Applied Physics

Lecture no 02
Instructor: Faisal Tufail
Topic: Electric Forces & electric
field with related problems.
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What is electric chargse?

• In the top picture, the girl has rubbed the

balloon on her hair, and now there is a
force of attraction between them.
Normally, a balloon and hair would not
attract each other.
• What happened to each to produce this force?

• In the lower picture, the two balloons are

repelling each other.
• How was this force of repulsion produced?
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What do you think?

• Suppose that after this balloon is rubbed against the

girl’s hair, it is held against the wall. It will be
attracted to the wall and stick to it.
• Explain why the balloon is attracted to the wall.
• Why does it eventually fall?
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Electric Charge

 Thereare two types of

charge, positive and
negative.
 Like charges repel.
 Positive and positive
 Negative and negative
 The two balloons

 Opposite charges
attract.
 Positive and negative
 The balloon and the hair.
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Properties of Electric Charge

 Work best on dry days because

excessive moisture in the air can
provide a pathway for charge to leak off
a charged object.
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Transferring Electric Charge

 Atomshave smaller particles called protons (+

charge), neutrons, and electrons (- charge).
 Number of protons = number of electrons
 Atoms are neutral (no net charge).
 Electronsare easily transferred from one atom
to another.
 Protons and neutrons remain in nearly fixed
positions.
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Transferring Electric Charge

 When rubbing a balloon on your hair,

electrons are attracted to the balloon and
transfer.
 The balloon is left with excess electrons
(-charge).
 The hair is left with an equal excess of
protons (+charge).
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Conductors and Insulators

 What is meant by the term  Conductors allow electrons to

electrical conductor? flow freely through them.
 Provide a few examples.  Silver, copper, aluminum, and
other metals

 What is meant by the term

 Electrons do not flow freely
though insulators.
electrical insulator?
 Plastic, rubber, glass
 Provide a few examples.

 Outer electrons in metals are

 Why do conductors loosely bound to the nucleus
and insulators behave and relatively free to move.
differently?
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Charging by Contact

 Bothinsulators and conductors can be

charged by contact.
 Rubbing two materials together results in a
transfer of electrons.
 When charging metal, the charge may
move through your body into the ground.
 The metal and your body are conductors,
so the charge moves through them.
 You must hold the conductor with an
insulating material, such as rubber gloves, to
keep the charge on the metal.
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Charging by Induction
 A charged rod is held near
a metal sphere. Why do
the charges in the metal
arrange themselves as
shown?
 The metal sphere is
connected to the ground
with a conductor. Why did
some of the electrons
move off the sphere?
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Charging by Induction
 The conductor connecting
the sphere to ground is
removed. What type of net
charge does the sphere
now possess?
 The negatively charged
rod is removed. Why do
the charges move into the
positions shown?
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Surface Charges
 Why does a charged balloon stick
to the wall?
 A positive surface charge is induced
on
the wall by the negatively-charged
balloon.
 Electrons shift within atoms due to
attraction or repulsion.
 The insulator does not have a net
charge.
 The diagram shows the opposite
case.
 Why can a charged comb pick up little
pieces of paper?
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16.2 Electric Force

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What do you think?
• Electric forces and gravitational forces are both
field forces. Two charged particles would feel the
effects of both fields. Imagine two electrons
attracting each other due to the gravitational
force and repelling each other due to the
electrostatic force.
• Which force is greater?
• Is one slightly greater or much greater than the
other, or are they about the same?
• What evidence exists to support your answer?
+ Coulomb’s Law
 The force between two charged particles
depends on the amount of charge and on the
distance between them.
 Force has a direct relationship with both
charges.
 Force has an inverse square relationship
with distance.
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Coulomb’s Law

 Usethe known units for q, r, and F to determine

the units of kc.
 kc = 8.99 109 N•m2/C2
 The
distance (r) is measured from center to
center for spherical charge distributions.
+ Classroom Practice Problem

 The electron and proton in a hydrogen atom

are separated, on the average, a distance
of about 5.3 10-11 m. Find the magnitude of
both the gravitational force and the electric
force acting between them.
 r= 5.3 x 10-11 qe= -1.60 x 10-19
 kc= 8.99 x 109 qp= 1.60 x 10-19
 me= 9.109 x 10-31 G= 6.673 x 10 -11
 mp= 1.63 x 10-27
+ Classroom Practice Problem

q 1q 2
F e k ( 2 )
c
r
9 ( 1.6x10 19
)(1.6x10 19
)
Fe (8.99x10
(5.3x10 11 )2
)

 Fe = -8.2 10-8 N
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Classroom Practice Problem

m em p
G
Fg
2
r
11 (9.109x10 31 )(1.63x10 27 )
Fg (6.673x10 (5.3x10 11 )2
)
 Fg = 3.6 10-47 N
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Classroom Practice Problem

 The electric force is more than 1039 times

greater than the gravitational force.
 Atoms and molecules are held together by
electric forces. Gravity has little effect.
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Electric Force

 Like gravity, the electric force is a field force.

 Similarities
 Both forces are related to distance in the same
way.
 Differences
 Two types of charge and only one type of
mass
 Electric forces can attract or repel while gravity
only attracts.
 Electric forces are far stronger than
gravitational
forces.
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Coulomb’s Apparatus

 Coulomb developed his

law using a torsion
balance like that shown.
 He measured the force
between the two charged
spheres by the amount
of twisting in the wire.
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Now what do you think?
 Electric forces and gravitational forces are both
field forces. Two charged particles would feel the
effects of both fields. Imagine two electrons
attracting each other due to the gravitational
force and repelling each other due to the
electrostatic force.
 Which force is greater?
 Is one slightly greater or much greater than the
other, or are they about the same?
 What evidence exists to support your answer?
+

16.3 The Electric Field

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What do you think?

• In the chapter “Circular Motion and

Gravitation,” you learned about
the gravitational field (g). The
diagram shows the “g” field
around Earth.
• In this section, we will study the electric
field (E) around charged particles. On
the next slide are three different
diagrams. Make a sketch of the “E”
field for each charge or combination of
charges.
+
What do you think?

• Make a sketch of the

“E” field for each
charge or combination
of charges.
– How are your
sketches similar?
– How are they
different?
– Explain.
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Electric Field Strength
 Electric fields (E) have magnitude and direction.
 The direction is defined as the direction of the force
on a small, positive test charge (q0) placed in the
field caused by Q.

 The magnitude of the field is defined as E Felectric

the force per unit charge on q0. q0
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Test Charges
 A small
If the test charge (q0) is large,
test charge will• it will affect the way the
not significantly affect charges are distributed on the
the field. charged conductor.
– This would
change the
field around
the
conductor.

• Test charges will always be considered small

enough to have no effect on the field.
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Electric Field Strength
 Combine Coulomb’s law withthe definition of electric field
to derive an equation for E due to a point charge.

Felectric qq0
 SI unit: N/C E kC 2
q0 r q0
 The field strength does not depend on the test charge.
+ Sample Electric Field Strengths
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Electric Field Lines - Rules

 Applythe above rules and sketch the E field around

the charge shown.
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Electric Field Lines - Rules

 Applythe above rules and sketch the E field around

the charge shown.
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Electric Field Lines - Rules

 Apply the above rules

and sketch the E
field around the
charge combination
shown.
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Electric Field Lines - Rules
+
Electric Field Lines - Rules

 Apply the above rules and sketch the E field around

the charge combination shown.
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Electric Field Lines - Rules
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Now what do you think?
• What is an electric field?
• When sketching electric fields, what information
is conveyed by the direction of the field lines?
• When sketching electric fields, what information
is conveyed by the density of the field lines?
• Why must electric field lines just outside a
conductor be perpendicular to the conductor?
Thanks
Any Question?