Electrical Circuits for Engineers

(EC1000)

Electrical Machines

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Types of Electrical Machines
Electrical Machines are Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion devices,
which converters Electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice-versa

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How they work??
e
v
Two electromagnetic conversion phenomena:

B
• Induced voltage: when a conductor moves in a magnetic
field, voltage is induced in the conductor. (Generator
action)
• Force and developed torque: when a current-carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor
experiences a mechanical force. (Motor action)
F

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Rotating Electrical Machines
Fixed stator: This (normally) sets up magnetic field.
Rotating rotor: This (normally) carries currents (either
supplied from a power source or (induced).

Stator
F

l
l
r

Rotor
B
B
Current (I) flows in rotor.
Stator sets up B field Force on conductor: F=IBl
Torque: T=Fr
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Contd.,

Rotor rotates (anticlockwise)

1/4 revolution later we have

For a particular machine:

• How B is produced?
• How do we get currents in rotor to produce
continuous torque?

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Principle of Operation of DC
Motors
If

Field winding (2 coils in If sets up magnetic

series as shown) carries field field shape as shown
current If

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Contd.,

F
Brush
B F

ia
ia
F

B
B
Rotor carries “armature” winding.
Force = iaB.l always in
Armature current ia fed to through
direction shown since current
commutator and brushes.
distribution is fixed in space.
This feeds ia to different windings as Torque = Force x radius
rotor rotates. Result is that the Torque = ia B.l r
current distribution in space is fixed.

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Permanent Magnet DC Motor

Magnetic Core

Armature Commutators Brushes

windings

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Contd.,

1. Force on conductor carrying I in field B

F F
F=IBl
l = length of B
B conductor in field
i i

2. Voltage (emf) induced in conductor traveling in field B

B
v
e = B l
v e = voltage induced B
along length l
e e

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EMF induced in DC- Machine
• e induced in each conductor F 
• N conductors are all in series
• Therefore total "back-emf " induced
in armature winding is E = Ne 
ia F
• E = N B l

 = r ( = angular velocity, rad/s)
E = Nr Bl = k
E
• E is proportional to 

Ra ia
if Rf
Equivalent circuit of a
separately excited DC Va E Vf
machine

T, 
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Cross section of a permanent magnet
DC motor
Stator
Direction of B
Winding Axis of
Rotor
Note it is
perpendicular to
the magnet flux

Rotor with Commutator and End

Frame with Brushes of Simple
Permanent Magnet Machine

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Characteristics of DC Machine
• If sets field B. This normally constant
• Torque = k if ia. If ia supplied form separate supply then ia controls
torque. (If we want more torque then we inject more ia)
• Carbon brushes required – sparking is common and brushes wear
out – regular maintenance
• Quite expensive due to commutator and armature winding
construction.
• Very common for small motors (tape recorders, CDs, drills,
printers, photocopiers etc. In these cases, B is often supplied by a
permanent magnet.
• Can put armature and field winding in series and run it directly off
single phase household mains. This called a “universal motor”.
Used in lawn mowers, washing machines, cheap tools, hairdryers
etc.

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Three-Phase Induction Motors

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Introduction
Three-phase induction motors are the most
common and frequently encountered
machines in industry (Workhorse of
Industry)
simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower
to 10 MW
run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full
load
Its speed depends on the frequency of the power
source
• not easy to have variable speed control
• requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control
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Construction

An induction motor has two main parts

-a stationary stator
• consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core
• core, constructed from stacked laminations , having a
number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space
for the stator winding
• Three-phase stator winding is either Star or Delta
connected and coils are made of Copper conductors.

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3-Phase Stator Winding

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Rotor Construction

-a revolving rotor
composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor
slots, providing space for the rotor winding
one of two types of rotor windings
conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor)
» similar to the winding on the stator
aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum
rings, forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
Two basic design types depending on the rotor
design
squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted at
both ends by shorting rings.
wound-rotor (Slip-Ring Rotor): complete set of three-phase
windings exactly as the stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends
of the three rotor wires are connected to 3 slip rings on the
rotor shaft. In this way, the rotor circuit is accessible.

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Rotor Showing Single Bars Short
Circuited by ‘End Rings’

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Rotor Construction

Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings

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Slip Ring Rotor (Wound Rotor)

Slip rings

Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings

Brushes

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Slip Ring Induction Motor

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Advantages of Slip Ring Induction Motor

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Advantages of Slip Ring Induction Motor

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How Magnetic Field B is Produced
Electrical frequency is  = 2f elec. rads/s
e e
B rotates in space at 2 mech. rads/s
ω s = ωe
P
ω s is called the synchronous speed. Or ns=120f/P in
rpm.

The greater no. of poles, the slower the synchronous speed

fe e =2fe P s (rad/s) ns (rpm)

50 314 2 314 3000
50 314 4 157 1500
50 314 6 105 1000
50 314 8 78 750
50 314 10 63 600
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Electrical 24
Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
form each other, fed by balanced
three phase source
A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed
120 f e
nsync = rpm
P
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is
called the synchronous speed in rpm
(revolutions per minute)
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1 rpm = 2 radians/minute = 2/60 radian/second (rad-s-1)

Therefore 1 rad-s-1 = 60/2  10 rpm

Stator windings of an Induction Machine (IM) can only be

wound in one way. P is fixed for an individual machine. An
IM can either be a 2-pole machine, or a 4-pole machine or
….etc

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Electrical 26
Rotating Magnetic Field

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Rotating Magnetic Field

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Rotating Magnetic Field

Bnet (t ) = Ba (t ) + Bb (t ) + Bc (t )

= BM sin(t )0 + BM sin(t − 120)120 + BM sin(t − 240)240

= BM sin(t )xˆ
3
−[0.5BM sin(t − 120)]xˆ − [ BM sin(t − 120)]yˆ
2
3
−[0.5BM sin(t − 240)]x + [
ˆ BM sin(t − 240)]yˆ
2

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Rotating Magnetic Field

1 3 1 3
Bnet (t ) = [ BM sin(t ) + BM sin(t ) + BM cos(t ) + BM sin(t ) − BM cos(t )]xˆ
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
+[− BM sin(t ) − BM cos(t ) + BM sin(t ) − BM cos(t )]yˆ
4 4 4 4

= [1.5BM sin(t )]xˆ − [1.5BM cos(t )]yˆ

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Rotating Magnetic Field

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Principle of operation

• This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and

produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
• Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited,
for both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced
current flows in the rotor windings
• The rotor current produces another magnetic field
• A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of
those two magnetic fields

 ind = kBR  Bs
• Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the
magnetic flux densities of the rotor and the stator
respectively

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Induction motor speed

At what speed will the IM run?

Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
• If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is generated
and the rotor speed will fall below the synchronous speed
• When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced

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Induction motor speed
• So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
• The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip

nslip = nsync − nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor

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The Slip

nsync − nm
s=
nsync
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
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Induction Motors and Transformers

Both IM and transformer works on the principle of induced voltage

• Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
• Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
• The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor,
the secondary windings can move
• Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of
the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the same
frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage

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Frequency

The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is given by

Pn
fr =
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P  (ns − nm )
fr =
120
P  sns
= = sf e
120

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Frequency

What would be the frequency of the rotor’s induced voltage

at any speed nm?
fr = s fe
When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency of the
induced voltage is equal to the supply frequency
On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous speed (s
= 0), the frequency will be zero

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Torque
• While the input to the induction motor is electrical power, its
output is mechanical power and for that we should know
some terms and quantities related to mechanical power
• Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft will
introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This torque is
related to the motor output power and the rotor speed

 load =
Pout 2 nm
N .m and m = rad / s
m 60

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Horse power

• Another unit used to measure mechanical power is the

Horse power (HP)
• It is used to refer to the mechanical output power of the
motor
• Since we, as an electrical engineers, deal with watts as a
unit to measure electrical power, there is a relation
between horse power and watts

hp = 746 watts

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Example

1. A 208-V, 10 HP, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected induction motor

has a full-load slip of 5 percent

1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?

2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated
load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?
Solution

1. 120 f e 120(60)
nsync = = = 1800 rpm
2.
P 4

3. nm = (1 − s )ns
4. = (1 − 0.05) 1800 = 1710 rpm

f r = sfe = 0.05  60 = 3Hz

Pout Pout
 load = =
m 2 nm
60
10 hp  746 watt / hp
= = 41.7 N .m
1710  2  (1/ 60)
Example

2. A 3-phase cage rotor induction motor with 3 pole-pairs is fed

from 50Hz supply and runs at 960 rpm generating a torque of 40
Nm. Determine:
(i) The angular velocity (in rpm) of the rotating field
produced by the stator winding,
(ii) The slip at which the machine is operating,
(iii) The frequency of the rotor currents flows,
(iv) The mechanical power produced by the machine.

(Ans: 1000 rpm, 4%, 2 Hz, 4.02 kW)

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Solution

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Example
3. If the e.m.f. in the stator of an 8-pole induction motor has a
frequency of 50 Hz and that in the rotor of 1.5 Hz , at what
speed is the motor running and what is the slip.

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Example
4. A 6-pole, 3-pha, 50 Hz induction motor develops a full load
torque of 150 Nm when the rotor current makes 120 complete
cycles per minute. Determine the shaft power output.

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Practice Problems
A 3-phase 50 Hz, 400 V induction motor has 6 poles and
operates with a slip of 3% at a certain load. Determine;
(i) the speed of the rotor.
(ii) the frequency of rotor current.
(iii) the speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to
stator.
(iv) the speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to
the rotor.
(v) the speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to
the stator magnetic field.

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Tutorial on Ideal Transformer
1. An ideal transformer draws 4 A from a 240 V, 60 Hz supply
connected to the primary. If the secondary current is 60 A,
determine the turns-ratio N2/N1 and the secondary voltage.

Primary current (I1)=4 A

Primary Voltage (V1) = 240 V
Secondary Current (I2) = 60 A
Turns Ratio (N2/N1) = I1/I2=0.06667
Secondary Voltage (V2) = 0.0667*V1=16 V

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Contd.,

2. A 1-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary

turns. The net cross sectional area of the core is 60 cm2. If the
primary is connected to a 50 Hz supply at 500 V, determine;

(i) the peak value of the flux density in the core

(ii) the voltage induced in the secondary winding

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Contd.,

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4. A 25-kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50
turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected to
3000 V, 50 Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and secondary
currents, the secondary e.m.f. and the maximum flux in the
core. Neglect leakage drops and no-load primary current.

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Practice Problems
1. A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The
net cross-sectional area of the core is 60 cm2. If the primary winding be
connected to a 50-Hz supply
at 520 V,
calculate (i) the peak value of flux density in the core
(ii) the voltage induced in the secondary winding.

2. A 25 kVA, single-phase transformer has 250 turns on the primary and 40

turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected to 1500-volt, 50 Hz
mains.
Calculate (i)Primary and Secondary currents on full-load, (ii) Secondary e.m.f.,
(iii) maximum flux in the core.

3. A 100-kVA, 3300/400-V, 50 Hz, 1 phase transformer has 110 turns on the

secondary. Calculate the approximate values of the primary and secondary full-
load currents, the maximum value of flux in the core and the number of primary
turns. How does the core flux vary with load ?

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Thank You!

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