Electric Machine

Introduction
By

Dr. Shorouk Ossama

References

Stephen J. Chapman, “Electric Machinery

Fundamentals”, 5th Edition, 2012.
In this lecture we consider various forms of
rotating Electrical Machines
These can be divided into:
Generators – which convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy
Motors – which convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy
Both types operate through the interaction
between a magnetic field and a set of windings
A Simple AC Generator
•We noted earlier that Faraday’s law dictates that
if a coil of N turns experiences a change in
magnetic flux, then the induced voltage V is given
by: dΦ
V  N
dt

•If a coil of area A rotates with respect to a field B,

and if at a particular time it is at an angle  to the
field, then the flux linking the coil is BAcos, and
the rate of change of flux is given by:
dΦ d sin  d
 BA  cos  cos
dt dt dt
then the induced voltage V is given by:
dΦ d sin 
V N  NBA  NBA cos
dt dt
•Therefore, produces a sinusoidal output as
shown below:
•Wires connected to
the rotating coil
would get twisted
•Therefore we use
circular slip rings
with sliding
contacts called
brushes
which conducts current
between stationary wires
and moving parts.
•Alternators do not require commutation
- This allows a simpler construction
-The field coils are made to rotate while the
armature windings are stationary
Note: the armature windings are those that produce the
output
- Thus the large heavy armature windings are in the
stator
- The lighter field coils are mounted on the rotor
and direct current is fed to these by a set of slip
rings.
A four-pole alternator
A Simple DC Generator
•The alternating signal from the earlier AC generator
could be converted to DC using a rectifier
•A more efficient approach is to replace the two slip
rings with a single split slip ring called a
Commutator
- This is arranged so that connections to the coil
are reversed as the current direction between
the rotor and the external circuit.
- Consist of a set of contact bars fixed to the
rotating shaft of a machine and connected to
the armature windings. Adding additional
coils produces a more constant output.
A simple generator with two coils
•The ripple can be further reduced by the use of a
cylindrical iron core and by shaping the pole
pieces:
- This produces an
approximately
uniform field in the
narrow air gap
•the arrangement
of coils and core
is known as the
armature
•Practical DC generators or dynamos can take a
number of forms depending on how the magnetic
field is produced:
- can use a permanent magnet.
- more often it is generated electrically using field
coils
•current in the field coils can come from an
external supply this is known as a separately
excited generator.
•but usually the field coils are driven from the
generator output this is called a self-excited
generator.
•often use multiple poles held in place by a steel
tube called the stator.
A four-pole DC generator
•Field coil excitation
sometimes the field coils are connected in series
with the armature, sometimes in parallel (shunt)
and sometimes a combination of the two
(compound) diagram here shows a shunt-wound
generator
DC generator characteristics
•vary slightly between forms
•examples shown here are for a shunt-wound
generator
•As with DC generators multiple poles and sets
of windings are used to improve efficiency
•sometimes three sets of armature windings
are spaced 120 apart around the stator to form
a three-phase generator
•The e.m.f. produced is in sync with rotation of
the rotor so this is a synchronous generator
•if the generator has a single set of poles the output
frequency is equal to the rotation frequency
•if additional pole-pairs are used the frequency is
increased accordingly
DC Motors
•When current flows in a conductor it produces a
magnetic field about it - as shown in (a) below.
•when the current-carrying conductor is within an
externally generated magnetic field, the fields interact
and a force is exerted on the conductor - as in (b)
DC motor characteristics
•many forms – each with slightly different
characteristics again can be permanent magnet, or
series-wound, shunt-wound or compound wound
figure below shows a shunt-wound DC motor
•AC motors can be divided into two main forms:

Synchronous Motors
Induction Motors

•High-power versions of either type invariably

operate from a three-phase supply.
Synchronous AC motors

• Three phase motors use three sets of stator coils.

• Single phase motors require some starting
mechanism
•torque is only produced when the rotor is in sync
with the rotating magnetic field
•not self-starting – may be configured as an induction
motor until its gets up to speed, then becomes a
synchronous motor
Induction motors
-These are perhaps the most important form of AC
motor
- The stator is similar to that in a synchronous motor
- The rotor is simply a set of parallel conductors
shorted together at either end by two conducting
rings.
• High Efficiency and Reliability.
• Low Production Costs.
• Stability & Cheaper.
A squirrel-cage induction motor
•In a three-phase induction motor the three
phases produce a rotating magnetic field (as in
a three-phase synchronous motor)
-A stationary conductor will see a varying magnetic
field and this will induce a current.
-Current is induced in the field coils in the same way
that current is induced in the secondary of a
transformer.
- This current turns the rotor into an electromagnet
which is dragged around by the rotating magnetic
field
•In single-phase induction motors other
techniques must be used to produce the
rotating magnetic field:
•various techniques are used leading to various
forms of motor such as
•capacitor motors
•shaded-pole motors

- Such motors are inexpensive and are widely used

in domestic applications
Summary

• Electrical machines include both generators and motors

• Electrical machines can be divided into AC and DC forms

• The rotation of a coil in a uniform magnetic field produces a

sinusoidal e.m.f. This is the basis of an AC generator

• A commutator can be used to produce a DC generator

• The magnetic field in an electrical machine is normally produced

electrically using field coils

• The most widely used form of AC motor is the induction motor

Thanks