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Self Learning Module Phy 2

The document discusses the history and principles of electric forces and fields, including the nature of static electricity and the two types of electrostatic charge: positive and negative. It explains the laws of charges, the function of an electroscope, and introduces Coulomb's law, which describes the relationship between electric force and distance between charges. Additionally, it covers concepts such as electric fields, electric flux, and provides examples and activities for calculating electric forces and fields.

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13 views

Self Learning Module Phy 2

The document discusses the history and principles of electric forces and fields, including the nature of static electricity and the two types of electrostatic charge: positive and negative. It explains the laws of charges, the function of an electroscope, and introduces Coulomb's law, which describes the relationship between electric force and distance between charges. Additionally, it covers concepts such as electric fields, electric flux, and provides examples and activities for calculating electric forces and fields.

Uploaded by

fernandezalliahsison
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRIC FORCES AND FIELD

The discovery of electricity is generally credited to the Greeks and is thought to


have occurred around 2 500 years ago. The Greeks observed electric charges and forces
between them in a variety of situations. Many of their observations made use of a material
called amber, a plastic-like substance formed by allowing the sap from certain trees to
dry and hardened.
Benjamin Franklin performed many experiments on the nature of electricity. In one
of these, he flew a kite during a thunderstorm to show that clouds are electrically charged
and that he could draw sparks from a key tied to the kite string.
In this lesson, you will be learning the nature of static electricity, the two kinds of
electrostatic charge and methods of identifying and transferring them.
Some simple experiment will be perform to show how electric charge is produce. After
finishing this Learning Material, you are expected to:
1. Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing and charging by induction
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-1)
2. Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic charging by rubbing
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-2)
3. Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction.
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-3)
4. Calculate the net electric force on a point charge exerted by a system of point
charges. (STEM_GP12EMIIIa-6)
5. Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a
force. (STEM_GP12EMIIIa-7)
6. Calculate the electric field due to a system of point charges using Coulomb’s law
and the superposition principle. (STEM_GP12EMIIIa-10)
7. Calculate electric flux. (STEM_GP12EMIIIb-12)

ELECTRIC CHARGE

Atomic structure refers to the structure of atom comprising a nucleus (center) in


which the protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are present. The negatively
charged particles called electrons revolve around the center of the nucleus.
Normally, materials are electrically neutral, however when they come in intimate
contact and are separated one gets a positive charge while the other gets a negative
charge. The intensity of the charge depends on the nature of the 2 materials, the rapidity
of separation and the insulating property of the air at the time of separation
In many ways, it is similar to the quantity we call mass of a particle determines how
it reacts when a force acts on it. The mass of a particle is a measure of the amount of
matter it carries, whereas the charge of a particle is a measure of the amount of <electric
-ness= it carries. An electric charge is the amount of charge that is <on= or <carried by=
a particle determines how the particle reacts to electric fields.

TWO KINDS OF CHARGE

A neutral material has equal number of protons and electrons in it.

Neutral object

Rubbing or by contact of two different materials may result into an electric charge,
one will be positive charge and the other one, negative charge.

1. Positively charge. A material is a positive charge if it lacks electrons. When a material


losses electrons, leaving more protons, it becomes positively charge. The number of
protons exceeded the number of electrons.

Positive charge

2. Negatively charge. When a material gains electrons, it becomes negatively charge


due to excess number of electrons. The number of electrons is more than the number
of protons.

Negative charge

LAWS OF CHARGES

1. A charge body (positive or negative) attracts a neutral body.

2. Unlike charges attract each other.

3. Like charges repel each other


ELECTROSCOPE
An electroscope is a device that detects the presence of electric charges on
objects. It is a made of a small compartment mostly made of glass (a glass jar, for
example) with a metal rod inserted into it through an insulator cap.

Detecting charge by an electroscope

The end of the rod that is inside the compartment has two small metal foils
(aluminum, gold, or another metal) hinged to it that are free to open up like the wings
of a butterfly. The outer end is connected to a metal sphere or a pan. When a charged
object (no matter positive or negative) is brought into contact with the outer sphere
or pan, some of the charges get transferred to the foils via the metal rod. The foils
become charged up with like charges that repel each other causing the foils to
separate and open up. That is how the foils indicate that some electric charges are
transferred to them. Even if a charged object is held near the sphere or the pan with
no physical contact, the foils still open up, but if the object is taken away from the pan,
the foils drop down again.

CHARGING THE ELECTROSCOPE


ELECTRIC FIELDS AND ELECTRIC FORCE

In the SI system of units, electric charge is measured in coulombs (C) in honor of


French physicist Charles de Coulomb. The charge on a single electron is:
electron charge, e- = -1.60 x 10-19C
proton charge, p+ = +1.60 x 10-19C
Charles Coulomb first described electric field strengths in the 1780's. Using a device
called the torsion balance, he found that for point charges, the electrical force varies
directly with the product of the charges. In other words, the greater the charges, the
stronger the field. And the field varies inversely with the square of the distance
between the charges. This means that the greater the distance, the weaker the force
becomes. That is Coulomb’s Law, in equation,

where:
F = force between charges expressed in Newton (N)
q1 and q2 = point charges expressed in coulomb (C)
r = distance between the two charges expressed in meter (m)
k = 9 x 109 N.m2/C2
Another way to write Coulomb’s law is:

Example 1. A point charge q1 has a magnitude of 2 x 10-6C. A second charge q2 has a


magnitude twice as the first point charge and is located 0.1 m from the first charge.
Determine the electrostatic force each charge exerts on the other.

Example 2. Two identical particles of charge 5 x 10-6 C are separated by a distance, d, as


shown in the figure below. What is the net force on the third charge q3 placed between
these two charges?

The net force on q3 is equal to the sum of the forces from charges q1 and q2. Since the
charges are identical, both charges exert an equal force to q3, therefore,

ELECTRIC FIELDS
Let us think of an electric charge as creating an electric field in the region of space
surrounding it. That field, in turn, exerts a force on any other charge in that region. The
electrical interaction between charged particles can be reformulated by using the
concept of electric field.
Whenever you have a charge Q placed anywhere in space, it will be surrounded
by a region such that if you will put any other charge q at any point P in this region, the
charge q will be acted upon by an electric force F. We call this region around Q the
electric field E of Q.
The strength of the electric field is operationally defined as the ratio of the electric force F
to the charge q placed at that point in the field. In symbols,

Where:
E – is electric field – expressed in N/C
F – is the electric force due to the charge expressed in newton, N
q – is the charge within the electric field expressed in coulomb, C

Electric Field of a Dipole


According to Coulomb’s law, the magnitude of the electric force exerted on the test
charge q is
Consider an electric dipole consisting of two charges +q and –q as sketch in the figure.
They might be an electron and a proton, or negative and positive ions that make up part
of a molecule. Make a qualitative sketch showing the magnitude and direction of the
electric field at points A in the vicinity of this dipole.

To find the total field Etotal at point A, we need to add the electric fields from the point
charge.

𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = √𝐸1 2 + 𝐸2 2
Electric Flux
The total number of electric field lines passing a given area in a unit time is defined
as the electric flux. Electric flux is the amount of electric field penetrating a surface area.
Electric Flux it is the product of the electric field and the area of the surface.
Electric flux is denoted by the symbol (ΦE). If the electric field E is perpendicular to
the surface having a total area A, it’s just the product of A and E.

If E is parallel to the surface, no electric field lines cross the surface and flux is zero.
If the electric field makes an angle with the direction normal to the surface, the magnitude
of the flux is proportional to the component of the field perpendicular to the surface.
Activity 1. Coulomb’s Law Analysis

In the illustrations of charges, draw arrows representing the electric force exerted by each
charge, then, write the type of force that exists among the forces.

Do the illustrations of charges below!


Activity 2. Electric Field Analysis
Use arrows to represent the electric fields at points A, B, and C due to Q1 and Q2.
Then apply the parallelogram method to represent the net electric field in that point.

Problem Set.
Solve the different problems applying the different equations of Coulomb’s Law and
Electric field analysis. Show your complete solution.
1. Consider three point charges at the corners of a triangle, as shown an the figure below,
where q1 = 6.00 x 10−9 C, q2 = −2.00 x 10−9 C, and q3 = 5.00 x 10−9 C. Find the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force on q3.

2. A charge q1 = +7.00 μC is at the origin, and a charge q2 = −5.00 μC is on the x-axis


0.300 m from the origin, as shown on the figure below. Find the electric field strength
at point P, which is on the y-axis 0.400 m from the origin.

3. The electric field due to a static electric charge is 3000 N/C and passes through a
surface area of 0.3 m2. Calculate the electric flux.

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