Semi-compact section

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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-2b. Be able to analyze and design structural elements for
allowable shear strength using ASD and LRFD in accordance with NSCP 2015 Code

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1. SHEAR STRENGTH
Before covering the AISC provisions for shear strength, we will first review some basic concepts
from mechanics of materials. From elementary mechanics of materials,
the shearing stress is

𝑉𝑄
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐼𝑏

where
fv = vertical and horizontal shearing stress at the point of interest
V = vertical shear force at the section under consideration
Q = first moment, about the neutral axis, of the area of the cross section
between the point of interest and the top or bottom of the cross section
I = moment of inertia about the neutral axis
b = width of the cross section at the point of interest

This equation assumes that the stress is constant across the width b, and it is therefore accurate
only for small values of b. For a rectangular cross section of depth d and width b, the error for d/b
= 2 is approximately 3%. For d/b = 1, the error is 12% and for d/b = 1⁄4, it is 100% (Higdon,
Ohlsen, and Stiles, 1960). For this reason, this equation cannot be applied to the flange of a W-
shape in the same manner as for the web.

2. SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION

The figure below shows the shearing stress distribution for a W shape. Superimposed on the
actual distribution is the average stress in the web, V/Aw, which does not differ much from the
maximum web stress.

Clearly, the web will completely yield long before the flanges begin to yield. Because of this,
yielding of the web represents one of the shear limit states. Taking the shear yield stress as 60%
of the tensile yield stress, we can write the equation for the stress in the web at failure as

where Aw = area of the web.

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3. NOMINAL SHEAR STRENGTH

The nominal strength corresponding to this limit state is therefore
Vn = 0.6FyAw
and will be the nominal strength in shear if there is no shear buckling of the web. Whether that
occurs will depend on h/tw, the width-to-thickness ratio of the web. If this ratio is too large—that
is, if the web is too slender—the web can buckle in shear, either inelastically or elastically.

Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. To understand
the course, one must know the following structural parameters:
1. NOMINAL SHEAR STRENGTH
The nominal strength corresponding to this limit state is therefore

Vn = 0.6FyAw

and will be the nominal strength in shear if there is no shear buckling of the web. Whether that
occurs will depend on h/tw, the width-to-thickness ratio of the web. If this ratio is too large—that
is, if the web is too slender—the web can buckle in shear, either inelastically or elastically.

2. DESIGN METHODS (ASD and LRFD)

For LRFD, the relationship between required and available strength is
Vu ≤ ∅𝑉 Vn
where
Vu = maximum shear based on the controlling combination of factored loads
fv = resistance factor for shear

For ASD, the relationship is

𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑎 ≤
Ωv
where
Va = maximum shear based on the controlling combination of service loads
Ωv = safety factor for shear

As we will see, the values of the resistance factor and safety factor will depend on the
web width-to-thickness ratio.

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Refer to 2015 NSCP Section 507 Design of Members for Shear

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Illustrative Examples:
Sample Problem:
A simply supported beam with a span length of 45 feet is laterally supported at its
ends and is subjected to the following service loads:
Dead load = 400 lb/ft (including the weight of the beam)
Live load = 1000 lb/ft
Take Fy = 50 ksi, use W14 × 90
Check the beam for shear.

Conventional Solution
From the dimensions and properties tables in Part 1 of the Manual, the web width-to thickness
ratio of a W14 × 90 is
h/tw = 25 9

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Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

B C L N
Buckling Compact Section Laterally supported Non-
Laterally compact
unsupported
P R S
Partially supported Radius of gyration Slender Section
Steel Beams
Semi-compact section
Shear Strength

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Big Picture

Week 10-13: Unit Learning Outcomes-Unit 1 (ULO-3): At the end of the unit, you are expected
to

a. Be able to analyze and design column base plates and beam bearing plates
in accordance with AISC/NSCP Code
b. Be able to analyze and design roof purlins and other structural elements
subject to biaxial bending in accordance with AISC/NSCP Code

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3a. Be able to analyze and design column base plates and
beam bearing plates in accordance with AISC/NSCP Code

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1.0 BEARING PLATE

Bearing plates are used to transfer concentrated compressive forces between two
structural components. There are two cases; one is when a beam or column is
supported by concrete or masonry, and the other one is when a beam supports are large
concentrated load from a supported element, such as a column

2.0 BASE PLATE

Base plates are usually used to distribute column loads over a large area of supporting
steel/concrete construction that the design bearing strength of the component above it
is not exceeded.

Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. In order to
understand the course, one must know the following structural parameters:

1.0 BEAM BEARING PLATES

Bearing plates are used to transfer concentrated compressive forces between two
structural components. There are two cases; one is when a beam or column is
supported by concrete or masonry, and the other one is when a beam supports are large
concentrated load from a supported element, such as a column.

The design procedure for column base plates is like that for beam bearing plates, and for
that reason we consider them together. Two types of beam bearing plates are considered:
one that transmits the beam reaction to a support such as a concrete wall and one that
transmits a load to the top flange of a beam. Although many beams are connected to
columns or other beams, the type of support shown here is occasionally used, particularly
at bridge abutments.

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The design of the bearing plate consists of three steps.

1. Determine dimension 𝑙𝑏 so that web yielding, and web crippling are prevented.
2. Determine dimension B so that the area B × 𝑙𝑏 is enough to prevent the supporting
material (usually concrete) from being crushed in bearing.
3. Determine the thickness t so that the plate has sufficient bending strength.

2.0 WEB YIELDING

Web yielding is the compressive crushing of a beam web caused by the application of a
compressive force to the flange directly above or below the web. This force could be an
end reaction from a support of the type shown in the figure, or it could be a load delivered
to the top flange by a column or another beam.

Yielding occurs when the compressive stress on a horizontal section through the web
reaches the yield point. When the load is transmitted through a plate, web yielding is
assumed to take place on the nearest section of width 𝑡𝑤 . In a rolled shape, this section
will be at the toe of the fillet, a distance k from the outside face of the flange (this
dimension is tabulated in the dimensions and properties tables in the Manual).

If the load is assumed to distribute itself at a slope of 1: 2.5, as shown in the figure, the
area at the support subject to yielding is 𝑡𝑤 (2.5k + 𝑙𝑏 ).

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Multiplying this area by the yield stress gives the nominal strength for web yielding at
the support:

3.0 WEB CRIPPLING

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4.0 CONCRETE BEARING STRENGTH

The material used for a beam support can be concrete, brick, or some other material, but
it usually will be concrete. This material must resist the bearing load applied by the steel
plate. The nominal bearing strength specified in AISC J8 is the same as that given in the
American Concrete Institute’s Building Code (ACI, 2008) and may be used if no other
building code requirements are in effect. If the plate covers the full area of the support,
the nominal strength is

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5.0 PLATE THICKNESS

Once the length and width of the plate have been determined, the average bearing
pressure is treated as a uniform load on the bottom of the plate, which is assumed to be
supported at the top over a central width of 2k and length 𝑙𝑏 , as shown in the figure below.
The plate is then considered to bend about an axis parallel to the beam span. Thus, the
plate is treated as a cantilever of span length n = (B – 2k)/2 and a width of 𝑙𝑏

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The maximum bending moment is

The plastic bending moment is

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6.0 CALAQUE BEAM BEARING PLATE CHART

A smart way to design beam bearing plate as fast as possible developed by Engr.
Calaque, Dario Jr.

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7.0 COLUMN BASE PLATE

Base plates are usually used to distribute column loads over a large area of supporting
steel/concrete construction that the design bearing strength of the component above it
is not exceeded.

As with beam bearing plates, the design of column base plates requires consideration of
bearing pressure on the supporting material and bending of the plate. A major difference
is that bending in beam bearing plates is in one direction, whereas column base plates
are subjected to two-way bending. Moreover, web crippling and web yielding are not
factoring in column base plates design. The background and development of the plate
thickness equation is presented here in LRFD terms. After some simple modifications, the
corresponding ASD equation will be given.

Column base plates can be categorized as large or small, where small plates are those
whose dimensions are approximately the same as the column dimensions. Furthermore,
small plates behave differently when lightly loaded than when they are more heavily
loaded.

The thickness of large plates is determined from consideration of bending of the portions
of the plate that extend beyond the column outline. Bending is assumed to take place
about axes at mid depth of the plate near the edges of the column flanges. Two of the axes
are parallel to the web and 0.80bf apart, and two axes are parallel to the flanges and 0.95d
apart.

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8.0 LIMIT STATES

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9.0 BEARING PRESSURE ON SUPPORT

10.0 BENDING STRESS ON BASE PLATE

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11. CALAQUE’S COLUMN BASE PLATE CHART

A smart way to design column base plate as fast as possible developed by Engr. Calaque,
Dario Jr. It is a simplified version of Calaque’s Beam Bearing Plate Chart.

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Sample Problem 1:

Conventional Solution:

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Sample Problem 2:

Conventional Solution:

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Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

1. Base plate and Bearing plate are both used to transfer and spread load.

Your Turn

2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

A B N P
AISC Specifications Base Plate NSCP Code Purlins
Bearing Plate
S
Sag rods
Steel Purlins

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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3b. Be able to analyze and design roof purlins and other
structural elements subject to biaxial bending in accordance with AISC/NSCP Code

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1.0 BI-AXIAL BENDING

Biaxial bending occurs when a beam is subjected to a loading condition that produces bending
about both the major (strong) axis and the minor (weak) axis.

2.0 ROOF PURLINS

Purlins are truss elements subjected to normal and tangential loads causing bending moments
on both x-and y-axes, respectively as shown in the figure. These structural roof truss elements
are theoretically placed only at panel points to avoid bending in the top chords of the roof
trusses.

Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. To understand
the course, one must know the following structural parameters:

1.0 BI-AXIAL BENDING

Biaxial bending occurs when a beam is subjected to a loading condition that produces bending
about both the major (strong) axis and the minor (weak) axis. Such a case is illustrated in the
figure below, where a single concentrated load acts normal to the longitudinal axis of the beam
but is inclined with respect to each of the principal axes of the cross section.

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Although this loading is more general than those previously considered, it is still a special case:
The load passes through the shear center of the cross section. The shear center is that point
through which the loads must act if there is to be no twisting, or torsion, of the beam. The location
of the shear center can be determined from elementary mechanics of materials by equating the
internal resisting torsional moment, derived from the shear flow on the cross section, to the
external torque.

2.0 PURLIN DESIGN

Purlins are truss elements subjected to normal and tangential loads causing bending moments
on both x-and y-axes, respectively as shown in the figure. These structural roof truss elements
are theoretically placed only at panel points to avoid bending in the top chords of the roof
trusses. For large trusses, however, it is reasonable to placed purlins at closer interval because
if this conception is not followed, the purlin size maybe become so large just to attained safety
requirements, which is impractical.

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4. SAGRODS
Sag rods are structural roof elements act as a lateral support for the purlins and keeping them
in proper alignment during construction until the roofing materials is installed and attached to
the purlins. This make the purlins as continuous section for their y-axes and the moment
induced on these axes are greatly reduced.

a.) Sagrods are placed at the midspan of the purlins.

R = 5wYL/8
Mx = wxL2/8
My = wYL2/32
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b.) Sagrods are placed at the middle thirds of the pulins.

R = 11wYL/30
Mx = wxL2/8
My = wYL2/90
c.) Without Sagrods
Mx = My = wx L2/8
Note: L –stands for spacing between trusses on center; length of purlin.
Moment Resolution Method
Since the purlins is subjected to bending in both directions then we could use the following
interaction equations.
fbx fby
( + ) ≤ 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒‼!)
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
Where:
fbx= Mx/Sx (actual bending stress with respect to x-axis)
fby= My/Sy (actual bending stress with respect to y-axis)
Fbx= 0.66Fy (allowable bending stress with respect to x-axis; for compact section)
Fby= 0.75Fy (allowable bending stress with respect to y-axis; for compact section)
Note: This interaction equation is most commonly used in determining the adequacy of the
spacing of purlins and/or determining the required spacing of purlins.

Illustrative Examples
Sample Problem 1:
A civil engineer is task to design for the spacing of purlins for the three story building at
Barangay Sta. Cruz as a business center building on that area. Other important information is
also given below.

General Description:
Spacing between trusses = 6m
Spacing between purlins = 0.6m O.C
*Sag rods are placed at middle third of the purlin’s span
*Use compact section*
Inclination of purlins = 26.5650

Loadings:
Roof Load (of horizontal projection on roof surface) = 3.553 KPa
Wind load (normal to the roof surface) = 2.112 KPa
Wind ward coefficient = 1.0

W- Section Properties:
wt.( KN/m) = 0.253KN/m
A = 8000 sq.mm
d= 530mm
tw = 17mm
tf = 19mm
bf = 260mm
SX = 180000 mm^3
SY= 30000 mm^3

Requirements:
1. Maximum actual flexural stress about major axis
2. Maximum actual flexural stress about minor axis
3. Total actual bending stress induced on purlins
4. Adequacy of spacing

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Conventional Solution:
Loadings:

Normal and Tangential Loads:

WN = 1.2672 + 1.706 + 0.226 = 3.1992 KN/m
WT F = 0.853 KN/m
WT C = 0.113 KN/m
Moments:
MN = (3.1992) (62 / 8) = 14.3964 KNm
MT F = (0.853) (62/90) = 0.3412 KNm
MT C = (0.113) (62/90) = 0.0452 KNm

Stresses:
1. fbx = MX/SX = 14.3964(106) /180000 = 79.98MPa (answer)
MTF MTC
2. fby = fby FLANGE + fby CENTROID = +
SY ÷ 2 SY
0.3412(106 ) 0.0452(106 )
fby = + = 24.25𝑀𝑃𝑎
30000 ÷ 2 30000

Adequacy of Spacing:
fbx fby
+ ) ≤ 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒‼!
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦

79.98 24.25
( + ) ≤ 1.0
0.66𝐹𝑌 0.75𝐹𝑌

0.614 ≤ 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒‼!)

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Sample Problem 2:
Purlins with 3m span are placed between trusses simply supported at its ends with the bottom
flange resting on top of the top chord of the roof truss with 1V:3H slope. According to the
specification of the plan, purlins are spaced at 1.2meter on center supported in plane of the top
chord of the roof truss by the sag rods placed as specify along the length of the intermediate
purlin running to the ridge purlins.

It is proposed to use a compact channel section with allowable bending stress prescribed by the
NSCP Code to 0.66Fy about x – axis and 0.75Fy about y-axis. Such section has the following
section modulus of 170 000 and 80000 cubic millimeters about x and y-axis, respectively.

The roof surfaces is subjected to wind load of 1.44KPa perpendicular to the roof surfaces with
windward and leeward coefficient of 1.0 and 0.5, respectively. Live load and dead load acting
on horizontal projection of the roof surfaces are 1KPa and 1.2KPa. Theoretically, such load
assumes to take place at the flange of the section.

Neglecting the weight of the purlin, determine the following:

1. Interaction values without sag rods due to DL + LL.
2. Interaction values without sag rods due to 0.75(DL + LL+WL).
3. Interaction values with sag rods placed at mid span due to DL + LL.
4. Total bending stress without sag rods due to DL + LL.
5. Total bending stress without sag rods due to 0.75(DL + LL+WL).
6. Total bending stress with sag rods placed at mid span due to DL + LL.

Conventional Solution

1 and 4. Loadings: Combination DL + LL (Roof loads)

WN = 2.377 KN/m
WT F = 0.792 KN/m
Moments:
MN = (2.377) (32 / 8) = 2.674 KNm

Without Sagrods…
MT F = (0.792) (32/8) = 0.891 KNm

Stresses:
1. fbx = MX/SX = 2.674(106) /170 000 = 15.73MPa (answer)
MTF
2. fby = fby FLANGE =
SY ÷ 2
0.891(106 )
fby = = 22.275𝑀𝑃𝑎
80 000 ÷ 2
Total bending stress: fb = fbx + fby
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fb = 15.73 + 22.275 = 38.005MPa

fbx fby
Adequacy of Spacing: ( + ) ≤ 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒‼!)
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
15.73 22.275
( + ) ≤ 1.0
0.66𝐹𝑌 0.75𝐹𝑌
0.214 ≤ 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒‼!)

Interaction value = 0.214 and Adequacy: SAFE

2 and 5. Loadings: Combination 0.75 (DL + LL+WL)

WN = 1.782+1.296 = 3.078KN/m
WT F = 0.594 KN/m

Moments:
MN = (3.078) (32 / 8) = 3.463 KNm
Without sag rods…
MT F = (0.594) (32/8) = 0.668 KNm

Stresses:
1. fbx = MX/SX = 3.463(106) /170 000 = 20.37MPa (answer)
MTF
2. fby = fby FLANGE =
SY ÷ 2
0.668(106 )
fby = = 16.7𝑀𝑃𝑎
80 000 ÷ 2

Total bending stress: fb = fbx + fby

fb = 20.37 + 16.7 = 37.07MPa

fbx fby
Adequacy of Spacing: ( + ) ≤ 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒‼!)
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
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20.37 16.7
( + ) ≤ 1.0
0.66𝐹𝑌 0.75𝐹𝑌
0.213 ≤ 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒‼!)

Interaction value = 0.213 and Adequacy: SAFE

3 and 6. Loadings: Combination DL + LL (Roof loads) with sag rods at mid span

WT F = 0.792 KN/m

Moments:
MN = (2.377) (32 / 8) = 2.674 KNm
With sag rods at mid span…
MT F = (0.792) (32/32) = 0.223 KNm

Stresses:
1. fbx = MX/SX = 2.674(106) /170 000 = 15.73MPa (answer)
MTF
2. fby = fby FLANGE =
SY ÷ 2
0.223(106 )
fby = = 5.575𝑀𝑃𝑎
80 000 ÷ 2

Total bending stress: fb = fbx + fby

fb = 15.73 + 5.575 = 21.305 MPa

fbx fby
Adequacy of Spacing: ( + ) ≤ 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒‼!)
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
15.73 5.575
( + ) ≤ 1.0
0.66𝐹𝑌 0.75𝐹𝑌
0.125 ≤ 1.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒‼!)

Interaction value = 0.125 and Adequacy: SAFE

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Sample Problem 3:

Conventional Solution:

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Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in structural steel design. Let us
try to check your understanding by solving the following activities:

Situation 1: A civil engineer is task to design for the spacing of purlins for the three story
building at Barangay Sta. Cruz as a business center building on that area. Other important
information is also given below.

General Description:
Spacing between trusses =8m
Spacing between purlins = 0.45m O.C
*Sag rods are placed at middle third of the purlin’s span
*Use compact section*
Inclination of purlins = 30

Loadings:
Roof Load (of horizontal projection on roof surface) = 4.753 KPa
Wind load (normal to the roof surface) = 3.312 KPa
Wind ward coefficient = 1.5

W- Section Properties:
wt.( KN/m) = 0.253KN/m
A = 8000 sq.mm
d= 530mm
tw = 17mm
tf = 19mm
bf = 260mm
SX = 180000 mm^3
SY= 30000 mm^3

Requirements:
1. Maximum actual flexural stress about major axis
2. Maximum actual flexural stress about minor axis
3. Total actual bending stress induced on purlins
4. Adequacy of spacing

Situation 02: Design a base plate and bearing plate in a railroad design. Create your own
parameters.

NOTE: Pass your paper in a pdf format only. In case of a jpg, jpeg, .doc file format, kindly convert
to pdf file for easy checking of paper.
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Let’s Analyze

Activity 1: Getting acquitted with the essential terminology and basic concepts in the study of
structural design 2 is not enough, one should be able to analyze and solve complex engineering
problems as well.

At this juncture, you will be required to elaborate your answers about the following questions:

Situation 1: Purlins with 3.5m span are placed between trusses simply supported at its ends
with the bottom flange resting on top of the top chord of the roof truss with 1V:3H slope.
According to the specification of the plan, purlins are spaced at 1.0meter on center supported
in plane of the top chord of the roof truss by the sag rods placed as specify along the length of
the intermediate purlin running to the ridge purlins.

It is proposed to use a compact channel section with allowable bending stress prescribed by the
NSCP Code to 0.66Fy about x – axis and 0.75Fy about y-axis. Such section has the following
section modulus of 170 000 and 80000 cubic millimeters about x and y-axis, respectively.

The roof surfaces is subjected to wind load of 2.44KPa perpendicular to the roof surfaces with
windward and leeward coefficient of 1.5 and 0.35, respectively. Live load and dead load acting
on horizontal projection of the roof surfaces are 3KPa and 2.2KPa. Theoretically, such load
assumes to take place at the flange of the section.

Neglecting the weight of the purlin, determine the following:

1. Interaction values without sag rods due to DL + LL.
2. Interaction values without sag rods due to 0.75(DL + LL+WL).
3. Interaction values with sag rods placed at mid span due to DL + LL.
4. Total bending stress without sag rods due to DL + LL.
5. Total bending stress without sag rods due to 0.75(DL + LL+WL).
6. Total bending stress with sag rods placed at mid span due to DL + LL.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Situation 02: Create an excel program for the design of steel purlin

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Situation 03: Create an excel program for the design of base plate and bearing plate

In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

10. Purlins is an structural element which support roofing sheets

11. Base plate and Bearing plate are both used to transfer and spread load.

Your Turn

12. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
18. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
19. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

A B N P
AISC Specifications Base Plate NSCP Code Purlins
Bearing Plate
S
Sag rods
Steel Purlins

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Big Picture

Week 14-17: Unit Learning Outcomes-Unit 1 (ULO-4): At the end of the unit, you are expected
to

a. Be able to analyze and design bolted and welded connection using NSCP
Code

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-4a. Be able to analyze and design bolted and welded
connection using NSCP Code

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course.

1.0 BOLTED/RIVETED CONNECTION

A bolted connection whose applied force acts concentric to the center of gravity of the
bolt groups and lined up with the center of the member.

2.0 ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLTED CONNECTION

Eccentrically loaded bolt groups are subjected to shear and bending moments. It is
desirable for a truss to have the center of gravity of the member lined up with center of
gravity of the bolt group, however, it is not easy to accomplish and thus, the connection
are subjected bending. Take note that for an axially loaded bolted connection, the
applied axial force occurs concentric with the center of the member, but for
eccentrically loaded connections, this force acts at the distance “e” term as eccentricity.

3.0 GENERAL APPROACHES FOR ANALYSIS OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED

BOLTED CONNECTIONS:
1. Elastic Method –this is the most conservative method in which the friction between the
connected parts is being neglected and connected parts are assumed to be rigid.
2. Reduced Or Effective Eccentricity Methods -somewhat similar to elastic method, however
smaller eccentricities which lead to smaller moments have been used in the calculations.
3. Instantaneous Center Of Rotation Method – a more tedious method and most realistic method
in analyzing eccentric bolted connection.

4.0 WELDING

Welding is a process of joining two pieces of metal by heating their surfaces to a plastic or
fluid state and allow them to fuse together with an addition of molten metal (electrode).

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5.0 TYPES/ METHODS OF WELDING PROCESS:

1. SMAW – Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process( used of electrode)

2. SAW – Submerged Metal Arc Welding Process( covered by blanket of fusable
material)
3. GMAW - Gas Metal Arc Welding Process (bevel of V-joint >= 60 deg.)
4. FCAW – Flux Cored Arc Welding Process (bevel or V-joint < 60 deg. But > = 45
deg.)

Essential Knowledge

The objective of a structural engineer is to deal with the steel sections. In order to
understand the course, one must know the following structural parameters:

1.0 BOLTED/RIVETED CONNECTION

A bolted connection whose applied force acts concentric to the center of gravity of the
bolt groups and lined up with the center of the member.

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2.0 ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLTED CONNECTION

Eccentrically loaded bolt groups are subjected to shear and bending moments. It is
desirable for a truss to have the center of gravity of the member lined up with center of
gravity of the bolt group, however, it is not easy to accomplish and thus, the connection
are subjected bending. Take note that for an axially loaded bolted connection, the
applied axial force occurs concentric with the center of the member, but for
eccentrically loaded connections, this force acts at the distance “e” term as eccentricity.

3.0 GENERAL APPROACHES FOR ANALYSIS OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED

BOLTED CONNECTIONS:
1. Elastic Method –this is the most conservative method in which the friction between the
connected parts is being neglected and connected parts are assumed to be rigid.
2. Reduced Or Effective Eccentricity Methods -somewhat similar to elastic method, however
smaller eccentricities which lead to smaller moments have been used in the calculations.
3. Instantaneous Center Of Rotation Method – a more tedious method and most realistic method
in analyzing eccentric bolted connection.

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ELASTIC METHOD
This method is handheld by calculator program developed by the author for easier and faster
calculation regarding with the analysis of the eccentrically bolted connections.

REDUCED OR EFFECTIVE ECCENTRICITY METHOD

This method takes into account the slip resistance on the contact surfaces. A reduced eccentricity
value is as follows:

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=5
m

=6
m

=3m

=3.75
m

INSTANTANEOUS CENTER OF ROTATION METHOD

The assumptions behind this proposed method is if one of the outermost bolts begins to yield, the
magnitude of the eccentric load may be increased, the inner bolts will then resist greater load, and the
failure in eccentrically bolted connection will only occur if all the bolts will yield.

The eccentric load tends to cause translation and rotation on the connected material, as an effect, there
is an equivalent to pure rotation of the connection about a certain point termed as the instantaneous
center of rotation.

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4.0 WELDING

Welding is a process of joining two pieces of metal by heating their surfaces to a plastic or
fluid state and allow them to fused together with an addition of molten metal ( electrode).

5.0 TYPES/ METHODS OF WELDING PROCESS:

1. SMAW – Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process( used of electrode)
2. SAW – Submerged Metal Arc Welding Process( covered by blanket of fusable
material)
3. GMAW - Gas Metal Arc Welding Process ( bevel of V-joint >= 60 deg.)
4. FCAW – Flux Cored Arc Welding Process ( bevel or V-joint < 60 deg. But > = 45
deg.)

3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF WELDS
1. Based on Types of welds.
a.)Fillet welds
b.)Groove Welds.
c.)Plugged welds.
d.)Slot welds.
2. Based on the types of joints.
a.) Lap Joints
b.)Butt joints
c) Edge
d. Corner
e.) Tee joints.
3. Based on weld position.
a.)Horizontal Weld.
b.) Vertical Weld.
c.) Flat Weld.
d.) Overhead Weld.

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WELDING SYMBOLS:

FILLET WELDS

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NSCP’s SPECIFICATIONS :
Effective Area: A = 0.707 t L
Effective Length: L = overall length of weld(full of size fillets), including end returns.

For fillet welds on holes and slots, the effective length shall be the length of center line of
weld along the center of the plane throat the throat.
For overlapping fillet, the effective area shall not exceed the nominal cross-section section
of the hole slot in the plane of faying surfaces.

LIMITATIONS OF FILLET WELDS:

Minimum Size of Fillet Welds
Materials thickness……………..Fillet weld size(mm)
To 6mm……………………………………3mm
Over 6mm to 12mm……………….5mm.
Over 12mm to 20mm……………..6mm.
Over 20 mm ………………………….8mm.
Maximum Size of Fillet Welds
Materials thickness……………..Fillet weld size(mm)
< = 6mm. …………………………….not greater than the thickness of top material plate.
>6mm ……………………………….not greater than the top material plate thickness minus 1.6mm.
Minimum Effective Length of Fillet Weld : Lmin. > = 4t
Minimum Length of Longitudinal Fillet Weld : > = w ( width of plate to be joined weld).
Transverse Spacing of Longitudinal Fillet Weld : S transverse < = 200 mm. O.C.

Effective Net Area of Fillet weld

Ae = U Ag.
Ae = effective net area of tension member.
Ag = gross sectional area of member.
U= reduction coefficient.
Coefficient of Reduction:
L > 2W ……………………………….. U = 1.0
2W > L > 1.5W …………………… U = 0.87
1.5W > L > W ……………………… U = 0.75

INTERMITTENT FILLET WELDS:

Note:Placement for lap joints, avoid lap joints where maximum deflection means to prevent/
avoid opening of joints under maximum loadings.
WELDING ELECTRODES:
E xxx bc
xxx= two- or three-digit number refers to the ultimate tensile strength of weld
metal(electrode) in ksi.

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b= digit indicating the suitability of welding position, which may be flat, horizontal, vertical
or overhead.
b=1 suitable for all position.
b=2 suitable for horizontal fillets and flat position.
c= digit indicating current supply and welding technique.
c= 1, either ac or dc current.
c= 2 either dc straight polarity.
c= 3 dc reversed polarity.
Example:
E 6011 – Fu(60ksi)-415MPa.
-suitable in all position of welding.
-either ac or dc current used.
E7021 – Fu(70ksi)-485MPa.
-suitable for horizontal fillets and flat position of work.
-either ac or dc current used.

SHEAR CAPACITY OF FILLET WELD:

Note; In considering with fillet weld, its capacity is with respect to shearing stress.
T = 0.707 t L 0.30 Fu.
Where: T = shear capacity of fillet weld.
Av = 0.707 t L
Fv = 0.30 Fu, shear stress.
Fu = minimum tensile capacity of the electrode.
L= length of the fillet weld
t= fillet weld size
Note: If a and b are both unknown, using static method of analysis, solving for a, let L = 2a
and then to solve for b; b = 2t (end returns)

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Sample Problem1:

Conventional Solution:

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Sample Problem 2.
A bracket connection shown is carrying an eccentric load of 80KN.Use an E70Electrodes
with Fu = 485MPa.
1. Calculate the value of polar moment of inertia.
2. Calculate the maximum force per mm to be resisted by the fillet weld.
3. Calculate the size of E70xx fillet weld required for the bracket connection.

Conventional Solution
Using Varignon’s theorem, we’ll get the centroid of weld group
𝑋̅ = (100)
𝑌̅ = (125)

Tabulate gap distances

X(X-𝑋̅) Y(Y-𝑌̅) LENGTH
1 0 –A (250/2) –B 250
2 200 –A (250/2) –B 250

2503 2503 2 2
( )+( ̅) + ∑(𝑌 − 𝑌̅ ) =(7604166.667)
) + ∑(𝑋 − 𝑋
12 12

1. Polar moment of inertia = 7604166.667mm^4 ans.

2. Maximum force per mm to be resisted by the fillet weld.
80 000(100 +(100)) → 𝑀
M(125)/ (7604166.667) → 𝐷 (𝑓𝑥 = 𝑀y/C)
M(100)/ (7604166.667) → 𝐸 (𝑓𝑦 = 𝑀x/C)
𝑃
8000/n → 𝐹(𝑓𝑣 =
𝑛

𝑅 = √𝐷 2 + (𝐸 + 𝐹 )2 =454.29 N/mm ans.

2. Size of fillet weld

𝑅 = √𝐷 2 + (𝐸 + 𝐹 )2 = 0.707 t L 0.3Fu
𝑅 = √𝐷 2 + (𝐸 + 𝐹 )2 = 0.707 t (1) 0.3(485)
t = 4.42 say 5mm fillet weld. Ans.

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Self-Help

You can also refer to the sources below to help you and guide you further understand
the lesson:

Mc Cormac, JC (2008). Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed.,Pearson, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.

Ambrose, James (2012). Building Structures,3rd Ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Segui, William T. (2007). Steel Design, 4th Ed., Australia : Thomson.

Let’s Check

Activity 1: Now that you review the most essential principles in structural steel design. Let us
try to check your understanding by solving the following activities:

Situation 1: From the riveted bracket connection as shown below, it is subjected to an eccentric
load of 55KN, loaded at 200mm from the outer rivet (point 1).Allowable shearing stress of the
rivets is 180MPa.
1. Calculate the rivet capacity due to bending only
2. Calculate the maximum rivet capacity.
3. Calculate the diameter of the bolts required.

200 55KN

Situation 2: A bracket connection shown is carrying an eccentric load of 180KN.Use an

E70Electrodes with Fu = 485MPa.
1. Calculate the value of polar moment of inertia.
2. Calculate the maximum force per mm to be resisted by the fillet weld.
3. Calculate the size of E70xx fillet weld required for the bracket connection.

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200
180

NOTE: Pass your paper in a pdf format only. In case of a jpg, jpeg, .doc file format, kindly convert
to pdf file for easy checking of paper.

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1: Getting acquitted with the essential terminology and basic concepts in the study of
structural design 2 is not enough, one should be able to analyze and solve complex engineering
problems as well.

At this juncture, you will be required to elaborate your answers about the following questions:

Situation 1: Given a welded bracket connection. Determine the developed force per mm of
fillet weld.

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Page 137 of 141
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

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Situation 3: A concentrated load of 36Kn is applied at a distance of 250mm from the rows of the
rivets having a diameter of 22mm.Allowable tearing stress is 150MPa.
1. Calculate the shearing stress of the rivet due to axial load only.
2. Calculate the shearing stress of rivet due to bending only.
3. Calculate the maximum shearing stress.
4. Calculated the required thickness of the plate.

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In a Nutshell

Activity 1: Based from the definition of the most essential terms in the study of curriculum and
the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

1. You may employ combination of bolted and welded connection in your design
2. Bolted and Welded connection is subjected to in-plane and out-plane loads.

Your Turn

3. Connections subjected to out-plane loads are one of the complex problems in steel
connection design.
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Page 138 of 141

College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

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Q & A List

List 1: After series of discussion and exercises, kindly list down your questions or issues in
conjunction with the topics. Write the answers after clarification under the column provided.
This portion helps you in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Do you have any questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

Index: The keywords presented here will help you remember the concepts and essential
knowledge. Here are the few subject index.

B W
Bolts Welds, Fillet
Bolted Connection Welds, Slug
Bracket Connection Welded Connection

Page 139 of 141

College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Part 3: Course Schedules

This section calendars all the activities and exercises, including readings and lectures, as well
as time for making assignments and doing other requirements, in a programmed schedule by
days and weeks, to help the students in SDL pacing, regardless of mode of delivery (OBD or
DED).
Activity Date Where to submit
ULO - 1
Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities - -
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities - -
Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities - -
Big Picture A: QA List - -
- -
Big Picture B: Let’s Check Activities - -
Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze Activities - -
Big Picture B: In a Nutshell Activities - -
Big Picture B: QA List - -
- -
Big Picture C: Let’s Check Activities - -
Big Picture C: Let’s Analyze Activities - -
Big Picture C: In a Nutshell Activities - -
Big Picture C: QA List - -
- -
First Exam - -
ULO - 2 - -
Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities - -
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities - -
Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities - -
Big Picture A: QA List - -
- -
Second Exam - -
ULO - 3 - -
Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities - -
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities - -
Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities - -
Big Picture A: QA List - -
- -
Third Exam - -
ULO - 4 - -
Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities - -
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities - -
Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities - -
Big Picture A: QA List - -
- -
Final Exam - -

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