Scribd
Upload
40 views

3 - Alkanes

1. The document discusses alkanes, including their structure, naming conventions, examples of simple alkanes and cycloalkanes, and common uses of alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane to octane. 2. Key details include that alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons made of carbon and hydrogen, they have the general formula CnH2n+2, and common naming involves identifying the parent chain and substituents. 3. Common uses of alkanes include as natural gas, fuels, propellants, and in plastics, fertilizers, and other applications that take advantage of their properties.

Uploaded by

Sean Gabriel Lacambra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views

3 - Alkanes

1. The document discusses alkanes, including their structure, naming conventions, examples of simple alkanes and cycloalkanes, and common uses of alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane to octane. 2. Key details include that alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons made of carbon and hydrogen, they have the general formula CnH2n+2, and common naming involves identifying the parent chain and substituents. 3. Common uses of alkanes include as natural gas, fuels, propellants, and in plastics, fertilizers, and other applications that take advantage of their properties.

Uploaded by

Sean Gabriel Lacambra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

2

1
4
3
PERFORMANCE TASKS
Proceed to your assigned new group
TASK # 1
TASK # 3
TASK # 4
ALKANES
Naming Alkanes
Uses/Applications of Alkanes
ALKANES
 Also known as paraffins

 Are chemical compounds that consist only of the elements Carbon (C)
and Hydrogen (H), wherein these atoms are linked together exclusively
by single bonds w/o any cyclic structure (open chains of Carbon atoms).

 Belong to a homologous series of organic compounds in which the


members differ by a constant relative atomic mass of 14.

General Formula: CnH2n+2


# of Carbons Name Formula
1 methane CH4
2 ethane C2 H6
3 propane C3 H8
4 butane C4H10
5 pentane C5H12
6 hexane C6H14
7 heptane C7H16
8 octane C8H18
9 nonane C9H20
10 decane C10H22
NAMING ALKANES
(IUPAC NOMENCLATURE SYSTEM)

1. Determine the name of the parent compound, the longest continuous carbon chain in
compound.

Ex. 1. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 hexane


2. CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 heptane
CH3

3. CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-CH3 decane

CH3-CH2-CH-CH3 CH2-CH3
2. Name and number each atom or substituent attached to the parent compound.
Start numbering from the nearest branch or the greatest number of branches.
3. Number the parent chain to give the lowest number to the carbon bonded to the
first group encountered on the parent chain.
Substituent names:
F – fluoro 1 2 3
CH3-CH-CH3
Cl – Chloro
I – iodo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Br – bromo
NH2 – amino
NH2
NO2 – nitro
4 5 6 7 8
R – alkyl group
1 2 3 9 10
4. If the same substituents occur more than once in the compound a separate
position number is given for each, and the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and so
forth is used.
5. Place the names of the substituents in alphabetical order before the name of the
parent compound. Numbers are separated from names by hypens.

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 4-ethyloctane
CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH -CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
3,5,7-trimethyldecane
TASK # 2:
• Name the following alkanes:
CH3
1. CH3
CH3-CH-C-CH2-CH3 4. CH3 -CH2-CH-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3 F
Br

2. CH2 -CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH2 CH -CH2 3
5. CH3 -CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH2 CH3-CH-CH3
3. CH3-CH2 -CH-CH-CH2-CH3

CH3
CYCLOALKANES
CYCLOALKANES
• also called naphthenes
• Cycloalkanes are cyclic hydrocarbons, meaning that the carbons of
the molecule are arranged in the form of a ring, and are also
saturated, meaning that all the carbons atoms that makes up
the ring are single bonded to other atoms (no double or triple bonds).
• Usually drawn as polygonal shapes depending on the number of
carbons present.
• The larger cycloalkanes, with greater than 20 carbon atoms are
typically called cycloparaffins.
• The smallest cycloalkane is cyclopropane.
• If a simple unbranched alkane is converted to a cycloalkane two
hydrogen atoms, one from each end of the chain, must be lost.
• General formula for a cycloalkane is CnH2n.
EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE CYCLOALKANES
NAMING CYCLOALKANES
The rules for naming cycloalkanes are similar to alkanes with little modification
1. Find the parent name by counting the number of carbons forming the ring. If the
number of carbons present in the substituents is greater than the number
present in the ring, the parent will be the alkane.

A. B.

Methyl cyclopentane Cyclopropyl butane


Substituent: Methyl Substituent: cyclopropyl
Parent: cyclopentane Parent: butane
• Cycloalkane acting as a substituent to an alkyl chain has an ending "-yl" and
therefore must be named as a cycloalkyl.
2. Number the hydrocarbon starting with the carbon with the substituent. If more than
one
substituents exist, number them so
as to have the lowest positions for
both.

3. If there is more than one way of naming


the Cycloalkane due to the same numbering,
give the lower number to the substituent which
•
The prefixes di, tri,
• tetra etc., used to
• designate several
• groups of the same
• kind, are not
• considered when
• alphabetizing.
NAME THE FOLLOWING CYCLOALKANES
1 2
3 4

5 6 7 8
Name the following cycloalkanes 2 3
1

5
4

6 7 8
COMMON USES OF ALKANES IN OUR DAILY LIFE

METHANE and ETHANE

• Are the main components of natural gas, they are normally stored as gases
under pressure. It is, however easier to transport them as liquids. This requires
both compression and cooling of the gas.

• Natural gas contains lighter alkanes and produces fewer pollutants compared to
petroleum derived fuels.
Some of its usage is listed below:
1. heating/cooling house (air conditioning)
2. ovens
3. fireplaces
4. outdoor lights
5. Fuel cells
6. plastic products (from cracking of ethane, propane)
7. fertilizer (in Haber-Bosch process for production of ammonia, hydrogen comes from
methane)
8. fabric
9. anti-freeze
10.Motor fuel [used as compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) less
COMMON USES OF ALKANES IN OUR DAILY LIFE

PROPANE and BUTANE

• can be liquefied at fairly low pressures, and are well known as liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG).

• Propane ,for example, is used in the propane gas burner.

• Butane is used in disposable cigarette lighters.

• The two alkanes are used as propellants in aerosol sprays.


COMMON USES OF ALKANES IN OUR DAILY LIFE

PENTANE to OCTANE
• Reasonably volatile liquids.
• They are used as fuels in internal combustion
engines. As they vaporize easily upon entry
into the combustion chamber w/o forming
droplets.
OTHER USES OF ALKANES
• Octane number

Octane number of a given fuel is a measure of its performance as


a motor/ aviation fuel. The higher the octane number of the fuel,
the more compression it can withstand. A fuel with lower octane
number can cause problems related to knocking. Knocking can
cause severe damage to the engine and may also be fatal when
all the fuel instead of burning smoothly, explodes at a certain
portion.
OTHER USES OF ALKANES

• Biogas

is a non-petroleum fuel produced via anaerobic digestion


or fermentation of renewable materials such as manure,
crops, sewage, farm waste, municipal waste, etc. Biogas
mainly comprises of methane and carbon dioxide and
also contains hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen
sulfide. In India, biogas fuel is being used in many rural
households.
OTHER USES OF ALKANES

• Renewable diesel

Renewable diesel as opposed to petro diesel is


produced from renewable resources such as vegetable
oil, fat under elevated temperature, pressure and in the
presence of catalyst. It is also known as green diesel
because it does not contain sulfur and other toxic
materials. Renewable diesel can contain alkanes of 9-18
OTHER USES OF ALKANES

• Alkanes: Polymers

Alkanes play an important role in everyday life. Not


only fuels but most of the economically important
polymers belong to this class. Two of the most
important representatives are polyethylene (PE) and
polypropylene (PP).

You might also like