EARTH & LIFE

SCIENCE
KEYAM NIEL BALIGUAT RACE, LPT, MAED
Senior High School Teacher
Carmen National High School
GROUP
ACTIVITY
DIRECTIONS:
The class will be divided into FOUR
groups and they will select one
representative. The teacher will flash a
pictures in slide presentation and the
student will choose an UNKNOWN
WORDS as their answer. To answer the
question, the student’s will use an
animal buzzer. Each problem should
given one point and the group get the
highest points will be declare a winner.
BARYONIC MATTER

COLD DARK MATTER

DARK ENERGY
1.
BARYONIC
MATTER
2. Anti-gravity
DARK ENERGY
3.

Na +
BARYONIC
MATTER
4.
BARYONIC
MATTER
5.
BARYONIC
MATTER
Universe and the Solar System
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of lesson, you should be
able to:
1. Describe the structure and
composition of the Universe;
2. State the different hypotheses
explaining the origin of the
universe and solar system; and
3. Perform the different the theories
of the universe and solar system
through role playing.
What is COSMOLOGY?
UNIVERSE:
What makes up
most of the
Universe?
Different Compositions of
Universe
Baryonic matter
- 5% of the mass in the
universe
"ordinary" matter consisting of
protons, electrons, and neutrons
that
comprises atoms, planets, stars,
galaxies, and other bodies
Dark matter
-makes up about 23 percent
of the universe.
-the so-called "missing mass“
of the universe.
- matter that has gravity
but does not emit light.
Dark Energy

- a source of anti-
gravity; a force that
counteracts gravity and
causes the universe
to expand.
How old is the Universe?

13.8 billion
years old
Theories Explaining the birth of
the Universe and the Solar System
Genesis,
book of the Old Testament.
The English title is derived
from the words Genesis
kosmou (Greek, “origin of
the cosmos”),
- the first book of the Bible,
tells of the beginning of the
world from the time when
“God created the heaven and
the earth” (1:1)
The nebula
B contracted into a
rotating disk that was
heated by the
conversion of
gravitational energy
into thermal energy.

The birth of our solar system,

A which began as a cloud of dust and C
A gas called a nebula, started to
gravitationally collapse. Cooling of the nebular cloud
caused rocky and metallic
material to condense into tiny
solid particles

D
Repeated collisions caused the dust-size
particles to gradually coalesce into asteroid-
size
bodies. Within a few million years these
bodies accreted into the planets.

THE NEBULAR THEORY

The big bang theory proposes that
the universe was once extremely
compact, dense, and hot. Some

Big
original event, a cosmic explosion
called the big bang, occurred
about 13.7 billion years ago, and

Bang
the universe has since been
expanding and cooling.

Theory The theory was proposed by

Alexander Friedman and Georges
Lamaître in 1920.
The inflationary theory
-was developed in the 1970s to solve
several mysteries still remaining in
the universe as it was described by
the big bang theory. In particular, it
explains why the universe is
expanding at approximately its
current rate. It also explains why the
universe appears so homogeneous, or
uniform.
Origin of the Universe
Non-scientific Thought
• Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths
which narrate that the world arose from an infinite
sea at the first rising of the sun.
• The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a
creator god Mbombo (or Bumba) who, alone in a
dark and water-covered Earth, felt an intense
stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and
moon.
Guide Questions:
1. Describes the structure and
composition of the Universe.
2. Give at least one theory of the
universe and connect it in a real life
situation.
Performance Task No. 1
Topic: The Big Bang Theory

Materials needed

Balloon/Cellophane Marker
Measuring Tape

Note: The Activity Sheet was provided.

Performance Task No. 2

Direction: Perform the different theories of the

universe and solar system through role playing.
Your output will be graded according to this
rubric.
Stellar Nucleosynthesis: Rise of
the Stars!
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of lesson, you should be
able to:
1.Give evidence for and describe the
formation of heavier elements during
star formation and evolution;
2.Write the nuclear fusion reactions that
take place in stars, which lead to the
formation of new elements; and
3.Describe how elements heavier than iron
are formed
The following Symbol in Atomic Particles
1 p - Proton
1

0 n - Neutron
1

-1 e - Electron
0

+1 e - Positron
0

1 H - Protium
1

1 H - Deuterium
2

1 H - Tritium
3

2 a - Alpha
4

-/+1 B - Beta negative or positive

0

0 y - gamma ray
0
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

proton neutron electron positron a particle

1
1
p or 1
1
H 0n
1 0
-1 e or 0
-1
b 0
+1 e or 0
+1
b 4
2 He or 2a
4

A 1 1 0 0 4

Z 1 0 -1 +1 2

23.1
Balancing Nuclear Equations

1. Conserve mass number (A).

The sum of protons plus neutrons in the products must equal
the sum of protons plus neutrons in the reactants.
235 138 96
92 U + 01n 55 Cs + 37 Rb + 2 01n

235 + 1 = 138 + 96 + 2x1

2. Conserve atomic number (Z) or nuclear charge.

The sum of nuclear charges in the products must equal the
sum of nuclear charges in the reactants.
235 138 96
92 U + 01n 55 Cs + 37 Rb + 2 01n
92 + 0 = 55 + 37 + 2x0
23.1
Po decays by alpha emission. Write the balanced
212

nuclear equation for the decay of 212Po.

alpha particle - 24He or 2a

4

84Po 2He + AZX

212 4

212 = 4 + A A = 208

84 = 2 + Z Z = 82

84 Po 2He + 208
82Pb
212 4

23.1
Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay

Beta decay

6C
14 14
7
N + 0
-1
b+n Decrease # of neutrons by 1
19K
40 40
20
Ca + 0
-1
b+n Increase # of protons by 1

0n
1 1
1
p + 0
-1
b+n

Positron decay

6C
11 11
5
B ++10b + n Increase # of neutrons by 1
19K
38 38
18
Ar + 0
+1
b+n Decrease # of protons by 1

1p
1 1
0
n + 0
+1
b+n

n and n have A = 0 and Z = 0

23.2
Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
Electron capture decay

18 Ar
37
+ -10e 37
17
Cl + n Increase # of neutrons by 1
55
26Fe + 0
-1
e 55
25
Mn + n Decrease # of protons by 1

1p
1
+ -10e 1
0
n+n
Alpha decay

Decrease # of neutrons by 2
84 Po 2He + 208
82Pb
212 4

Decrease # of protons by 2
Spontaneous fission

98Cf 2125 In + 2 0n
252 1
49
23.2
Life Cycle of the Star
What I Have Learned
Direction/s: Correct the following sequence of Big
Bang Theory IN ORDER. Provide its numbers
from 1 to 5.

____ Earliest galaxy form

____ First Star Form
____ Star formation peaks
____ Protons Form
____ Deuterium, helium and lithium synthesized